International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016

Flicking Through the History of for Associating With the Theoretical Perpectives of Sociology: The Case of Politico-Religious Scene Nahom Eyasu

Mekelle University College of Social Sciences and Languages Department of Sociology Mekelle, Ethiopia Abstract Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in forms of religious institution and its function Africa and strong claim to being the oldest on the society and on and on. The conflict country of the world. Being studied Ethiopia perspective on those periods were related history is being studied about the power with the actual occurrences of limited relations of the people, the chaos, the resource such as power, problem conflict and the clashes of the states and the succession, the need to prestige and honor, people, the mutually cooperation and the ambitious of supremacy, respect, consensus of the society, the ways of dominancy over the individuals in the governance and the hierarchical society and so forth were laying the administration of the state in the given time presences of war, conflict, revolution, and and place, which means the image of any competition in Ethiopia history. At last not society is a historically specific image. So, the least, the symbolical interactionism these basic premises for being studied perspective was able to be associated with history on the politico-religious arena are the on the ways that our too much interlinked with the theoretical identity or sense of self is shaped by social perspectives of sociology: Functionalism, interaction, human beings are distinctly Conflict theory, and Symbolical always concerned to study the ways in which interactionism theory. Functionalism people give meaning to their feelings, their perspective on the ancient, medieval, and actions, and to the wider social world in which their lives exist, society is actually created by modern time of Ethiopia stated the existence people interacting together on a daily basis of social structure, the diplomatic relation and so on. for making the state to be perpetuating, the

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Key Words: History; Ethiopia; professor Bernal and Hansbery assured that the Ethiopian people and their ancestors Theoretical Perspectives; Sociology; were not migrated from the Arabia, but Politics; Religious rather they are native and indigenous Introduction because it is a cradle of human kind (Bernal, 1897; Hansberry, 1981), and based on Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in linguistic evidences, Dr. Labiso confirmed Africa and one of the oldest countries in the that the people were migrated and settled world (Munro-Hay, 1991; Henze, 1985: 3; from Ethiopia to Europe and Asia across the Bahru, 1991:1). What are believed to be the oldest remains of a human ancestor ever found, red sea in the first time, which means the which has been dated as being some five million European and Asian peoples’ genealogy years old, were discovered in the Awash Valley and/or family tree were tracing back from in Ethiopia (Henze, 2001). This beats the Ethiopia (Lapiso, 1999:68). discovery of "Lucy", a 3.2 million year old skeleton, who was unearthed in the same area in By the above historical inception in 1974, so Ethiopia is a strong claim to being the Ethiopia, being studied Ethiopia history does oldest country of the world (Bahru, 1991:7; not mean being studied the birth and the Henze, 2000:1). death of the kings, the queens, the nobles, the topography and the landscape, the Some scholars believe that the tradition held environment and the climate of the state, but by the Ethiopian people that their ancestors rather studying in all about the power migrated from Arabia to their present home relations of the people, the chaos, the on the accords with Biblical conflict, and the clashes of the states and the accounts of the Semitic peoples, as well as people, the mutually cooperation and with the writings of the Ancient Greeks and consensus of the society, the ways of Romans (Abebe Zegeye et al., 1955). governance and the hierarchical However, these findings were demoted by administration of the state in the given time the American Professor Martin Bernal, and place (Lapiso, 1999), which means the Professor Hansberry, and Dr. Labiso based image of any society is a historically on the paleontology and the linguistic specific image (Mills, 2000:149). So, these evidences. Based on the paleontology,

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 94 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 basic premises for being studied history are Functionalists see social stability is too much interlinked with the theoretical necessary to have a strong society, and perspectives of sociology: Functionalism, adequate socialization and social integration Conflict theory, and Symbolical are necessary to achieve social stability; interactionism theory (Mooney et al., 2007). social institutions perform important These perspectives tend to focus on a way of functions to help ensure social stability looking at various features of the world-an (Burrell and Morgan, 2005). Slow social orientation that suggests methods for change is desirable, but rapid social change studying the social experience and finding threatens social order, and it is also explanations for it, and are aids-mental categorized as the terms functional and constructs-that allow you to visualize dysfunctional to describe the effects of something (Carpenter, 2012). Thus, a given social elements on society (Mooney et al., theoretical paradigm or school of thought 2007). Elements of society are functional if may have its own general assumption they contribute to social stability and concerning views of human beings and dysfunctional if they disrupt social stability motivation (Ogunbameru, 2005). In other (Merton, 1968). Sociologists have identified words, the adherents of each perspective ask two types of functions: manifest and latent: somewhat different questions about society manifest functions are consequences that are and so provide us with different images of intended and commonly recognized where social life (Scherer, 2009) as latent functions are consequences that are Each of these views is based on general unintended and often hidden (Merton, ideas as to how social life is organized and 1968). represented an effort to link specific Conflict theorists see society in terms of observations in a meaningful way many groups in conflict, competing for (Hutchison, 2012). Or, each theoretical scarce resources (Carpenter, 2012), which perspective offers a variety of explanations means groups are constantly competing for about the social world and human behavior unequally distributed resources, such as (Mooney et al., 2007; Hutchison and wealth and power, with each group seeking Charlesworth, 2009). to benefit their own interests (Hutchison and Charlesworth, 2009; Ogunbameru, 2005).

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Symbolical interactionists most fascinating variety of social structures, there is a variety aspects of the social world are the everyday, of principles of historical change within routine interactions among individuals that periods and times (Mills, 2000:150); we often take for granted, and society and therefore, the writer of this article is able to these larger social structures must be associate these historical changes in periods understood through studying social to the basic theoretical perspectives of interactions that are based on shared sociology such as Functionalism, Conflict understandings, languages, and symbols and Symbolic interactionism as much as (Stolley, 2005). possible. In general, the theoretical perspectives of 1. Theoretical Perspectives of Sociology sociology on the history of Ethiopia mainly and the History of Ethiopia: the Bird’s classified in to three: ancient, medieval, and Eye View modern (Hari, 1990). The ancient period of The present period of sociological theorizing Ethiopia was occurred from before 4.2 is characterized by a diversity of theoretical million years to The (Hari, approaches and perspectives (Merton, 1957). 1990). The medieval period of Ethiopia was Sociological theories are necessary because emerged from , claiming to without theory our understanding of social be a descendant of King and life would be very weak. Good theories help Queen Sheba, established the ‘Solomonic us to arrive at a deeper understanding of dynasty’ in 1270 to the end of the Era of societies and to explain the social changes Princes in 1855 (Lapiso, 1999; Bahru, that affect us all (Merton, 1968). 1991). And, modern time of Ethiopia was begun from the rise of emperor Tewodros II A sociological perspective was made to the fall down of the Derg regime in 1991 possible by two revolutionary (Bahru, 2001). transformations. The Industrial Revolution These periods in Ethiopia categorized as the of the late eighteenth and nineteenth historical change (Marcus, 1994), which centuries radically transformed the material means for historical change is change of conditions of life and bringing with it, social structures, of the relations among initially at least, many new social problems. their component parts, just as there is a

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And, The French Revolution of 1789 1.1. Functionalism Theoretical marked the symbolic endpoint of the older Perspective European agrarian regimes and absolute monarchies as republican ideals of freedom, From the days of the founding fathers of liberty and citizenship rights came to the sociology such as August Comte and Emile fore. Enlightenment philosophers saw the Durkheim in France, or Karl Marx, Max advancement of reliable knowledge in the Weber and Georg Simmel in Germany, natural sciences, particularly in astronomy, sociologists have struggled with the question physics and chemistry, as showing the way of interpreting social life and social forward for the study of social life phenomena (Carpenter, 2012). (Sociology guide.com, 2016). In its inception, functionalism as a theoretical perspective attempted to explain Sociologists view society in different ways. social institutions as collective means to Some such as August Comte, Herbert meet human needs (Durkheim, 1964b). Spencer, and Emile Durkheim see world Classical functionalists, hence, had a close basically as a stable and ongoing entity. affinity with the predominant evolutionary They are impressed with the endurance of thinking of their time as it could be the family, organized religion and other illustrated in their tendency towards social institutions. Some sociologists such as biological analogy and notions of societal Karl Marx see society as composed of many evolutionism (Hawkins, 1997)). groups in conflict, competing for scarce The functionalism paradigm owes much to resources. To other sociologists like Max the ideas of August Comte, who was Weber, Georg Simmel, the most fascinating concerned about how society could remain aspects of the social world are the every, unified while undergoing massive change, routine interaction among individuals that this led sociologists to give emphasis on are sometimes take for granted. These three how society could remain integrated by views, the ones most widely used by maintaining its stability and social order sociologists, are the functionalist, conflict, (Pickering, 2003). and interactionist perspectives (Schaefer, Another who advanced this theoretical 2005) approach was the English sociologist

