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Programa Em Estudos Comparatistas Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Letras Programa em Estudos Comparatistas THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERPRETING DURING THE PORTUGUESE DISCOVERIES IN AFRICA AND ASIA Garry Mullender Doutoramento em Estudos Comparatistas Ramo de Tradução, Especialidade em História da Tradução 2014 Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Letras Programa em Estudos Comparatistas THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERPRETING DURING THE PORTUGUESE DISCOVERIES IN AFRICA AND ASIA Garry Mullender Tese co-orientada pelas Professoras Doutoras Fernanda Gil Costa e Ivana Cenková, especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de doutor em Estudos Comparatistas, Ramo de Tradução, Especialidade em História da Tradução 2014 THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERPRETING DURING THE PORTUGUESE DISCOVERIES IN AFRICA AND ASIA ABSTRACT During the Portuguese Discoveries, seafaring explorers came into contact with a plethora of different people; languages and cultures, with whom they wished to trade; create alliances and convert to the Christian faith. All of these processes required verbal interaction and hence linguistic mediators. We shall attempt to construct the history of linguistic mediation in these settings, within the broader context of the history of cultural encounters between Europeans and Africans and Asians between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. The aims of this study include understanding what the Portuguese considered linguistic mediation to be in these settings and how this influenced their opinion and evaluation of interpreters; identifying and tracing the characteristics of those who acted as interpreters and to what degree they corresponded to their clients' and employers' expectations. We shall pay particular attention to the relationship that the Portuguese had with these individuals, their level of trust in them and the question of loyalty and the different means used to ensure it. Through the study of contemporary sources, such as chronicles and correspondence, we shall endeavour to gauge the importance that linguistic mediation held for expeditions and the various military; diplomatic and religious authorities, by analysing of recruitment methods, working conditions and the system of rewards and recognition. We shall carefully consider the range of activities that interpreters undertook, by examining their technical specificities and the relevant skills for performing them satisfactorily, in particular, the correlation between linguistic proficiency and the tasks in hand, and how this was interpreted, including the interpreters' views on their own work. i We shall consider the parameters used for assessing the quality of linguistic mediation, in addition to the initiatives undertaken to improve and guarantee it, as indicators of the importance that this function had for those involved in the Discoveries. Keywords: língua, interpreting, Portuguese Discoveries, Portuguese India, Company of Jesus. ii A IMPORTÂNCIA DA INTERPRETAÇÃO NOS DESCOBRIMENTOS PORTUGUESES EM ÁFRICA E NA ÁSIA RESUMO Durante os Descobrimentos, os navegadores portugueses mantiveram contactos com diversos povos, línguas e culturas, com os quais quiseram desenvolver parcerias comerciais e militares e, se possível, convertê-los à fé cristã. Todos estes processos requeriam uma interação verbal e portanto, mediadores linguísticos. Tentaremos construir a história da mediação linguística nestes domínios, dentro do contexto mais amplo da história dos encontros culturais entre europeus, africanos e asiáticos entre os séculos quinze e dezassete. Compreender o âmbito da mediação linguística e como influenciou a opinião e a avaliação dos intérpretes pelos portugueses e até que ponto correspondiam às expectativas dos clientes e empregadores fazem parte dos objetivos deste estudo. Prestamos especial atenção à relação dos portugueses com estes individuos, a sua confiança neles e a questão da lealdade e os diferentes meios para assegurá-la. Com base em fontes coevas, tais como as crónicas, a correspondência e outros documentos de arquivo, procuramos aferir a importância da mediação linguística para as viagens de descobrimento e as diferentes autoridades políticas, militares e religiosas, através da análise de métodos de recrutamento, condições de trabalho e do sistema de recompensas e reconhecimento. Examinamos as diversas atividades dos intérpretes, as suas especificidades técnicas e as competências necessárias para a sua execução e, em particular, a correlação entre as capacidades linguísticas e as tarefas, e como se interpretava a mesma, incluindo as opiniões dos próprios intérpretes sobre o seu trabalho. Consideramos os parâmetros utilizados para avaliar a qualidade da mediação iii linguística, além das