DOCSLIB.ORG

Phenolic Compounds from the Leaves of Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana(Crassulaceae) Plant

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phenolic Compounds from the Leaves of Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana(Crassulaceae) Plant Proceedings of The 9th Joint Conference on Chemistry ISBN 978-602-285-049-6 Phenolic Compounds from the Leaves of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana(Crassulaceae) Plant Yenny Febriani Yuna,b,*, Lilis Siti Aisyaha,b, Tri Reksa Saputraa, Arif Rahman Hakima, Tati Herlina, Euis Julaehaa, Achmad Zainuddina, Unang Supratmana Abstract Kalanchoe blossfeldiana(Crassulaceae) is a succulent plant belonging to the genus Kalanchoe. Various species of Kalanchoe plants have been widely used as raw material for traditional medicine and also as an ornamental plant. This study is a continuation searching for secondary metabolites from Kalanchoe Indonesia plants. Fresh K.blossfeldiana leaves 5.7 kg was extracted with methanolat room temperature to obtain a concentrated extract as much as 155.74 g. Concentrated methanol extract was dissolved in water and then partitioned successively within- hexane and ethylacetate. Ethylacetate extract (20 g) was separated by a combination of chromatography on silica and ODS and produced compound 1 (7.1 mg) in the form of a yellow solid, compound 2 (4 mg), and compound 3 (15.4mg) in the form of a white solid. The chemical structures of compounds 1, 2, and 3, were determined by UV spectroscopy, IR, MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy and comparison of data obtained from the literature and identified as phenolic compounds, namely 3,3',4',5,7 pentahydroksi flavonorquercetin (1), epigallocatechingallate (2), and gallic acid (3). Keywords:Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, phenolic, 3,3',4',5,7 pentahydroksi flavon, epigallocatechingallate, gallic acid a Natural Product Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Bandung-Sumedang Km21, Jatinangor,Sumedang 45363 bDepartment of Chemistry, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jenderal Achmad Yani University, Cimahi 40528 Corresponding author email addresses: * [email protected],**[email protected] Introduction This study is a continuation searching for secondary metabolites from Kalanchoe Indonesia plants, specially Indonesia has high plant biodiversity and its Kalanchoe blossfeldiana(Crassulaceae). ecosystems (Walujo, 2011).Some of the plants mostly used by Indonesian society, especially as herbal Methodology medicines, are from the genus Kalanchoe.Usually they are used as ornamental plants, with the characteristics Materials of thick and watery leaves. These plants are very popular because of easy propagation,low water Plant needer, and the flower colours. from the point of The leaves of K. blossfeldiana were collected from ethnopharmacology Kalanchoe plants are used as Lembang, Western Bandung area, West Java, traditional medicines to cure headache, cough, chest Indonesia, and identified at Herbarium Bogoriense, pain, ulcer, and other skin deseases. They overcome Biology Research Centre of LIPI Lembaga Ilmu fever, fix the irregular menstruation, heal wound and Pengetahuan Indonesia or LIPI (The Indonesian boil, not only in Indonesia but also almost everywhere Institute of Sciences), Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, in the world (Quazi et al., 2011). Some researches Indonesia. reported that Kalanchoe plants contain bufadienolide (Supratman et al., 2000; Supratman et al., 2001), Chemical triterpenoid (Gaind and Gupta, 1972), and flavonoid (Muzitano et al., 2006; Okwu and Nnamdi, 2011), and The chemicals needed were both the various technical biological activities like antileismanial, antiinflamatory, solvents (redistilled), i.e.n-hexane, ethyl acetate, cytotoksic, and inhibiting tumor cell growth methanol, acetone, andpro-analysis (Supratman et al., 2001; Costa, 2006; Biswas et