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Herbert Spencer. He asserted that the in which modern societies maintain their structural parts of human body-the skeleton, social integration. These early functionalists muscles and various internal organs such as because they drew on the work of natural the heart, lung, kidney and others are scientists, they compared society to a living, interdependent and each one has a function evolving organism. Societies develop social that contributes to the survival of the human structures, or institutions that persist because organism (Carpenter, 2012). Likewise, they play a part in helping society survive. Spencer reasoned that the elements of Later on, American sociologists like Talcott human society are interdependent and work Parsons and Robert Merton refined together to keep society operating. This furthermore the functionalism school of approach, then, leads sociologists to identify thought (Jones, 2003). the various parts of society, asking what part Therefore, the writer of this paper has tried each plays in the operation of the whole to illustrate in what extent could be applied (Turner, 2003). functionalism theoretical perspective on the ancient, medieval, and modern periods of Ethiopia as the follow: Before the development of functionalism, social explanations were most predominantly evolutionary: the evolutionary perspective rests on a combination of two 1.1.1. Ancient time aspects: causality and selection. The ways of explaining such aspects were depended on the two types of The ancient history of Ethiopia was started evolutionary explanation: Sociobiology, which used to the social structure in existence before biological factors such as race, to explain social phenomena; and biological-analogy, which tries to explain and during the period of South Arabian social processes by drawing on analogies with biological contacts (Lapiso, 1982). The ancient people processes: through time, institutions and even whole of Ethiopia were living in a different place societies undergo evolutionary selection in its goal of structural and functional adaptation (Spencer, 1965; and area in order for gathering some wild Hawkins, 1997). fruits and hunting their wild animals to be Emile Durkheim continued the development survived before 10,000 B.C. (Henze, 2000). of functionalism paradigm as the father of Homo Habilis flaked stone in to knives, functionalism in classical period in France. hand axes, choppers, and other pointed tools Like Spencer, Durkheim investigated ways for domestic use and for hunting. While the

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 98 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 women and the juveniles foraged nearby and enables proto-Ethiopians to advance in to collected 75 percent of the group’s food, the the temperate plateau to clear the land, man ranged away from the campsite in the which cultivated with the plow, a feature of quest for game (Marcus, 1994:2). Much of highlands as old there as the agriculture the linguistic development came after the itself (Henze, 2000), which means the eighteenth millennium B.C., as population earliest period of indigenous occupation at grew consequent to the domestication and only village and or hamlet level with on the herding cattle, goats, sheep and donkey special preference for situations (Sergew, and the intensive collection of wild grains 1972). Of comparable on significances of (Marcus, 1994)., though some scholars like those social structures in Ethiopia at this Adejumobi believed that such period was period, the people are those who were lived the period of prehistory (Adejumobi, 2007). on that structures formed their own Such occurrences in Ethiopia can be autonomous governance systems, small associated to the functional perspective that nucleated settlements, institutionalized society is held together by social consensus, traditional beliefs and no large religious in which members of the society agree up sanctuaries, the means of communications, on, and work together to achieve, what is the social values and norms, their own best for society as a whole, it is identities and so forth to be implemented characterized by a concern for providing their political arenas (Lapiso, 1982; 1999). explanations of the status quo, social order, These happenings are able to link with the consensus, social integration, solidarity, functional perspectives of sociology that need satisfaction and actuality (Burrell and each aspects of society is interdependent and Morgan, 2005:18). contributes to society’s stability and functioning as a whole in the social system Becoming the sense of private property of (Spencer, 1965). By this fact, the family of those people; however, they wanted to live ancient Ethiopia had their own roles to in one specific area as used traditional preserve the existence of politics i.e. agriculture as the livelihood in the shores of designing how to make govern and control rivers and lakes (Tekletsadik, 1974). The the people, and make a diplomatic relation grater versatility of these cultivated foods with other peoples, and the economic

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 99 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 conditions for the facilitating of the political diplomacy linkage with King Solomon in emergences (Tadesse, 2009; Aba Israel around 1000 B.C (Marcus, 1994). Gorgoriyos, 1994). In more specifically, the These histories can make to relate with, presence of the function of religious, therefore, functionalists that our survival politics, and economy during this period depends on our ability to maintain a made the society is to be perpetuated precarious balance among the living and (Tadesse, 2009; Hansberry, 1981). This is nonliving component comprising the also interlinked with the central concern of biosphere, including the county (Hughes et functionalism is that the explanation of the al., 1999) apparent stability and internal cohesion of One of the ways that built a diplomatic societies necessary to ensure their continued relations with the other countries was existence over time (Rakhi and Licy, 2011) indicated by on the ways that following their religious (Tadesse, 2009; Munro-Hay, To be continuing the perpetuation of its 1991)). During the pre-Christian period, the overall actions in the world, the Axumite worship of Ethiopia was taken from the kingdom had made a diplomatic relation South Arabian gods such as Astar, Ilmuqah, within aboard countries for making their Nuru, Habas, Dhat Himyam, and Dhat countries’ peace and stable (Munro-Hay, Ba’adan and Ilmulah, they could not be 1991). Despite the fact that the ’s mentioned by the Axumite inscription, but relations with abroad were uncertain, it this inscription concentrate mainly on Astar, made relations of Meroe, South Arabia, Beher, Meder and particularly Mahrem, Rome, Constantinople/Byzantium, Palmyra, identified with Ares (Munro-Hay, 1991). Persia, India, Sri Lanka, the Far East for the Mahrem was the Axumite royal or dynastic purposes of maintaining their stability god, who was regarded as the father of the (Munro-Hay, 1991). This period somehow king, and his invincible guard from danger, illustrated that Ethiopia was linked with there was taking place a ritual ceremony of ’s queen Hatshepsut on the ways of thank-offerings after the campaign (Hunro- diplomatic relations on the form of trade in Hay, 1991). These relations based on 1500 B.C. (Tekeletsadek, 1974); queen of religious can inter-relate to the point of Ethiopia, Makeda (queen Sheba) formed a functionalism that the unified system of

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 100 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 beliefs, rituals, and practices associated with While in Ethiopia, queen Sheba was reversed as an Ethiopian queen named Makeda, in ancient and medieval religion provided a community with Palestine and Arabia it was widely believed that the collective representations that helped to renowned Queen of was actually an ancient Arabian create a sense of social order and establish queen named Belkis, and that the Yemenite kingdom of Himyar was her ancestral domain. However, the the foundation for all other social archeological discoveries and various historical tracts leave relationships (Durkheim, 1965). little doubt that Ethiopia was in fact the mother of the (Adejumobi, 2007). However, Axum immediately changed from believing Mahrem to during the When the expansion of Christianity in th reign of Ezana at 4th A.D (Tadesse, 2009)). Ethiopia around 4 C A. D., the religious And then the first Christian kings such as education was limited to expand, but after a Ezana implemented the dogma of while during Amde Tsion and Zerayakob, it Christianity in to Ethiopia in practically way was apace grown up (Haileselassie I, 1937). and widely expanded by the “Nine Saints” Christianization of Ethiopia led to the who came from eastern Roman Empire by commencement of hierarchical system of showing unbelievable miracles, salvage the religious instruction organized and presented peoples’ chronic problems and so on (Aba under the aegis of the Ethiopian Orthodox Gorgoriyos, 1994). Such type of ancient Church (Damtew and Altbach, 2003:317). Ethiopia history is able to concurrence with Monasteries and convents of the Ethiopian the functional perspective that, which is Orthodox Church were the epicenters of highly pragmatic in orientation, concerned such educational system whose utmost to understand society in a way which objective was producing religious generates knowledge which can be put to functionaries (Pankhurst, 1968: 666). And, use; it is often problem-orientated in the Christianity and its education were approach, concerned to provide practical adjudged to the county’s king, nobles and solutions to practical problems (Burrell and their families in order to endorse the Morgan, 2005:18). expansion of Christianity in overall the individuals. (Mengistutu, 2004). Hence, the functionalism perspective supports the above idea that collective representations such as the ideas, beliefs, and values shared

