DOCSLIB.ORG

A Critique of the Development Approach of Kongo Central Protestant Church in Poverty Alleviation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Critique of the Development Approach of Kongo Central Protestant Church in Poverty Alleviation TOWARDS A FUNCTIONAL DEACONATE UNITY: A CRITIQUE OF THE DEVELOPMENT APPROACH OF KONGO CENTRAL PROTESTANT CHURCH IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION By NUNI-NDUNDU MAKITU 216076102 Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Religion Philosophy and Classics, College of Humanities, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Supervisor Dr. Clint Le Bruyns 2019 DECLARATION I, Nuni-Ndundu Makitu, hereby declare that the research presented under the title, “Towards a functional deaconate unity: a critique of the development approach of Kongo Central Protestant Church in poverty alleviation”, is my original work, except where otherwise indicated. Further, this thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. It does not contain information copied from the Internet unless specifically acknowledged as such with the sources provided in detail. Signature: ---------------------------------------- Date: ------------------------------------ Nuni-Ndundu Makitu Signature: ---------------------------------------- Date: ------------------------------------ Dr. Clint Le Bruyns i DEDICATION - To my regretted parents Jean Nuni and Myriam Nkanani Sumba from whom I inherited this brain of intelligence; - To my late sisters Helene Mambueni Masika and Suzanne Kintona Diena Ma Suza, who initiated this project without seeing its achievement; - To Margueritte Yawutua Makiese the one who understood and supported my passion despite all the vicissitudes of life; - Finally, to all who consider the other as the image of God and fight for his dignity I dedicate this work. ii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Prof. Professor REOPAD Network of Protestant Development Support Agencies RESEN State Report of the National Educational Systems AA Animators of Axes AFLD Alliance of Democratic Forces for Liberation AfDB African Development Bank BMS Baptist Mission Society BDC Community Development Office CAP Protestant Reception Center CCC Christian Council of the Congo CCPD Commission on Churches Participation in Development CEDI Publishing and Dissemination Center CECO Evangelical and Cooperation Center CEVAA Evangelical Community of Apostolic Action CGC General Council of Congo CMC Conference of the Protestant Missions of the Congo CMN Congo Mission News CNONGD NGOs National Council of Development COPAL Local Council of Pastors COPALD Local Council of Pastors for Development CPC Protestant Council in Congo CPD Parish Committee for Development CRAFOD Center for Research and Support to Training for Development CWM Council for World Mission DFF Woman and Family Department DFFR Woman and Family Regional Department DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo (The DR-Congo) ECC Church of Christ in Congo (ECZ: Church of Christ in Zaire) Ed. Edition EDS Demographic and Health Surveys EIC Independent State of the Congo ET English Transcription, English Translation iii FNFP National Federation of Protestant Women GDP Gross Domestic Production GTER Technical Group of Regional Framing IME Evangelical Medical Institute IMF International Monetary Fund INERA National Institute for Agricultural Studies and Research INS Statistics National Institute JPC Justice, Peace and Creation JPSS Just Participatory and Sustainable Society LECO Community Evangelical Bookshop LIM Livingstone Inland Mission MERU Ministry of the Church for Refugees and Emergencies MILAPRO Ministry of Protestant Laity MICS Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys MONUSCO Mission of the United Nations for Security in DR-Congo MPR Movement Popular of Revolution ODA Official Development Assistance OMD Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ONG/NGO Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) P. Page SADC Southern African Development Community SOCE.PAX Society, Development and Peace SSE Social and Solidarity Economy UNDP United Nations Development Program UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UPC Protestant University in DR-Congo iv ABSTRACT This research concerns the approach of the social commitment of the Church of Christ in the Democratic Republic of Congo (ECC) regarding the struggle against poverty and external dependency in development matter. The Protestant Church of Kongo Central province served as a sample. Given the unstable political life and economic crisis in which the DR-Congo is plunged, the Church is consequently living in poverty that makes the faithful unable to support its development projects. The Church became more financially dependent on the outside, a situation deemed humiliating (Mahema 2014:19-20). The present study focused on this state of dependence and strategies of fighting poverty. The study used a sample of 18 participants using random sampling technique. Observations from the study indicated that the social action of the Protestant