al., i.e.dichloromethane and chloroform. Silica GF254 was 2011). used in Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Silica- Green Chemistry Section 4: Organic Chemistry,Yenny Febriani Yun, et al. P a g e | 359 This Proceedings©Chemistry Department, FSM, Diponegoro University 2015 Proceedings of ISBN 978-602-285-049-6 The 9th Joint Conference on Chemistry G60(10-40m)with the surface area (500 m2/g) was 7.79 (1H, d, J = 1.95 Hz, H-2’), 7.79 (1H, d, J = 1.95 and used in vacuum liquid chromatography, andsilica G60 8,45Hz, H-6’); 13C-NMR (Acetone-D6, 125.76 MHz) (70-230 and 230-400 mesh) were used in the open ppm: 164.9 (C-2), 136.7 (C-3), 176.5 (C-4), 164.9 (C-5), column chromatography, and the solution ofAlCl3 (10% 99.1 (C-6), 164.9 (C-7), 94.5 (C-8), 157.8 (C-9), 104.1 (C- in ethanol) as stain-display reagent. 10), 123.7 (C-1’), 115.7 (C-2’), 145.8 (C-3’), 148.3 (C-4’), 116.2 (C-5’), 121.5 (C-6’); ESIMS m/z [M-1]+301.43, Equipments [M]+302.43. The equipments used were glass wares common in The data of UV showed that thecompound (1) has the organic chemistry laboratory, macerator,rotary absorbance at the region 휆maks 370.8 nm (band 1) and evaporator R-200 Buchi with vacuum pump Vac V-500 255.4 nm (band 2) which are the characteristics of Buchi and water heater B-490 Buchi, open flavonoid compound. Band 1 indicated the absorbance chromatography column with various sizes, UV lamp which was related to the resonance of sinamoil group VilbertLuomart (λ 254 nm dan λ 365 nm), that involved ring B.Band 2 indicated the absorbance spectrophotometer FTIR Spectrum One Perkin Elmer, which was related tothe resonance of benzoil group Spectrometer Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) that involved ring Aof flavonoid.The addition of AlCl3 JEOL JNM ECA-500 with TMS as internal standard, caused the shifting is from 370.8 to 340.0 nm,and from Preparative HPLC. 255.4 to 268.4.The batochromic shift took place, with the decrease of the intensity of band 1 which was Methods caused by the formation of chelatbetweenAlCl3 and the ring B. Extraction and Isolation The data of IR showed the absorbance of wide band at The 18 kg of fresh K. blossfeldianaleavewas grinded, 3400 cm-1, which showed the existence of hydroxyl extracted, and then concentrated.The 385.83 gof group (the spread of O-H), 2000-1750 cm-1(overtone methanol extract obtained was dissolved in water and aromatic), 1650 cm-1(the spread of C=O partitioned respectively using n-hexane and ethyl carbonil),1600-1400 cm-1 (the spread of C=C aromatic), acetate, yielding in n-hexane extract (32 g) and ethyl 1092 cm-1 (the spread of C-O ether) and 800-750 acetate extract (25 g). The ethyl acetate extract was cm-1(distributed benzene). fractioned using liquid vacuum chromatography, resulted in 7 combined fractions.The fraction The data of13C-NMR showed thatthe compound (1) has combination was performed through the thin layer 15 carbon signals, which consist of 1 carbonil at δc chromatography guiding under the UV lamp 254 nm 176.55 ppm, 12 aromatic carbon atom, which with stain-displaying reagent10% AlCl3in ethanol. Out appeared in the signal range δc 100 – 160 ppm, and 2 of the 7 combined fractions, the fraction 5 was further shielded aromatic carbon atom, which appeared at the fractioned.Fraction 5 was purified using column signals δc 94.48 ppm and 99.09 ppm, because they chromatography using silica G60, with the eluent n- were in close range with carbon group bonded by hexane:ethyl acetate (3:7), isocratially, which resulted hydroxyl group. in yellow solid of 95.5 mg.This solid was further fractioned using column chromatography using the The data of1H-NMR on the compound(1)showed it ODS silica, with the eluent methanol:water:acetone consisted of 5 protons which were bonded at Csp2 , (1:2:1), isocratically, which resulted in yellow solid which could be calculatedJ or coupling constant. This J isolate of 7.1 mg (1) andthewhiteamorphous solid value(1.95) showed that both H6 and H8 had