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 101 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 by a religious community that generate a A major problem with this approach is that in modern likeminded attitude on the part of individual societies several religions coexist, regulating and integrating their followers differently; thus religious believers (Durkheim, 1965). pluralism will tend to work against social cohesion. There were burials in the main cemeteries at This criticism implies that Durkheim’s analysis of religion is perhaps more appropriate to small-scale, Axum; in the royal cemetery, the dead were simpler societies. A second important problem is that probably buried with considerable amount functionalism focuses on the integrative functions of of valuable gear, and with the full panoply religion – the provision of shared values and so on – of ceremony, sacrificial offerings, and so on; and tends to ignore the effect of religion as a force for the dead of high rank were laid in stone division and disharmony in society. There are many societies divided over religious dogma and belief, coffins and surrounded with their and such divisions can be so deep-rooted as to lead to equipments (Hunro-Hay, 1991). Here of, bitter and violent conflict (Marshal and Keating, one of the functions of religious in the 2006:48) society is ritual ceremony which makes A.D. Functionalists assured that if one social solidarity (Durkheim, 1965); religion system fails, it influences to other systems to provides the basis of the collective be dysfunctional, which means if the two conscience – the shared values and ideas – religious couldn’t make economical and of a society. Religion, therefore, expresses political cooperation, it influence on their and fulfils a social need and promotes social religious to be perpetuated and the vice solidarity and cohesion: in other words, it versa (Merton, 1968) binds people together (Marsh and Keating, 2006:47). 1.1.2. Medieval Period And also, According to Lapiso (1999:37), During the medieval period, lot historical there was a mutually cooperation of in politico-religious scenes were happened on military, economic, and cultural attributes the ways of forming diplomatic relations, between Muslims and Christians between aggression, territorial expansion and on and 615 and 661 on (Hari, 1990). On the situation of diplomatic relation, the Portuguese established and re-established The functionalist approach suggests that religion, in contact with Ethiopia in the 1500s primarily one form or another is a necessary feature of society.

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 102 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 to strengthen their control over the Indian nobles for the purposes of keeping its Ocean and to convert Ethiopia to Roman stability for the perennials. Catholicism (Sergew, 1972). During this On the time of 16th C, Emperor Fasiladas period, it had happened two significance decided to found a new capital in 1636. situations: the Portuguese wanted to expand However, Gondar was different from its their territory in political arena, and predecessors: it was to be the first converting Christianity to Catholic in social permanent capital since Fasiladas’ plan arena. And, Ethiopia had linked with Rome worked and Gondar flourished for well over for more than 181 years from 1441 to 1622. a century (Marcus, 1994; Henze, 2001; In 1441 some Ethiopian monks travel from Solomon, 2008; Mengistu, 2004). Hence, Jerusalem for the aims of the probability of the permanent establishment of Gondar as establishing religious partnership and a the capital city is too much acquiesced with possible union with the Roman Catholic and the functionalists’ notion that social Greek Orthodox churches (Tadesse, 2009; consensus, order and integrations allow Aba Gorgoriyos, 1994). Therefore, society to continue and progress in one functionalists bolster such mutually religious specific area in the given time and place partnership on the idea that religious beliefs, because there are shared norms and values, rituals, and practices can be significantly for that mean all individuals have a common impacted by the society concept when the goal and have a vested interest in society or the state at large describes and conforming (Rakhi and Licy, 2011). explains oneself in terms of religious Following that, almost all foreign countries affiliation (Carpenter, 2012). Besides that, in which they lived in Ethiopia fought functionalists also recognize that as one part against Ethiopians in implicit and explicit of the system changes, other parts of the way, and yet the society abominated those system have to readjust to accommodate the countries for the reasons that they were change that has taken place elsewhere murdering lot Ethiopians, and endangered its (Stolley, 2005:23), which is why the kings sovereignty. So, Susenyos’ son and of Ethiopia made a well organized relations successor, Fasiladas, expelled the meddling with other countries and within the internal Jesuits and forbade all foreigners to set foot in his empire for a long period of time for

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 103 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 being made the state’s and the society’s The actual pioneer of the modern period of peace and security (Solomon, 2008). By this Ethiopia was begun during the king of concussion, the functionalists announce that unifier, innovator, and reformer, i.e. King the nature of individual behavior or decision Tewodros II In 1855, this is due to the fact making was always considered in that he had tried to enwrap and begird many relationship to the degree of influence held of the princes’ together for being come to by the larger community (Carpenter, stability, modernization, and civilization 2012:2). Or, society influences our human (Adejumobi, 2007). Thence, this historical actions but that society is also something event can be associated with the functionalist that exists beyond individuals (Durkheim, perspective that political institutions used as 1964b). collective means to meet individual and social needs (Carpenter, 2012). At the same century, under the ample patronage of church and state, the arts and During the Minilik II, the Treaty of Wechale crafts flourished. Impressive churches were was signed between Ethiopia and Italy in built, among them the famous Debre Berhan order to bring peace in between the two Selassie in Gondar, which can be seen to countries during the colonization period; this day (Aba Gorgoriyos, 1994). Outside however, it led to come over the Adwa war Gondar, building projects included some between the two countries; the main remarkable churches at ’s historic disagreement was brought from the monasteries (Tadesse Tamrat, 2009; Haile versions’ interpretation of Italian and Selassie I, 1937). This concept gets Ethiopian (Pankhurst, 2001; Tilahun, 1993). adminicle from the functionalism This conception is able to associate with the perspective that mutual consensus in one notion that disorganization or disagreement phenomenon makes social integration in the system leads to change because societal (Mooney et al., 2007). One of the indicators components must adjust to achieve stability. for this concept is that religious is instituted When one part of the system is not working or is by the social consensus, and again it makes dysfunctional, it affects all other parts and social integration (Hadden, 1997). creates social problems, which means if the two countries could not be reached consensus on 1.1.3. Modern Time their treaties, it leads to war, and this war also

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 104 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 affects the economic, the social, and the the field of foreign affairs too attempt to be environmental situations as the whole system improving the country’s international image, (Shildrich and Rucell 2015). abolishing the Ethiopian slave trade, peace- Unforgotten contribution of Minilik II for keeping the countries and doctrines of Ethiopia was the greatest technological human and democratic rights in the achievement in the forms of construction of principles ( I, 1937).So, Ethiopia’s railway, education, ways of functionalism perspective views society as a forming the central government and so forth complex system of interrelated parts for the aim of facilitating political conditions working together to maintain stability in Ethiopia (Bahru Zewde, 2001). (Parsons 1951; Turner and Maryanski 1979). Functionalist believed on this history is that social system’s parts are interdependent; the The UN decision, given in 1950, is that system has a “normal” healthy state of shall become part of Ethiopia from equilibrium, analogous to a healthy body; 1952, as an autonomous federal province and when disturbed, the system parts with its own constitution and elected reorganize and readjust to bring the system government. In that year an Eritrean back to a state of equilibrium, any changes administration duly takes control, bringing in society occur in structured, evolutionary to an end the temporary British rule in the ways (Wallace and Wolf 1999:18). For the region (Lapiso, 1993). Therefore, more explanation, the types of social functionalists believe that society is held institutions like education, politics and together by social consensus, or cohesion, in others are functionally integrated to form a which members of the society agree upon, stable system, and that a change in one and work together to achieve, what is best institution will precipitate a change in other for society as a whole (Rakhi and Licy, institutions, it addresses society as a whole 2011). in terms of the function of its constituent After the Ethio-Italy war (1935-41), the elements (Rakhi and Licy, 2011). restored emperor continues to give Ethiopia Emperor Haileselasie and his society were a leading role among the nations of Africa also giving his intention for domestic and in (Pankhurst, 2001). The most notable