denominations has less impact than that of missionaries; the main cause being that the present denominations engage in poverty alleviation separately. The research hypothesis lies on a collaborative development approach, a unitary strategy especially in strengthening the functional deaconate unity. A dialectical method was applied in using qualitative paradigm coupled with historic- critical analysis. Since the beginning of the 19th century, Europe embarked on an expansionist adventure towards other continents. This expansionism reflected in religious, political and commercial aspects, quickly reached Africa, America and Asia. From the religious viewpoint, this expansion was characterized by the implantation of Christianity in a specific context of mission, while domination and colonisation as well as exploitation marked both the political and commercial views. What has been more interesting in this Christianisation, is the unitary approach initiated by the Protestant missionaries for evangelism and modernisation projects, radiant and useful to the population that the isolated projects could not achieve. However, this momentum of unitary development did not reach its peak because of the lack of preparation of Church elite and cadres who would ensure the recovery after the departure of missionaries. That impetus was broken in this postcolonial period. People still languish in poverty for more than five decades in the DR-Congo. Christians especially remain unable to take charge of their own Church. Since the Church does not have African development theology, it also lacks a development approach to fight and overcome poverty and the dependence it brings. Research findings illuminate the v multidimensional character of poverty and the different metaphors it has produced, the many facets of the fight against poverty at all levels, new understanding of the Church today and the role it is called to play, the level of WCC interventions in the world and finally the new international order that leads the world with interest-based theories. However, the essential premise of this study is that whatever theories and praxis, poverty alleviation lies on the motivation and self-determination of the community itself. With regard to the functional deaconate unity envisaged approach to fight poverty, the study deals in its introductory part with the lack of definition of the Church mission and a specific development theology, underscoring the scientific direction of the study under consideration (Chap 1); the concern of the Protestant elite about the autonomy of the Church in the preliminary literature and the explanation of the key concepts related to the subject reinforce the purpose of the study in relation to the vacuum found (Chap 2); the verification of the research hypothesis from the primary sources data collected in the DRC as well as from the documentary data classified according to the qualitative paradigm corroborates the evidence of poverty in the Church and the reference to an unity approach in tackling poverty (Chap 3). However, prima facie, the unpreparedness of the future elite, geopolitics issues, external interference, wars and rebellions, social injustice, and mismanagement of public affairs appear from the diagnose of the origin of poverty in the context of the DRC and the consequences of its effects in the life of the Church (Chap 4). The missionaries’ development achievements to illiterate people would be a model for the Protestant Church. Yet their strategy of unity and fellowship has also been noticed, but it remained forgotten and unknown to the present denominations; a reminder and sensitization were essential (Chap 5). Updating the Church development approach to current demands is felt by the ones who base their hope on the Church, the various governments of the country not caring about their fate (Chap 6). The study propounds a functional deaconate unity that meets the expectations of the local Church (Chap 7). Finally, the overview of the topic under consideration with some recommendations concludes the study with hope that other researchers will pursue the project (Chap 8). Key concepts: Church, Protestant Church, Dependence, Development, Post-colonialism, Unity, Deaconate, Functional deaconal unity, Kongo Central, Poverty, Poverty alleviation. vi RESUME Cette recherche concerne l'approche de l’engagement social de l'Eglise du Christ en République Démocratique du Congo (ECC) en matière de lutte contre la pauvreté et la dépendance extérieure speciallement en matière de développement. L’Église protestante de la province du Kongo Central a servi d’échantillon. Face à la vie politique instable et à la crise économique dans laquelle se trouve la RDC, l'Église vit par conséquent dans une
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Deforestation and Forest Degradation Activities in the DRC