meta isolate of 15.4mg (3). Fraction 3 was purified using position. The locations of H2’ dan H6’ were inmeta column chromatography using silica G60, with the positions, because they had the same J values,1.95, eluentn-hexane:ethyl acetate; CHCl3:MeOH while the H5’ had the position of ortho against H6’ , stepwise,which resulted fraction 3’. Fraction 3’ was because theJ value was 8.45 , which indicated the purified using preparative HPLC, acetonitrile:water ortho in aromatic system. to know the molecular (4:6) which resulted in white solid isolate of 4 mg (2). weight of compound (1), the measurement of MS was performed. The data of MS using the negative ion Results and Discussion method resulted the [m/z [M+H]-] of 301.04, which meant the real molecular weight was 302.04. The ethyl acetate was fractionedusing various chromatography methods, and resulted the From the data of UV, IR, NMR and MS, it could be compound (1), (2),and (3). The compound (1) in predicted that the compound (1) had the molecular theyellow solid (7.1 mg),UV (MeOH) maks: 255.4; formula C15H10O7.Knowing the predicted formula, the 370.8, 268.4; 340.0 nm; IR (KBr) maks: 3400 (OH), 2000- DBE value was determined 11, with 8 double bondings 1750 (overtone aromatic), 1650 (C=O ketone), 1600, and 3 cyclics. It was predicted that the structure of the 1500, 1400 (derivative of benzene), 1092 (C-O ether), compound (1)was the 3,3’,4’,5’7 pentahydroxyflavon 800-750 cm-1(distributed benzen) ; 1H-NMR (Acetone, or known as Quercetin. 500.0 MHz) ppm:6.23 (1H, d, J = 1.95 Hz, H-6), 6.49 (1H, d, J = 1.95 Hz, H-8), 6.97 (1H, d, J = 8.45 Hz, H-5’), 360|P a g e Green Chemistry Section 4: Organic Chemistry, Yenny Febriani Yun, et al. This Proceedings©Chemistry Department, FSM, Diponegoro University 2015 Proceedings of The 9th Joint Conference on Chemistry ISBN 978-602-285-049-6 The compound (2) were identified by 1H-NMR, 13C- pentahydroxyflavonorquercetin (1), epigallocate NMR, and comparisson with literature values as chingallate(2), and gallic acid(3).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS of the GUIANAS: an Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana
    f ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS: An Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana Vf•-L - - •• -> 3H. .. h’ - — - ' - - V ' " " - 1« 7-. .. -JZ = IS^ X : TST~ .isf *“**2-rt * * , ' . / * 1 f f r m f l r l. Robert A. DeFilipps D e p a r t m e n t o f B o t a n y Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. \ 1 9 9 2 ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Table of Contents I. Map of the Guianas II. Introduction 1 III. Basic Bibliography 14 IV. Acknowledgements 17 V. Maps of Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana VI. Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas Gymnosperms 19 Dicotyledons 24 Monocotyledons 205 VII. Title Page, Maps and Plates Credits 319 VIII. Illustration Credits 321 IX. Common Names Index 345 X. Scientific Names Index 353 XI. Endpiece ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Introduction I. Historical Setting of the Guianan Plant Heritage The Guianas are embedded high in the green shoulder of northern South America, an area once known as the "Wild Coast". They are the only non-Latin American countries in South America, and are situated just north of the Equator in a configuration with the Amazon River of Brazil to the south and the Orinoco River of Venezuela to the west. The three Guianas comprise, from west to east, the countries of Guyana (area: 83,000 square miles; capital: Georgetown), Surinam (area: 63, 037 square miles; capital: Paramaribo) and French Guiana (area: 34, 740 square miles; capital: Cayenne). Perhaps the earliest physical contact between Europeans and the present-day Guianas occurred in 1500 when the Spanish navigator Vincente Yanez Pinzon, after discovering the Amazon River, sailed northwest and entered the Oyapock River, which is now the eastern boundary of French Guiana.