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 105 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 example of this is the establishment of the the parts of society produce order, stability, Organization of Africans Union for the and productivity. If all does not go well, the continuity of their diplomacy (Bahru Zewde, parts then must adapt to recapture a new 2001). This notable action is inter-related to order, stability, and productivity (Rakhi and the functionalist perspective that to study the Licy, 2011). function of a social practice or political 1.2. Conflict Theory institution is to analyze the contribution Historical conflicts start, as a rule, with a which that practice, or institution, makes to community which is socially pretty highly the continuation of society (Shildrich and organized, such conflicts have to arise Rucell, 2015). between different groups where there is an attitude of hostility to others involved, but Totally, the socio-political situation which even here a wider social organization is are genuinely tried to illustrate on the usually the result (Mead, 1962: 303). So, modern time is entirely had to do with the obviously, wars were frequent events throughout basic perspective of functionalism, the Ethiopian history. Internal wars were fought stability of the society incredibly a positive mainly for territorial expansion, political impact of the presence of education, making supremacy and because of tribal feuds of one sort a diplomatic relation with other countries, or another (Menale Adugna, 2013:1) withstanding the behaviours of society in the By the above inception, the origins of the forms of judges and other instance courts, conflict perspective can be traced to the incorporating unjust phenomena in the classic works of Karl Marx; he suggested normal and so forth and the vice versa, that all societies go through stages of which means society is a system of economic development (Mooney et al., interconnected parts that work together in 2007). This perspective has become popular harmony to maintain a state of balance and over and over again throughout social equilibrium for the whole; it emphasizes the interconnectedness of In sociology, the conflict perspective has two traditions: a society by focusing on how each part utopian tradition that foresees a society in which there is no influences and is influenced by other parts longer a basis for social conflict, and a second tradition that sees conflict as inevitable in social life (Hutchison et al., (Mooney, 2007). Ensemble, if all goes well, 2012:43).

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external conflict, he is thinking about more history, with roots that can be traced back to violent conflict.(Rakhi and Licy, 2011:32). German philosopher George Hegel (1770– Therefore, the writer of this article has tried 1831) and Italian philosopher Niccolo to associate the historical phenomena of Machiavelli (1469–1527), and perhaps even Ethiopia with the theoretical perspectives of further, drawing attention to conflict, sociology in conflict as the follows: dominance, and oppression in social life (Collins, 1994; Ritzer, 2008b; Antonio, Sociologist Max Weber pointed to the importance of not just economic factors in producing and sustaining 2003). The conflict perspective typically inequality, but also the influence of power, status and looks for sources of conflict and causes of prestige in perpetuating dominant relations ( Nahom human behavior in the economic factor and Eyasu, 2016:17; Shildrick and Rucell, 2015). political inequality arenas, and more 1.2.1. Ancient Time recently in the cultural arena (Hutchison, When the state Axum emerges in to the 2012). wider light of history at the end of the first Besides to that, Coser makes the case for century of A. D., it is a full-blown, if not two kinds of functional consequences of well- integrated, trading state due to conflict: conflict that occurs within a group stratification. (Marcus, 1994). This is due to and conflict that occurs outside the group. the fact that, conflict theorists, are concerned An example of internal conflict is the with how it is that some groups acquire tension that can exist between indigenous power, dominate other groups, and affect populations or first nations and the national their will in human efforts on the emergence government. Notice that this internal conflict of stratification (Ogunbameru, 2005:101). is actually between or among groups that Due to a dearth of information, there are less function within the same social system. significant evidences about the stratification Examples of external group conflicts are the of the Axumite society (Lapiso, 1982:1999). wars in which a nation may involve itself. But, there was the pertinent existence of the When considering the consequences for ancient peoples opened an opportunity for internal group conflict, Coser is concerned the structure of socio political stratification with low-level and more frequent conflict. (Marcus, 1994). By this fact, during the When explaining the consequences for

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 107 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 expansion Axumite kingdom, a number of the functional necessity of social inequality for the well- being of society; they argued that social stratification flourishing urban communities appear to be served a function because society needed to find ways to had grown up; the urban setting throughout ensure that its members ended up in social positions that Ethiopia, including port, capital and market best suited them (Shildrick and Rucell, 2015). Furthermore, inequality is an unconsciously evolved device by which or trading towns, implies the development of societies ensure that the most important positions are social stratification (Munro-Hay, 1991:42). conscientiously filled by the most qualified persons. Hence These historical occurrences of the ancient every society, no matter how simple or complex, must differentiate persons in terms of both prestige and esteem, period of Ethiopia pertain to the Karl Marx’s and must therefore possess a certain amount of basic premise that social stratification institutionalized inequality, by this fact Davis and Moore, should be brought in terms of common concluded that class stratification was inevitable because it offered a ‘use value’ or a function to society (Davis and relationship between a group of individuals Moore, 1945). and means of production that makes societal collision (Nahom, 2016). works; whereas, the peoples who were in Social class may well have been based on urban settings had made the specialist potter, the ownership of land (Henze, 2001; Bartos well decorative metal work, and so on for and Wehr, 2002:30). The entire land of the kings, and their intimacies, but they were Axum territory was governed by the king not the owners of their product (Lapiso, himself; he had a power to give the land 1999). These peasants in rural and artisans grant to the individuals, the churches, and in urban had also served for as military other local institutions; the persons are those expeditions in keeping and expanding to the who gave to services for the king and his boundaries and for being made army families and loyalists were termed as alliances with other states, and a guard of peasants (Munro-Hay, 1991). This category the landowners and the rulers of the had worked hard on ploughing with oxen, dominant class’s house and their social sowing, clearing, reaping, harvesting the environments because of lack of obtaining crops, shepherding the flocks and herds and limited resources such as land and power so forth were their daily (Pankhurst, 1990).

The above fundamental occurrences or events in ancient period of time in Ethiopia Functionalists argue against the conception of social stratification on inequality on the fact that they emphasized secured with the Karl Marx’s and his

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 108 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 followers’ assumption on the thinking that, respect of production ( Shildrick and Rucell, expanding human requirements and 2015). economic activities are placing ever One of the ways the acquirement of land in increasing pressures on land resources, Ethiopia in ancient time was carrying out creating competition and conflicts and territorial expansion (Henze, 2001). The resulting in sub-optional use of both land Axumite kingdom justified the wars for and land resources, and at times loss of lives expanding its territories from each direction, and property (Ogunbameru, 2005:102). By and then after justification for war, the this situation, the king of Ethiopia was the inscription next recounts any diplomatic ownership of the entire land of Ethiopia due effort towards achieving a peaceful to getting from the limited resources such as settlement and, these failing, there finally power, and he had a power to give some came the decision to make war (Hari, 1990). limited resources such as land to the Ethiopia had a continuous war with Arabs individuals if he wanted. Nevertheless, if around red sea for the reasons that Ethiopia some groups wanted to acquire such fought Arabs across their coastline, and then resources via war and competition, they the Arabians assumed that the Mecca will be would be lost their lives and property overrun by Ethiopian, so war is needed to because the king had well organized than the protect their coast and their territories (Hari, peasants (Hutchison, 2012). To be supported 1990). These happenings in ancient history such ideas by the Karl Marx’s finding that of Ethiopia related with the conflict Marx pointed to the stark divide between the perspective that it explains various aspects impoverished working classes who had such as the acquirement land, of our social nothing to sell but their labour, and the world by looking at which groups have capitalist classes who, by virtue of their power and benefit from a particular social ownership of the means of production, were arrangement such as war (Mooney, 2007:2). able to exploit this labour to their profit; The significant evidences for this happened society is structured via a set of objectively situation that had been shown at the ancient defined interests which serve to create period of Ethiopia was king Eila Amida, his relations of exploitation, particularly in son Ezana, and Kaleb had made conflict