iniciativas para a melhorar e assegurar, como indicadores da importância desta função para os participantes nos Descobrimentos. Palavras-chave: língua, descobrimentos, interpretação, Estado da Índia, Companhia de Jesus. iv A IMPORTÂNCIA DA INTERPRETAÇÃO NOS DESCOBRIMENTOS PORTUGUESES EM ÁFRICA E NA ÁSIA RESUMO ALARGADO Durante as viagens marítimas de exploração empreendidas pelos portugueses nas costas africanas e asiáticas e posteriormente no seu estabelecimento em pontos estratégicos das mesmas, os navegadores entraram em contacto com diversos povos, línguas e culturas até então desconhecidos com os quais quiseram desenvolver parcerias comerciais e militares e, se possível, convertê-los à fé cristã. Todos estes processos requeriam uma interação verbal intensiva e por conseguinte, a mediação linguística. Apesar dos contactos seculares com os Mouros arabófonos que ocupavam uma parte da Península Ibérica desde o século oitavo, os portugueses não conseguiram antecipar bem as suas necessidades de interpretação durante as viagens, por se tratar de uma situação inédita, por desconhecerem os seus interlocutores e por não existirem conterrâneos seus que já soubessem falar a língua do Outro (o que não fora o caso com a língua árabe). Os navegadores levavam a bordo escravos provavelmente obtidos através de comerciantes do norte de África, que esperavam que pudessem facilitar os contactos com outros povos, e procuravam nativos para prestar informações acerca da geografia, recursos e senhores das terras, os chamados línguas que antes de serem intérpretes, no sentido de traduzirem diálogos, eram informadores e, assim, frequentemente associados na mentalidade portuguesa, e não só, da época a traidores ou arrenegados. Deste modo, a comunicação com os povos contactados, quando não podia ser levada a cabo por intérpretes de língua árabe, começou por ser muito rudimentar, com recurso a gestos, desenhos na areia e às poucas palavras inteligíveis através de conhecimentos adquiridos rápida e informalmente. Aqueles que mais progrediram na aprendizagem de outra língua tiveram um contacto mais prolongado com a mesma durante estadias, muitas vezes forçadas, no outro país, tratando-se de escravos v capturados e trazidos a Portugal ou portugueses, maioritariamente degredados, que se aventuravam em terras africanas. No entanto, os elos com uma outra cultura assim criados levantavam dúvidas acerca da sua lealdade e em última instância provocavam o menosprezo ou a rejeição pelos seus compatriotas, fossem eles portugueses ou africanos. Encontrando-se na margem entre duas culturas antagónicas, sobretudo quando se tratava de uma cristã e a outra muçulmana, os línguas foram obrigados a desenvolver estratégias de sobrevivência, tais como favorecer alternadamente as duas partes com informações (por isso foram frequentemente acusados de serem espiões) e aproveitando o poder e influência obtidos através dos conhecimentos linguísticos e culturais para se posicionarem como atores incontornáveis nas negociações, exacerbando com o seu comportamento as suspeitas a seu respeito. Os soldados arrenegados e convertidos à fé islâmica operavam como informadores e mensageiros- intérpretes do inimigo, enquanto os lançados, degredados deixados em terras africanas para explorarem e fornecerem informações a expedições subsequentes, aliavam-se com os potentados locais para granjearem um lugar seguro nessa sociedade, posição essa que seria difícil de obter no seio da sociedade lusa. Como consequência, tornou-se indispensável aos portugueses criarem mecanismos que pudessem assegurar os bons ofícios dos seus mediadores linguísticos, mas o sistema de recompensas muitas vezes dececionava os intérpretes que se consideravam mais valiosos e competentes que os seus empregadores. Com efeito, as remunerações não se baseavam no seu desempenho técnico, mas antes em factores como a lealdade, (que se manifestava através do favorecimento aos portugueses ao contrário da neutralidade hoje esperada de um intérprete), origens e religião. Apercebemo-nos da pouca importância que as altas figuras do Estado da Índia atribuíam à mediação linguística, em parte precisamente em função das origens e da atuação pouco transparente dos seus agentes, em comparação com as conquistas militares e acordos comerciais que geravam o poder e a riqueza almejados. Além das tarefas de um língua ultrapassarem em larga medida as de um intérprete dos nossos dias, visto que não se distinguia entre tradução oral e escrita e serem responsabilizados pela consecução dos objetivos pretendidos, as competências também divergiam muito das necessárias para o exercício atual desta profissão. A análise vi detalhada das mesmas revela que frequentemente interessava apenas o resultado de um encontro ou negociação e não os métodos nem o nível de desempenho do intérprete. Se por um lado, as competências linguísticas necessárias
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