    [Show full text]
  • Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana Kalanchoe1 Edward F
    FPS-309 Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana Kalanchoe1 Edward F. Gilman2 Introduction General Information Kalanchoe is a dark green, succulent perennial with scallop- Scientific name: Kalanchoe blossfeldiana edged leaves and large umbels of flower clusters held above Pronunciation: kal-lan-KOE-ee bloss-fel-dee-AY-nuh the foliage (Fig. 1). The upright, many-branched growth Common name(s): kalanchoe habit and tolerance of low moisture conditions makes it Family: Crassulaceae ideal for groundcover use, rock gardens, raised planters, or Plant type: perennial; herbaceous containers USDA hardiness zones: 10 through 11 (Fig. 2) Planting month for zone 7: Jun; Jul Planting month for zone 8: Jun; Jul Planting month for zone 9: Jun; Jul; Aug; Sep Planting month for zone 10 and 11: Feb; Mar; Apr; Sep; Oct; Nov; Dec Origin: not native to North America Uses: container or above-ground planter; edging; attracts hummingbirds Availability: generally available in many areas within its hardiness range Figure 1. Kalanchoe Figure 2. Shaded area represents potential planting range. 1. This document is FPS-309, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date October 1999. Reviewed February 2014. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. Edward F. Gilman, professor, Environmental Horticulture Department; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Plants
    Experimental Plants African Violet Geranium Spiderwort Species: ionantha Species: zonale Species: varies Genus: Saintpaulia Genus: Geranium or Pelargonium Genus: Tradescantia Family: Gesneriaceae Family: Geraniaceae Family: Commelinaceae Order: Scrophulariales Order: Marchantiales Order: Commelinales Class: Magnoliopsida Class: Magnoliopsida Class: Liliopsida Phylum: Tracheophyta Phylum: Magnoliophyta Phylum: Magnoliophyta Kingdom: Plantae Kingdom: Plantae Kingdom: Plantae Begonia Kalanchoe Wandering Jew Species: varies Species: blossfeldiana Species: varies Genus: Begonia Genus: Kalanchoe (synonym Genus: Nephrolepis Family: Begoniaceae Bryophyllum) Family: Nephrolepidaceae Order: Violales Family: Crassulaceae Order: Polypodiales Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Saxifragales Class: Polypodiopsida (Pteridopsida) Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Phylum: Pterophyta Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Kingdom: Plantae Kingdom: Plantae Bromeliad Zamia Species: varies Norfolk Island Pine Species: varies Genus: Neoregelia Species: heterophylla Genus: Zamia Family: Bromeliaceae Genus: Araucaria Family: Zamiaceae Order: Bromeliales Family: Araucariaceae Order: Cycadales Class: Liliopsida Order: Pinales Class: Cycadopsida Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Pinopsida Phylum: Cycadophyta Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Pinophyta Kingdom: Plantae Kingdom: Plantae Coleus Zebrina Species: varies Podocarpus Species: varies Genus: Solenostemon Species: varies Genus: Zebrina Family: Lamiaceae Genus: Podocarpus Family: Commelinaceae Order: Lamiales Family: Podocarpaceae
    [Show full text]
  • 294-299 E-ISSN:2581-6063 (Online), ISSN:0972-5210
    1 Plant Archives Vol. 21, Supplement 1, 2021 pp. 294-299 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210 Plant Archives Journal homepage: http://www.plantarchives.org doi link : https://doi.org/10.51470/PLANTARCHIVES.2021.v21.S1.047 MOLECULAR TAXONOMY AND GENETIC DIVERSITY EVALUATION AMONG SEVEN CULTIVARS OF KALANCHOE BLOSSFELDINA POELLN USING RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA (RAPD) MARKERS Amina Ismail Al-Naib and May Taha Al-Wattar 1Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Mosul, Iraq Email: [email protected] The study aimed to detect molecular intraspecific markers to identify seven cultivars of Kalanchoe blossfeldina Poeln. (K. blossfeldiana Calandiva Bardot; K. blossfeldiana Calandiva Hayworth; K. blossfeldiana Calandiva Monro; K. blossfeldiana Calandiva Fonda; K. blossfeldiana Calandiva Middler; K. blossfeldiana Calandiva Leonardo; K. blossfeldiana Calandiva Rosalina) have been genetically analyzed, using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD PCR) technique, ten randomize primers used for this purpose yielded 390 reproducible bands with an average of 39 bands or fragments per primer, contain 259 monomorphic bands and 145 were polymorphic bands, primers