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 109 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 with Sudan and Yemen for the purposes of dynasty i.e. the Zagwe dynasty in Ethiopia territorial expansion in order for show their and substitute to see the dominancy over the conquered countries (Hari Atekenes, 1990:10). It’s not certain (Sergew, 1972); there was a hotly war what brought the Zagwe dynasty to an end; between the South Arabian and the Axumite it was likely a combination of fighting empire due to the fact that South Arabian within the ruling dynasty and local monarchy wanted to show their political opposition from the clergy. In 1270 the supremacy over Axumite (Munro-Hay, dynasty was overthrown by Yekuno Amlak; 1991); Axum kingdom had military new political power shifted south to the expeditions for others countries for historical province of Shoa (Pankhurst, territorial expansion especially for Sudan, 1990). Yemen and Eritrea (Hari, 1990:4) The establisher of the glory of Solomonic 1.2.2. Medieval Period dynasty, Amde Tsion had given his life for the expansion of his territory from the Warfare was frequent throughout the beginning of South Ethiopia, Awash, medieval period; the country’s rulers were , Begemeder, Shewa to Denkel with continually in the field fighting domestic fighting to the Muslims; his warrior vassals in rebellion or else enemies on the strategies were imitated from his grandfather periphery of the realm, conflict on one kind and the founder of Solomonic Dynasty: or another were, however, so common that Yukno Amlak (Hari Atekenes, 1990). These every year many warriors spent most of the basic medieval histories of Ethiopia had year making war (Pankhurst, 1990:13). been ensured by the conflict theorists to be assured that, groups or the owners of the The war between the Muslim society and the limited power are constantly competing for kings of Zagwe dynasty were continued and unequally distributed resources, such as the Muslims were tackling for Zagwe wealth and power, with each group seeking dynasty to make a relation and a to benefit to satisfy their own interests. In communication with a broad except for this scenario, one or a few groups control Egtpt and Sudan, these effects were these resources at the expense of others overwhelming to the newly emerged

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 110 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 through oppression, war and other means making conflict with Muslims till 1974 (Stolley, 2005) (Aba Gorigoryos, 1994; Tadesse Tamirat, From the 13th century, relations with the 2009, Lapiso Delebo, 1999). Such Muslim Ethiopian emirates of Ifat and Adal happenings were entirely accustomed to the were showing signs of strain with increasing conflict concept that these are a power competition for control of the valuable trade struggle which is most often won by wealthy routes land connecting the Ethiopian elite and lost to the common person of highlands with the Red Sea; tension was common means (Rakhi and Licy, 2011)., growing (Marcus, 1994). By this fact, one of which means a huge amount of land the kings of Solomonic dynasty such as resources were under the control of King Yese’aq (1416-1427) wined the Christianity, but not having Muslim with Muslims war in order to tackle their comparing them; however, they lost their expansion; King Zere’ayakob (1434-1468) small amount of resources again via war and opened war with Muslims for prohibiting his competition (Lapiso, 1999). land invasion by Muslims and forcefully What the writer of this paper searched that baptize them for being followed there were conflicts between Muslims and Christianity; on the period of King Lebene Christians over 1, 332 years from the Dengel (1508- 1544), Amhed Gragn war beginning of the Christians who fired Jin was occurred between the Christianity and across the Arabian coastline in 642 A.D. Muslims for 16 years (1527-1543); King (Hari, 1990) to the 1974 (Lapiso, 1999:48). Tseretse Dengel (1563-1596) was In spite of the fact that the Christians- confronting war with Turk around Messewa Muslims wars were starting at 642 A.D. port; there was a conflict between (Hari, 1990; Adejumobi, 2007), and hotly Christianity and Catholic during King carrying out during the medieval period, Susenos in the years between 1620-1622, there were going on and off till Mengistu and Amde Tsion (1314- 1344), Hailemariam came in to power; However, (1382-1411), Tewodros I (1411-1414), the 1529-1543 A.D. war between the Eskinder (1478-1494), Naod (1494-1508), Christian and Muslim was unforgotten Gelawediwos (1540-1559), Minas (1559- (Hari Atekenes, 1990) because it was 1563), Sertse Dengel , and others were

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 111 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 plagued by some of the most costly, bloody medieval period of Ethiopia. For instance, and wasteful fighting in Ethiopian history, in after king Sertse Dengel Altruistic suicide, which the entire empire and its culture came his brothers’ sons such as Ze Dengel and close to being wiped out (Henze, 2001). Susinoyos, and his child such as Ya’ecob opened war for the purposes of achieving To be making more specifically, King Libne the throne of King Sertse Dengel (Hari Dengel and Gelawediwos were fighting Atekes, 1990) since the king of Ethiopia against Turkish, which wanted to overrun were coming through hereditary in a Messawa and patronage of the expansion of particular family following the system of Muslim (Henze, 2001). One of the genuinely primogeniture (Tadesse Delessa, 2006). This indicators of such type of conflict in is the fact that a group of individuals would Ethiopia was that in 1535, the Emperor have competed limited resources; here up Lebna Dengel then Gelawodiwos made on, the mechanism of the acquisition of such alliance with Portuguese in fighting against limited resources are war, competition, Turkish and Muslims. In 1541, 400 well- struggle and so forth (Stolley, 2005). armed musketeers Portuguese arrived in Besides to that, the definition of conflict Messawa led by Dom Christovão da Gama, offered here implies that conflict behavior son of the famous mariner Vasco da Gama can occur not only because the parties have and met and defeated Ahmed Gragn and his incompatible goals but also because they benefactor Turkish at Woina dega in 1543, feel hostility toward each other. Whether those foreigners had had their own latent you rely on your intuitive understanding of political agenda (Pankhurst, 2001).This is hostility or on a more formal definition such because religion was perceived as as an antagonism, opposition, or resistance encouraging the underprivileged to accept in thought or principle (Webster’s, their social condition in this life by 1976:553), providing the hope of a better life to come, During the Oromo movement and because it is the opiate of the masses (Marx, expansion, they were fighting with King 1964). Gelawodiwos, Sersa Dengil, and Emperor Problem succession among the family hood Yaqop due to their expansion and movement was one of the root factors civil war in (Berhanu et al., 2007:341).

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On the last not the least, from 1769 to 1855, structure strive to see it altered (Rakhi and for over 86 years, there was no central Licy, 2011). power in Ethiopia. This "Era of the Princes" King Yohannes drew them into battle and was characterized by the turmoil caused by resoundingly routed them at Gundat in 1975 local rulers competing against each other. and then again at Gura in 1876 because The Era of Princes was featured rival feudal Egyptians wanted to see to expand their lords and their powerful provincial armies territory from the sources of Nile. His and country disintegrated and civil war victories not only ended any Egyptian became the norm (Solomon Getahun, 2005), designs on the territory, but brought much because competition over scarce resources is captured weaponry, turning his army into at the heart of all social relationships (Rakhi the first well-equipped force in Ethiopian and Licy, 2011; Adejumobi, 2007). history (Tekletsadek, 1991). Therefore, such 1.2.3. Modern Time concepts are too much interlinked with the