    E4838 V5 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO MINISTRY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT, NATURE CONSERVATION AND TOURISM Public Disclosure Authorized STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT OF THE REDD+ PROCESS Public Disclosure Authorized BASELINE REPORT STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT OF THE REDD+ Public Disclosure Authorized PROCESS Public Disclosure Authorized October 2014 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT OF THE REDD+ PROCESS in the DRC INDEX OF REPORTS Environmental Analysis Document Assessment of Risks and Challenges REDD+ National Strategy of the DRC Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment Report (SESA) Framework Document Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) O.P. 4.01, 4.04, 4.37 Policies and Sector Planning Documents Pest and Pesticide Cultural Heritage Indigenous Peoples Process Framework Management Management Planning Framework (FF) Resettlement Framework Framework (IPPF) O.P.4.12 Policy Framework (PPMF) (CHMF) O.P.4.10 (RPF) O.P.4.09 O.P 4.11 O.P. 4.12 Consultation Reports Survey Report Provincial Consultation Report National Consultation of June 2013 Report Reference and Analysis Documents REDD+ National Strategy Framework of the DRC Terms of Reference of the SESA October 2014 Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment SESA Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory Note ........................................................................................................................................ 9 1. Preface ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Republic of Congo Democratic Republic of Congo Gis Unit, Monuc Africa
    Map No.SP. 103 ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO GIS UNIT, MONUC AFRICA 12°30'0"E 15°0'0"E 17°30'0"E 20°0'0"E 22°30'0"E 25°0'0"E 27°30'0"E 30°0'0"E Central African Republic N N " " 0 0 ' Sudan ' 0 0 ° ° 5 5 Z o n g oBangui Mobayi Bosobolo Gbadolite Yakoma Ango Yaounde Bondo Nord Ubangi Niangara Faradje Cameroon Libenge Bas Uele Dungu Bambesa Businga G e m e n a Haut Uele Poko Rungu Watsa Sud Ubangi Aru Aketi B u tt a II s ii rr o r e Kungu Budjala v N i N " R " 0 0 ' i ' g 0 n 0 3 a 3 ° b Mahagi ° 2 U L ii s a ll a Bumba Wamba 2 Orientale Mongala Co Djugu ng o R i Makanza v Banalia B u n ii a Lake Albert Bongandanga er Irumu Bomongo MambasaIturi B a s a n k u s u Basoko Yahuma Bafwasende Equateur Isangi Djolu Yangambi K i s a n g a n i Bolomba Befale Tshopa K i s a n g a n i Beni Uganda M b a n d a k a N N " Equateur " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ° Lubero ° 0 Ingende B o e n d e 0 Gabon Ubundu Lake Edward Opala Bikoro Bokungu Lubutu North Kivu Congo Tshuapa Lukolela Ikela Rutshuru Kiri Punia Walikale Masisi Monkoto G o m a Yumbi II n o n g o Kigali Bolobo Lake Kivu Rwanda Lomela Kalehe S S " KabareB u k a v u " 0 0 ' ' 0 Kailo Walungu 0 3 3 ° Shabunda ° 2 2 Mai Ndombe K ii n d u Mushie Mwenga Kwamouth Maniema Pangi B a n d u n d u Bujumbura Oshwe Katako-Kombe South Kivu Uvira Dekese Kole Sankuru Burundi Kas ai R Bagata iver Kibombo Brazzaville Ilebo Fizi Kinshasa Kasongo KasanguluKinshasa Bandundu Bulungu Kasai Oriental Kabambare K e n g e Mweka Lubefu S Luozi L u s a m b o S " Tshela Madimba Kwilu Kasai
    [Show full text]
  • Ministere Du Developpement Rural La Republique Democratique Du Congo
    MINISTERE DU DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL LA REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO L'ETUDE SUR LE PLAN DE DEVELOPPEMENT COMMUNAUTAIRE DU DISTRICT DE CATARACTES DANS LA PROVINCE DU BAS-CONGO EN REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO RAPPORT FINAL JANVIER 2010 AGENCE JAPONAISE DE COOPERATION INTERNATIONALE NTC INTERNATINAL CO., LTD. PREFACE En réponse à la demande du gouvernement de la République démocratique du Congo, le gouvernement du Japon a décidé de mener une étude sur le Plan de Développement Communautaire du District de Cataractes dans la Province du Bas-Congo et a confié l'étude à l’Agence Japonaise de Coopération Internationale (JICA). La JICA a sélectionné et dépêché une équipe d'étude dirigée par M. Akira Iwamoto de la firme NTC International Co., Ltd entre Juillet 2008 et Décembre 2009. L'équipe a eu des entretiens avec les autorités concernées du gouvernement de la République démocratique du Congo et a mené des enquêtes de terrain dans la zone d'étude. À son retour au Japon, l'équipe a mené de nouvelles études et préparé le présent rapport final J'espère que ce rapport contribuera à l'amélioration des relations amicales entre nos deux pays. Enfin, je tiens à exprimer ma sincère gratitude aux autorités concernées du gouvernement de la République démocratique du Congo pour leur étroite collaboration étendue à l'étude. janvier 2010 Kiyofumi Konishi, Directeur Général Département des Infrastructures Economiques Agence Japonaise de Coopération Internationale Lettre de transmission Monsieur Kiyofumi Konishi Directeur du service des infrastructures économiques Agence japonaise de coopération internationale Monsieur le Directeur, Nous avons l’honneur de vous remettre ci-joint le rapport final de l’Etude sur le plan de développement communautaire du district de Cataractes dans la province du Bas-Congo en République Démocratique du Congo qui vient de s’achever.