produce 12 unique bands and 8 bands were absent. The primers (80-14) yielded high number of DNA fragments (53). The results showed 48 polymorphic sites and 32 monomorphic sites, the heist polymorphism percentage reached ABSTRACT 100% with primer (OPB-01) and the lowest polymorphism percentage with the primer (80-15) reached 25%, UPGMA analysis depending on similarity matrix, studied cultivars showed the highest genetic similarity reached (0.908) between (Calandiva Monro, Calandiva Fonda), while lowest genetic distance was (0.426) between (Calandiva Leonardo, Calandiva Hayworth) cultivars as well as genetic difference was (0.347) between (Calandiva Leonardo, Calandiva Hayworth) also.
    [Show full text]
  • Weed Risk Assessment for Phelipanche Aegyptiaca (Pers.) Pomel (Orobanchaceae) – Egyptian Broomrape
    United States Department of Weed Risk Assessment Agriculture for Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Pers.) Animal and Pomel (Orobanchaceae) – Egyptian Plant Health Inspection broomrape Service December 21, 2018 Version 1 Left: Phelipanche aegyptiaca parasitizing carrot (Dr. Reuven Jacobsohn, Agricultural Research Organization, Bugwood.org); Right (top): P. aegyptiaca seeds (source: Julia Scher, Federal Noxious Weed Disseminules, USDA APHIS ITP, Bugwood.org); (bottom): carrot field infested with P. aegyptiaca, left treated with soil solarization, right untreated with crop completely destroyed (source: Jaacov Katan, University of Jerusalem, Bugwood.org). AGENCY CONTACT Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Weed Risk Assessment for Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Egyptian broomrape) 1. Introduction Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) regulates noxious weeds under the authority of the Plant Protection Act (7 U.S.C. § 7701-7786, 2000) and the Federal Seed Act (7 U.S.C. § 1581-1610, 1939). A noxious weed is defined as “any plant or plant product that can directly or indirectly injure or cause damage to crops (including nursery stock or plant products), livestock, poultry, or other interests of agriculture, irrigation, navigation, the natural resources of the United States, the public health, or the environment” (7 U.S.C. § 7701-7786, 2000). We use the PPQ weed risk assessment (WRA) process (PPQ, 2015) to evaluate the risk potential of plants, including those newly detected in the United States, those proposed for import, and those emerging as weeds elsewhere in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecophysiology of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)
    Annals of Botany 93: 629±652, 2004 doi:10.1093/aob/mch087, available online at www.aob.oupjournals.org INVITED REVIEW Ecophysiology of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) ULRICH LUÈ TTGE* Institute of Botany, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3±5, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany Received: 3 October 2003 Returned for revision: 17 December 2003 Accepted: 20 January 2004 d Background and Scope Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) as an ecophysiological modi®cation of photo- synthetic carbon acquisition has been reviewed extensively before. Cell biology, enzymology and the ¯ow of carbon along various pathways and through various cellular compartments have been well documented and dis- cussed. The present attempt at reviewing CAM once again tries to use a different approach, considering a wide range of inputs, receivers and outputs. d Input Input is given by a network of environmental parameters. Six major ones, CO2,H2O, light, temperature, nutrients and salinity, are considered in detail, which allows discussion of the effects of these factors, and combinations thereof, at the individual plant level (`physiological aut-ecology'). d Receivers Receivers of the environmental cues are the plant types genotypes and phenotypes, the latter includ- ing morphotypes and physiotypes. CAM genotypes largely remain `black boxes', and research endeavours of genomics, producing mutants and following molecular phylogeny, are just beginning. There is no special development of CAM morphotypes except for a strong tendency for leaf or stem succulence with large cells with big vacuoles and often, but not always, special water storage tissues. Various CAM physiotypes with differing degrees of CAM expression are well characterized. d Output Output is the shaping of habitats, ecosystems and communities by CAM.