In the aftermath of Tewodros’ death, there perspective of conflict on the way that the arose another battle for succession (Bahru, desire to dominate or escape from 2001). Using his weaponry gained from the domination is a constant motivation for British in exchange for his support of their organized violence, whether for control Maqdala expedition, Kassa Mercha of within existing territory or for territorial Tigray rose to the fore. In 1871, at the battle expansion (Francis, 2004:5). of Assam, he defeated the newly crowned Meanwhile, the Mahadists came to seize a Emperor Tekla Giorgis. With the latter, he power and expand their boundaries across struck a bargain: in exchange for keeping Ethiopia territory, Yohannes IV was coming their kingdoms, they were obliged to in rushing in fighting against the Mahadists recognize the emperor’s overall power, and in order to protect the country’s sovereignty to pay taxes to his state (Bahru Zewde, from their aggression and his dominant 2001). This is related to the conflict theorists power, but unfortunately he was that individuals and groups that benefit from assassinated at the battle field of Metema, any change occurs as a result of particular Gondar in 1888 (Pankhurst, 2001; Bahru Zewde, 2001). The defeat of Yohannes IV

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 113 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 by Mahadists at the battle field of Metema a subservient position in the form of can be associated with the conflict taxation, labour exploitation, and alienation perspective’s notion that Individuals within from their products (Burton, 1990). all groups and in any sphere of life compete After the overthrowing of Lij Eyasu form for power, and most individuals in some his throne, Ethiopia was under straining areas of their lives are likely to be relatively between the intellectual group who was powerful and in others relatively powerless guided by Ras Teferi and the conservative (Francis, 2004:4). group headed by queen form 1916 Emperor Menelik II came to the power after to 1930 (Tilahun, 1993; Pankhurst, 2001). the death of Yohannes IV, and he was Such problem succession between the two fending off the encroachment of European groups are able to communicate with the powers such as Italy wanted to colonize Karl Marx’s perspective that For Marx, Ethiopia. Fortunately, Ethiopians defeated there are two essential components of a Italy at the battle of Adwa in 1896, which society: first, the economic base or remains famous today as the first victory of infrastructure (also called the substructure in an African nation over a colonial power some texts), which provides the material (Bahru, 2002). needs of

After the death of Minilik II by natural disease, Lij Iyasu and his councilors pushed The essential components of the society in the world through a few reforms, including improving can be categorized in to groups between the material the system of land tenure and taxation, but and the non-material world. The material world (the economic base) comes first and determines the non- they faced ever-deepening opposition from material, because without it the non-material (the the church and (Tilahun, 1993). superstructure) would not be possible. The economic This modern history has to relate with base is itself composed of the forces of production conflict theorists that, who are interested in and the relations of production. The forces (or how society’s institutions, especially for means) of production include factories, machinery, raw materials and technology. The relations of political institution may help to maintain the production refer to how people relate to one another privileges of some groups and keep others in at work, in particular to the relations that owners and

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 114 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 employers have with those who work for them. The achieved high solidarity, they may have superstructure is the non-material, but essentially it organized for conflict, they can mobilize reflects the economic base. For example, the their conflict resources, they may be hostile education system and the legal system protect and support the basic values of the economic structure of toward their opponents, and they may have society (Marsh and Keating, 2006:50). sufficient material resources (Bartos and Wehr, 2002 :9). Some scholars such as Strecker (1994) denied Ethiopians By these facts, after five years that king by themselves had not wined Italy at the battle field of Adwa in 1896. He asserted, “The grand strategy of the Haile Selassie seized up his power, achievement of Ethiopian rulers and attributing all their nevertheless, the Italian forces cross the successes to support from outside.” And also, Ethiopia is borders into Ethiopia in a two-pronged not an independent state from the colonizers in history because he believed that the southern regions of what is attack - from Eritrea in the north, from called Ethiopia today were conquered and colonized by the in the east. This time, unlike at ‘Abyssinians” in the second half of the nineteenth century. Adwa forty years previously, the relatively primitive Ethiopian weapons are no match life, which have highly conservatives’ for a modern European armed force. In their intention; and second, the superstructure, advance the Italians have the benefit of basically the rest of society including the tracked armoured vehicles, artillery, and family, the education system, ideas and fighter and bomber aircraft. To this beliefs, the legal system, and the political conventional arsenal they also add one of system, which were run by the intellectuals’ the horrors developed in , intention (Marsh and Keating, 2006). Of the mustard gas (Pankhurst, 2001).These action, last few centuries that have brought about perhaps, related with the cause of conflict global skewing of power: the domination of from Italy was hostile to Ethiopia and Italy a few nations over the others (Francis, can mobilize their conflict resources over 2004), and they widely elaborated that there Ethiopia (Bartos et al., 2002). are six main reasons to occur colonialism or After that, meantime getting independence conflict behavior within the countries or the Eritrea from Italy by the decision of UNO, groups as well as the individuals: the parties Emperor Haileselasie I incorporated Eritrea may have (or believe that they have) to Ethiopia in 1952; however, the incompatible goals, they each may have incorporation of Eritrea in the form of

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 115 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 federation in 1952, degree of unanimity also widely described such uprisings on his exists by now on the opposing side thought that the contradiction of the two or (Mengistu, 2004). In 1960 Eritrea's Muslim more antagonistic groups produces the new leaders, living in exile, form the ELF or system through revolution, but not Eritrean Liberation Front to fight for evolution, which means the Thesis (the independence. By the mid-1960s, they have oppressor class) makes collision with the a guerrilla force operating in western Eritrea Anti-thesis (the oppressed class) result to (Marcus, 1994). These situations can be Synthesis (socialism) (Marx, 1983). By this shown on the perspective of conflict, which reality, the emperor’s power was abrogated highly illustrated on power inequality may by the people of Ethiopia’s revolts and involve domination: party A has power over revolution, and brought the newly emerged and dominates party B. Such situations often socialist government (Bahru, 2002; lead to a fight for liberation from Pankhurst, 2001). oppression; power inequality exists when A After the emperor released his throne, the does not dominate B, but has greater power Provisional Military Administration Council potential than B does. This type of power (PMAC) or the Derg seized power to run for inequality also can lead to conflict. This is 17 years alone. Nevertheless, the external because power is often a “zero-sum” threats posed by Somalia and secessionist commodity: if one party gains it, somebody Eritrea were increasing; Somalia invaded else must lose it. Thus when the less Ethiopia in 1977 (Lapiso, 1999). And, powerful party seeks to increase its power pandemonium, Strife, and/or furor occurred potential, the more powerful party will resist throughout Ethiopia, particularly in the these efforts (Bartos and Wehr, 2002:31). northern regions of Tigray and Eritrea After a while, there were revolts in different because of the rampant of red and white area of the country against the governance terror actions and oppression of the ethnic system of the emperor, which was widely groups. Internal political debate also occurred in Woyene rebellion in Tigray in degenerated into violence. In 1989, the 1943, Bale between 1963 and 70, Gojjam in Tigrayan People's Liberation front (TPLF) 1968, and the wildly student movement and merged with the Amhara and Oromo participation (Gebru, 2001). Karl Marx liberation front’s (EPDM & OPDO) to form

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 116 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 the Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary leads inevitably to the next. The importance Democratic Front (EPRDF). In May 1991, of conflicts of production to Marx’s the EPRDF forces advanced on Addis historical analysis is demonstrated in his Ababa forcing Mengistu to flee to account of the ways in which societies move Zimbabwe (Henze, 2001). These imperious from one mode of production to another disobediences can be interrelated with the (Marsh and Keating, 2006:51); therefore, the Marxist idea that conflicts are generated by feudal modes of production had been structurally based social cleavages, not actually sustained and continued for a long simply subjective identities (Burawoy and period of time in Ethiopia history Wright, 2001:451) (Takletsadek, 1974; Henze, 2001). 1.3. Symbolic Interactionism The Somalia-Ethiopia conflict drew the Emperor in to close Perspective alliance with Kenya which has experiences similar difficulties with the Somalia (Dick, 1969:105). While the functionalist and conflict Marx observed inequality throughout the growing capitalist society. The economics of capitalism, he felt, resulted in approaches were initiated in Europe, social classes that were constantly in competition for interactionism developed first in the United society’s limited resources. Marx saw rich factory owners States; George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) who obtained their wealth from the labor of factory workers who were paid little, often toiled long hours in is widely regarded as the founder of the dangerous conditions, and frequently lived in crowded and interactionist perspective (Mead, 1962). unhealthy spaces. Society, as Marx saw it, was an ongoing Interactionism is a sociological framework struggle between the classes: the “haves” (illustrated by the factory owners) and the “have nots” (illustrated by the in which human beings are seen to be living workers). The result was social conflict and change as those in a world of meaningful objects; these without resources challenged those holding the resources objects may include material things, actions, for a piece of the proverbial pie (Marx, 1977a; Rakhi and Licy, 2011) other people, relationships, and even In general, according to Marx, throughout symbols (Herman, and Reynolds, 1994). history societies have exhibited one of five While the functionalist and conflict modes of production, which, in perspectives focused on the macro or larger chronological order, are primitive scale structure of society, the interactionist communist, ancient, feudal, capitalist and perspective has traditionally been more communist. Each of these forms of society