    [Show full text]
  • The Possible Causes of Leaf Spotting of Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana: Metabolic and Potential Methods of Their Control
    PROGRESS IN PLANT PROTECTION/POSTĘPY W OCHRONIE ROŚLIN 52 (3) 2012 The possible causes of leaf spotting of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana: metabolic and potential methods of their control Przyczyny plamistości liści Kalanchoe blossfeldiana: zmiany metaboliczne i możliwości ochrony Anna Jarecka Boncela, Alicja Saniewska, Justyna Góraj, Marian Saniewski Summary The leaves of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, a succulent grown in greenhouse conditions showed disease symptoms, such as yellow and gradually browning spots. The disease was caused by Pestalotia sp. In detached healthy leaves of K. blossfeldiana kept in the inverted position at natural light conditions red-violet anthocyanins were produced and accumulated. In detached leaves with disease symptoms caused by Pestalotia sp. kept in the same light conditions anthocyanins were not produced formed the disease spots at a distance about 5–10 mm from. The fungicides: Biosept Active, Signum 33 WG i Topsin M 500 SC significantly inhibited the growth and development of the fungi Pestalotia sp. Key words: Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Pestalotia sp., metabolic reactions, anthocyanins formation, infection, leaves, fungicides Streszczenie Na liściach sukulenta Kalanchoe blossfeldiana rosnącego w warunkach szklarniowych, wystąpiły symptomy chorobowe. Testy chorobotwórczości wykazały, że główną przyczyną, początkowo drobnych żółtych plam, stopniowo brązowiejących i obejmujących znaczną część powierzchni górnej i dolnej strony liścia, jest grzyb Pestalotia sp. W odciętych zdrowych liściach K. blossfeldiana trzymanych na świetle w pozycji odwróconej, następowało nagromadzanie antocyjanów o barwie czerwono-fioletowej, natomiast w odciętych zainfekowanych liściach przez Pestalotia sp., trzymanych w tych samych warunkach na świetle, antocyjany nie tworzyły się w odległości około 5–10 mm od zainfekowanych plam. Badane fungicydy: Biosept Active, Signum 33 WG i Topsin M 500 SC silnie ograniczały wzrost i rozwój Pestalotia sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Floral Initiation and Vascular Development in Lateral Buds of Kalanchoe Raymond Kessler1 and Stan P
    HORTSCIENCE 27(2):144-146. 1992. Floral Initiation and Vascular Development in Lateral Buds of Kalanchoe Raymond Kessler1 and Stan P. Myers2 Department of Horticulture, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Additional index words . photoperiod, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Fig. 1. Lateral spice form the third node of ‘Gelbe Melody’ after 21. short days. Abstract.Early development of lateral buds is demonstrated as one of the evocation events in Kalanchoes (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.). Lateral buds of ‘Cactus Candy’, ‘Gelbe Melody’, and ‘Jupiter’ that were»5»5 mm long or less showed no signs of a change to the reproductive state after 21 short days. However, larger lateral buds for ‘Jupiter’ did show floral initiation while those of ‘Cactus Candy’ and ‘Gelbe Melody’ did not. Studies of the vascular arrangement indicate the presence of four dorsal and four ventral bundles connecting leaves to the stem. Vascular connections to lateral buds arise from vascular cambium but do not appear to connect to any of the bundles that supply leaves. Morphological events occurring in the shoot same orthostichery, indicating the role of a tip of K. blossfeldian a during floral initiation flowering inhibitor (Harder et al., 1949). and development have previously been de- Schawbe (1985) has presented convincing scribed for several cultivars (Fredericq, 1960; evidence for the involvement of a flowering Roodenburg, 1939; Stein and Stein, 1960). inhibitor. Fig. 2. Lateral spice form the third node of ‘Ju- Coincident with this process, active devel- For commercial forcing, flowering lateral piter’ after 21 short days. opment of previously formed lateral buds just shoots are often equal to if not more impor- below the apex is resumed.
    [Show full text]
  • Kalanchoe Species Poisoning in Pets Geof Smith, DVM, Phd, DACVIM
    Toxicology Brief managing common poisonings in companion animals PEER-REVIEWED Kalanchoe species poisoning in pets Geof Smith, DVM, PhD, DACVIM alanchoe is a genus of 150 to TABLE 1 Common Kalanchoe Species Found in North America 200 plant species, most of K which are native to southern Scientific Name Common Names Africa, Madagascar, and Australia. In Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Florist’s kalanchoe, Madagascar widow’s-thrill the past, the genus was divided into three genera: Kalanchoe, Bryo- Kalanchoe daigremontiana Devil’s backbone, mother of millions, Mexican hat plant phyllum, and Kitchingia. But today Kalanchoe beharensis Feltbush, velvetleaf most botanists recognize it as one Kalanchoe delagoensis Mother of millions, chandelier plant genus.1 In the United States, Kalan- choe species are primarily ornamentals Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi South American air plant, lavender scallops and houseplants, but some have es- Kalanchoe pinnata Air plant, Mexican love plant, cathedral bells caped cultivation and can be found in Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri Palm beachbells, donkey ears the wild, especially in Florida and Hawaii. Table 1 lists the most common Kalanchoe beauverdii Sotre-Sotry Kalanchoe species found in North Kalanchoe prolifera Blooming boxes America. Kalanchoe laciniata Christmastree plant Plant characteristics long; flower clusters can last FIGURE 1 Although the plants vary, most Kalan- for weeks to months. Most choe species are erect, growing shrubs Kalanchoe species are easy to (Figure 1). These perennial plants gen- propagate from leaf or stem erally have thick, green, succulent fo- cuttings. Many species have liage and clusters of small flowers (Fig- plantlets (miniature plants at ures 2 & 3). The plants are popular with the end of flowering stems) florists because they can be forced to growing in the notches of the bloom at any time of the year, including leaf margins; these plantlets holidays.