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 117 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 concerned with the micro or smaller-scale king of Axum had felt to label he had, aspect of social life (Goffman, 1961). interactionists also assure their feelings on their assumption that human beings are 1.3.1.AncientPeriod distinctly always concerned to study the As the writer of this article has tried to ways in which people give meaning to their describe the pre-Christianity time in feelings, their actors, and to the wider social Ethiopia above, the people of Ethiopia world in which their lives exist (Marshall, believed the war gods such as Aster, Beher, 1996: 524), and Symbolic interactionism also and Mahrem, and Habas (moon god) suggests that our identity or sense of self is IImugah Nure, which came from South shaped by social interaction. We develop Arabia before the advent of Christianity to our self-concept by observing how others Axum (Tadesse et al., 2006:20). These interact with us a label us. By observing idolaters could give sacrifice for it in order how others view us, we see a reflection to keep the foreign attacks, natural disasters, ourselves that Cooley calls the “looking and because it is the god of the king and so glass self” (Mooney, 2007:2). on (Munro-Hay, 1991). By this circumstance, the interactionists believed According to Tadesse and Girma (2006:8) that religion is a social institution and focus and Munro-Hay (1991), Axum increased its on the way in which various definitions and significance as center of local political unity meanings have an impact on social by the exercises of military initiative and interaction at the individual and small group partly perhaps by developing treaty levels (Carpenter, 2012:5). relationship with its neighboring tribal

During the Axumite civilization, Axumite groups and their gradual absorption brighten king was himself considered as the the prospect for expansion and political embodiment of the state, a dynamic figure, ideological exchange with South Arabia, son of a deity, the leader of his people, as Persia, India, Sri Lanka, and even China’s war hero and conqueror, but also a judge societies through Red Sea, and through its and law giver, and the people of the king port of Adulis Axum participated actively. and other world also accepted who he was So, such historical events can be associated (Tadesse Delessa et al., 2006:18). What the to interactionism, which is a theoretical

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 118 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 perspective that derives social processes was coinage. This is emphasized on the such as conflict, cooperation, identity coinage where the image of the kings formation from human interaction (Rakhi appears both the obverse and the reverse of and Licy, 2011). the gold coins accompanied by his name and During the Axumite period of time in the title “king of the Axumites” these Ethiopia, amazing human-made cultural coinages showing some symbolic materials were created. Material cultures representation of the state such as the disc were one of the famous contributions of the and crescent in pre-Christian times in order Axumite kingdom, these cultures shown to to represent deities of the sun and moon, or the social structure and its boundaries across perhaps the royal tutelary deity Mahrem god other societies, which were created by the (Munro-Hay, 1991). Of being occurred like individuals. Pottery was made and used for this unbelievable invention to see how far the fetching water and small village they are more civilized and developed state decoration, metal work and well decorative for that world, symbolic interactionism gold materials were mostly indicating to perspective also insists on the contribution provide the king’s praiseworthy action for for the world on the notion that the concrete his state (Munro-Hay, 1991). As long as details of what goes on among individuals in implemented such type of actions practically everyday life; they study how we use and during the Axumite era, interactionist interpret symbols not only to communicate explain for this occurrence strongly that with each other, but also to create and there is no such thing as solidarity maintain impressions of ourselves, to create individual; humans are always connected to a sense of self, and to create and sustain others. The most basic unit of interaction what we experience as the reality of a analysis is that of the self, which stresses the particular social situation (Rakhi and Licy, ways in which people can come to view 2011). themselves as objects, and assume the role After accepting Christianity in 4th A.D., the of others through a process of the role taking symbol coinages were of the cross, and in (Marshall, 1996: 524 ). fact incorporated the depiction of two ears Another material cultures the one which was of wheat or barley framing the royal bust invented during the Axumite civilization and grain stalks on the obverse and the

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 119 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 reverse of the gold coins; its depiction on the Christian period formed one stone made coins could have been intended to show the obelisks, which seemed like to the prick like king as the provider and the sources of posture to show their supremacy, heroism, bounty, and the grain stalks were actually a brave and courageous, and other believed symbol of the Axumite state itself (Munro- that Axum Obelisks were formed for the Hay, 1991). It evidently simplifies the purposes of incising golden coins. These system in representing the medium of different concepts have been releasing in exchange, the standard of value- different scholars about the Axum obelisk, measurement, a means of holding wealth at so interactionists argue that we are able to discretion, and a means of payment for interact with others because we create services, all in one form (Lapiso Delebo, symbols and learn to interpret what those 1999). So far in coinage widely used up for symbols mean in our interactions (Stolley, various purposes in different symbols at the 2005). Besides to this, interactionists time of Axumite civilization, the perspective address the subjective meanings of human of symbolic interactionism describes to acts and the process through which people support such concept on the notion that come to develop and communicate shared human beings act toward things on the basis meanings (Blumer, 1969) of the meanings that things have for them; According to Michels (1986 cited by these meanings arise from social interaction; Munro- Hay, 1991:39), he explained the social action results from a fitting together reign of kings during the Axumite period is of individual lines of action (Blumer, 1969). that:

Due to the fact that there are lesser Quite probably, the significant empirical evidences in all about kingdom was a the Axumite obelisks, different scholars confederacy, one which have given different meanings about the was led by a district-level Axumite obelisks. Some scholars such as king who commanded the Hary Atekes (1991) stated that there was allegiance of other petty one stone made obelisks in Axum for Sun kings within the Axum and Moon worships, and others described realm. The ruler of the that the kings of Axum during the pre-

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Axumite kingdom was thus sons and perhaps other relatives were “King of kings”- a title frequently put in charge of campaign when often found in inscriptions the king was occupied elsewhere (Tadesse of this period. It is quite Delessa et al., 2006:21). Thence, the possible that at the death of interactionists assure to be communicated a King-of-Kings, a new one this history in Ethiopia on the issue that would be selected from institutional orders and situations of among all the kings in the interaction are more and more seen as being confederacy, rather than constructed by the activities of different through some principle of actors, groups and individuals in different primogeniture. social areas and situations (Eisenstadt and Helle, 1985). This power substitution from the selection among all kings in the confederacy had been During the Zagwe dynasty, Lalibela was a carried out when the king of kings passed devout Christian emperor who contributed away; hence, the symbolic interactionism’s to the growth of Orthodox church by perspective states for this event that social granting land to many prominent world is a dynamic and dialectal web, monasteries and churches in northern situations are always encounters with Ethiopia and particularly known for the unstable outcomes, and lives and construction of eleven monolithic churches biographies are always in the process of of rock hewn from solid rock (Pankhurset, shifting and becoming, never fixed, not upon 1955). Hence, interactionists believe that rigid structures, but upon streams of activity social reality, insofar as it is recognized to with their adjustments and outcomes by the have any existence outside the new comers (Marshall, 1996: 524). consciousness of any single individual, is The military establishment was undoubtedly regarded as being little more than a network one of the key institutions of the Axumite of assumptions and intersubjectively shared monarchy which was set up by the king meanings (Burrell and Morgan, 2005) himself, the king himself was commander- in-chief of the army but royal brothers and 1.3.2. Medieval Period