    [Show full text]
  • Genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae): a Review of Its Ethnomedicinal, Botanical, Chemical and Pharmacological Properties
    European Journal of Medicinal Plants 4(1): 86-104, 2014 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae): A Review of Its Ethnomedicinal, Botanical, Chemical and Pharmacological Properties Rola Milad1*, Sherweit El-Ahmady1 and Abdel Nasser Singab1 1Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566-Cairo, Egypt. Authors’ contributions Authors may use the following wordings for this section: This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Received 8th July 2013 th Review Article Accepted 28 September 2013 Published 24th October 2013 ABSTRACT Genus Kalanchoe comprises hundred species. Different extracts of these Kalanchoe species have been widely used in traditional medicine. Recently it has been reported that Kalanchoe extracts possess various biological activities viz. antiviral, sedative, antiulcer, immunomodulatory, antileishmanial, CNS depressant, anti-inflammatory, thyroid peroxidase inhibitor, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, inhibition of B cell development, cardiovascular, antihyperglycemic, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, insecticidal and larvicidal activities. Earlier studies on different Kalanchoe species have reported the isolation of polysaccharides, flavonoids, sterols, ascorbic acid, trace elements, organic acids, hydrocarbons, triterpenoids, phenolic components and bufadenolides. This review presents the botany, chemistry, traditional
    [Show full text]
  • Christmas Flowers
    HortFacts 60-03 CHRISTMAS PLANTS BRIGHTEN THE HOLIDAY SEASON Bob Anderson, Extension Specialist in Floriculture and Karen Shahan, Extension Staff Assistant The colorful plants that you have enjoyed during the Christmas holidays can be a reminder of the holiday season for many months. Correct care of these plants will make them a welcome addition to your collection of houseplants. Christmas plants, such as poinsettia, holiday cactus, Christmas pepper, kalanchoe, Jerusalem cherry or cyclamen, require a bright, sunny location in the home. Regular thorough watering whenever the soil is dry is also very important. A sunny location and regular watering are enough for these plants during December but more specialized care is necessary if you plan to have them flower again next Christmas. In January, you need to decide if you want to keep your Christmas plants or discard them. Christmas pepper, Jerusalem cherry and chrysanthemum should be discarded because they will not flower again. Do not discard poinsettia, holiday cactus, kalanchoe, or cyclamen until February. They will remain colorful if they are cared for properly. These plants can be kept as houseplants after February if you give them the conditions they require. Poinsettias and holiday cacti are relatively easy to grow while kalanchoes and cyclamen are more difficult. The major result of yearlong care of a Christmas plant is the large specimen plant you will have the following Christmas. It is easy to produce a poinsettia with 40 to 50 flowers from the same plant that had only six to eight flowers the year before. Holiday cacti will be two to five times as large next year with many flowers.
    [Show full text]
  • Gardeners Are Very Special People." Society, 7931 East Boulevard Drive, Alexandria, VA I Have Ever Attended." 22308·1300
    • erIC an • • IC urIS November 1993 A Publication of the American Horticultural Society $2.00 Inside: A Report on OUf Children's Symposium American Horticultural Society The American Horticultural Society seeks to promote and recognize excellence in horticulture across America. OFFICERS 1993-1994 Mrs. Sarah S. Boasberg, Washington, DC Chairman 500 Attend Children's Symposium Dr. WIlliam E. Barrick, Pine Mountain, GA First Vice Chairman Mr. David M. Lilly, St. Paul MN More than 500 people attended the Secretary American Horticultural Society's national Mr. Gerald T. Halpin, Alexandria, VA symposium, "Children, Plants, and Treasurer Gardens: Educational Opportunities" in BOARD OF DIRECTORS Chevy Chase, Maryland, August 12 to 14. Dr. Thomas Amason, Birmingham, AL The event was so successful that Mrs. Suzanne Bales, Bronxville, NY attendees from California are beginning Mr. George C. Ball Jr., West Chicago, IL to plan a similar meeting for the West Dr. Sherran Blair, Columbus, OH Coast for 1995. Evaluations of the meet­ Mr. WIlliam F. Brinton, Mount Vernon, ME ing were extremely positive. If anything, Mrs. Nancy Callaway, Pine Mountain, GA Mr. Paul Ecke, Encinitas, CA many said, the conference offerings were Dr. John Alex Floyd Jr., Birmingham, AL too rich, with three workshops offered Mrs. Julia Hobart, Troy, OH simultaneously, and the program continu­ Dr. Richard Lower, Madison, WI ing into the evening with 10-minute "idea Mr. Elvin McDonald, Houston, TX forums." There were more than 60 Mr. WIlliam G. PanniU, Martinsville, VA presenters. Mr. Lawrence V. Power, New Ymk, NY Dr. Julia Rappaport, Santa Ana, CiA. Outgoing AHS Chairman George C.
    [Show full text]