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One of the famous contributions of the ceremonies. Abba Dula (the defence medieval period of Ethiopia was the creature minister) was also the leading figure in the of democratic relationship of the Gada Gada government. He was the leader of System (Berhanu et al., 2007). This system gondola (army) and was elected by the was closely connected with the social and people. The other official was the chief of political structures since male Oromo’s were judge known as Abba Sera. The Gada laws organized according to age and generation were passed by the assembly, the Gada for both the social and political activities officials were elected for eight years by (Lapiso, 1982). This happening during the universal male suffrage, and also the main medieval period of Ethiopia can be related criteria for officials were know learn, with focuses on patterns of individual honesty, bravely, demonstrated ability interactions. Although macro sociologists (Berhane Lemma et al., 2007:341). These working in this tradition recognize that Gada System figures and their roles can be larger social structures exist and are built from that society and these larger important in shaping our lives, they point social structures, especially political out that society is actually created by people structure must be understood through interacting together on a daily basis to studying social interactions that are based on perform their social-economic and political shared understandings, languages, and activities; it is these smaller interactions that symbols; a symbol is something that stands actually make up the larger social structures: for, represents, or signifies something else in social and political social structures (Stolley, a particular culture. Symbols can be 2005) anything—gestures, words, objects, or The Gada System had their own structure, events—and they can represent any number the important officers was Abba Boku (the of others things, ideas, events, or emotions father of the scepter was an elected (Stolley, 2005). Or, The interactionists look chairman who presided over the assembly. beneath the symbols, processes, and The principal function of Abba Boku is to interactions in order to determine the preside over the parliament or tribal underlying patterns or forms of social life assembly to proclaim the laws, to act when (Marshall, 1996: 524 ). necessary as a virtual expert in the Gada 1.3.3. Modern Time

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After the ended up the era of princes, Tewodros II used force for Englishmen to Tewodros II attempted to replace the produce modern cannon to Ethiopian but regional armies of the princes with a they couldn’t show their ambition to make national arms, and also he introduced a new it, after a while he incarcerated them and chain of command, with military titles like then the English commander, Napier came Yasr Alaqa (commander of ten), Yamsa to Ethiopia to release their citizens from the Alaqa (commander of fifty), and Yeshi detention with modern weapon, at last it was Alaqa (commander of thousand) in order to a root cause for the king to make suicide at order them easily; King Tewodros was also Meqdala (Tadesse Delessa, 2006). The appointed different individuals in different situations in which the Englishmen’s position like he appointed Dajjach kasa creative capacity on the modern armament Subagadis in Tigre, Gajjach Liban Amade in in Ethiopia and the follow of conflict Wallo, ras Mareyye in Begemeder and on between Napier and Tewodros II can be and on (Pankhurst, 1955; Bahru Zewde, interlinked with one of the main founding 1991:33). Such hierarchical power father of sociology, Georg Simmel, that distribution in Ethiopia can link with one of Simmel believed that people possess the basic tenet of interactionism perspective creative capacities that enable them to that institutional orders and situations of produce objective culture, which means the interaction are more and more seen as being things that people produce that transcends constructed by the activities of different them. But objective culture comes to stand actors, groups and individuals in different in irreconcilable opposition to the creative social areas and situations (Eisenstadt and forces that have produced it in the first place Helle, 1985). based on the individual culture that the King Tewodros II ambition to strengthen capacity of the individuals who produced the and modernize his army is clearly reflected objective culture (Frisby, 2002). in the manufacturing of modern Sebastopol After the altruistic suicide of Tewodros II, armaments locally, at Gafat, an area nearly and after the defeated of king Teklegiorgis Debretabor, Gondar. By his interest, of lasta at the battle field of Assam by Tewodros succeeded in building up the first military supporting of Napier from England, significant artery in Ethiopia history; Yohannes IV was faced under great

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 123 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 difficulties: Egyptian and later Italian During king Hailsellasie I, there was the expansion in the North, Mahadist (Sudan) promulgation of Ethiopia’s first and revised incursion in the West, Menelik’s constitution in 1931 and 1955 respectively insubordination in the South for the aims of was a major step taken by the emperor in his colonization as well as power interest, but direction, the main issue that the constitution Yohannes IV made treaty with Italia, dealt with the regulation of the relationship fighting with Mahadist to ban their focus between the monarchy and the nobility; and intention to Ethiopia (Berhan Lemma et asserted the supremacy of imperial power al.,, 2007). Of associate these emergence for it legalized the emperor’s absolute power during the reign of Yohannes IV to the basic in appointments and dismissals; the notion of symbolic interactionism is that rendering of justice, the declaration and the human action and interaction are termination of wars; and the granting of land understandable only through the exchange and honor (Tadesse Delessa et al., of meaningful communication or symbols. 2006:198). It shows that how individuals act In this approach, humans are portrayed as within society (Rakhi and Licy, 2011). acting as opposed to being acted upon Though wars were fought mainly by men, (Rakhi and Licy, 2011). women played a significant role in the Before Adawa battle field in the Menelik II mobilization of troops, organization and reign, the vanguard force of the Ethiopian transportation of supplies and provisions; army, led by Fitawerari Gebeyehu, attacked raising the morale of fighters; gathering and defeated the Italian at the battle field of intelligence information, nursing the Amba Alage, the Italian lost more than 2000 wounded, and in the actual fighting. Women soldiers in dead including their commander, that did not go to battlefields had to carry Toselli (Tadesse Delessa, 2006:157). These the burden of men’s work at the home front warrior experiences could be traced back (Menale Adugna, 2013). Such irreplaceable from the daily and the routine exercises and actions which were done by the women interaction of well experienced individuals during the Adwa battle field, the Ethio-Italy (Scheafer, 20050. 1935-41 war and others wars can be associated to the Max Weber’s notion that

Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 124 International Journal for Social Studies ISSN: 2455-3220 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 02 Issue 11 November 2016 the major sphere of society (political, medieval and modern period. These sources economy, religious) are equally dominant in of conflict in those histories were the all society, it is the status and party presences of politico-religious scene. By affiliations (Nahom Eyasu, 2016). covering the systems of religious, different Conclusion political agendas were carried out; as, Marx said religious is the opiate of the masses on Different disciplines might be describing his conflict theory. And also, symbolical about the social realities based on their own interactionism perspectives had been subject matter and/or focusing area, occurred during the ancient, medieval, and sociology and history are social sciences that modern time too. mostly explaining, describing and exploring REFERENCES the happened social phenomena. So, these disciplines could be seen by relied on the [1] Aba Gorgoriyos. 1994. The History historical phenomena and the theoretical of Ethiopia’s Orthodox Tewahedo Church. perspectives of sociology in Ethiopia on this The Shoa Archbishop. Lapsley/Books paper. Since Ethiopia is one of the oldest Foundation, INC. countries in the world and having lot [2] Abebe Zegeye, Pausewang, ancient, middle, and modern histories, the Siegfried. 1955. Ethiopia in Change: writer of this paper is able to show only the Pleasantry, Nationalism and Democracy. total history of Ethiopia with the theoretical British Academic Press perspectives of sociology in bird’s eye view. [3] Adejumobi, Saheed A. 2007. The History of Ethiopia. Greenwood press Despite the fact that the perspectives of [4] Antonio, Robert. 2003. “Karl functionalism, conflict, and symbolical Marx.” The Blackwell Companion to Major interactionism had been seen in all of Classical Social Theorists Edited by George Ethiopian history, consensus and mutually Ritzer. Blackwell publishing Ltd living, cooperation, and stability i.e. [5] Aristotle .1984: The Politics. Trans. functionalism perspective had been Carnes Lard, Chicago. happened during the ancient time. In contrast, the history of Ethiopia is the history of conflict, especially during

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