    [Show full text]
  • “We Will Crush You”
    “We Will Crush You” The Restriction of Political Space in the Democratic Republic of Congo Copyright © 2008 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-405-2 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org November 2008 1-56432-405-2 “We Will Crush You” The Restriction of Political Space in the Democratic Republic of Congo Map of the Democratic Republic of Congo ................................................................ 1 I. Summary ............................................................................................................... 2 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 7 II. Recommendations ............................................................................................... 9 To the Congolese Government ............................................................................. 9 To the Congolese National Assembly and Senate .............................................. 10 To International Donors ..................................................................................... 10 To MONUC and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) 10 III.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Right to Safe Drinking Water
    The Human Right to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation in the rural Bas-Fleuve region of the Democratic Republic of Congo: Exploring the local conceptions of human rights Pascal Sundi Mbambi Rachel Hammonds Localizing Human Rights Working Paper Series No. 5 (2017) General Editors: Koen De Feyter and Rachel Hammonds Antwerp: University of Antwerp 1 Localizing Human Rights Working Paper Series The Localizing Human Rights Working Paper Series consists of studies on the local relevance of human rights, particularly but not exclusively in non-Western contexts. They form part of a long-term interdisciplinary project, combining insights from law, political and social sciences. The Localizing Human Rights Research Programme is coordinated by the Law and Development Research Group at the University of Antwerp (Belgium). General Editors of the Series are Professor Koen De Feyter, Chair of International Law at the University of Antwerp, and Dr. Rachel Hammonds, University of Antwerp. The full reports are available online on the website of the Law and Development Research Group. The Localizing Human Rights Working Paper Series: No. 1: Vandenbogaerde, Arne (2015). The Human Rights Council from Below. A Case Study of the Declaration on the Rights of Peasants. No. 2: Destrooper, Tine (2015). An Analysis of the Human Rights-Based Approach to Development. UNICEF’s Role in the Villages Assainis Program in the Bas-Congo. No. 3: Chen, Jingrong, Desmet, Ellen and De Feyter, Koen (2016). The Right to Education of Rural-Urban Migrant Households in Chongqing, China. No. 4: De Feyter, Koen, Singh, Maheshwar, Kiekens, Dominique, Desguin, Noémi, Goel, Arushi and Saxena, Devanshi (2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Africa • Angola/DRC Expulsions Regional Situation Report No
    Southern Africa • Angola/DRC Expulsions Regional Situation Report No. 2 22 October 2009 This report was issued by the Regional Office of Southern Africa. It covers the period from 11 to 22 October 2009. The next report will be issued within the next two weeks. I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PRIORITIES • Representatives of the Angolan and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Governments met in Kinshasa on 13 October 2009, and publicly regretted the recent ‘migration incidents’ between the two countries. A joint Communiqué released on the same day called for the immediate cessation of expulsions between the two neighbors. • Despite the Communiqué, humanitarian actors on the ground report that the expulsions are continuing1. Angola • The number of Angolan nationals expelled from DRC had reached 39,000, according to the Angolan Ministry of Social Affairs and Reintegration’s (MINARS) last available estimate as of 17 October 2009. These include an undetermined but perhaps significant numbers of refugees. • MINARS and UN agencies (including UNFPA, UNICEF, UNHCR, IOM and WHO) undertook a needs assessment from 15 to 21 October 2009 in M’banza Congo in Zaire Province, and also delivered relief supplies. • The locations where populations are to be temporarily relocated do not contain landmines, according to National Mine Action authority (CNIDAH) in Angola. • The Angolan Red Cross and Save the Children have also carried out assessments in the affected areas. • MINARS and the Governor of Zaire Province have requested UNHCR to provide thousands of tents and other emergency non-food items. Democratic Republic of Congo • The number of DRC nationals expelled from Angola has significantly subsided in both Kasai and Bandundu provinces, but remained high in Bas-Congo Province, growing from 2,000 in July 2009 to 18,000 in September 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Research/Investigación Plant Parasitic Nematodes
    RESEARCH/INVESTIGACIÓN PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES ASSOCIATED WITH BANANA AND PLANTAIN IN EASTERN AND WESTERN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO M. Kamira1, 3, S. Hauser2, P. van Asten1,2, D. Coyne2, and H. L. Talwana3 1Consortium for Improving Agricultural-based Livelihoods in Central Africa (CIALCA) Project, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo; 2International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA); 3School of Agricultural Sciences Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Corresponding author [email protected] ABSTRACT Kamira M., S. Hauser, P. Van Asten, D. Coyne, and H. L. Talwana. 2013. Plant parasitic nematodes associated with banana and plantain in eastern and western Democratic Republic of Congo. Nematropica 43:216-225. Plant-parasitic nematode incidence, population densities and associated damage were determined from 153 smallholder banana and plantain gardens in Bas Congo (9 – 646 meters above sea level, m.a.s.l) and South Kivu (1043 – 2005 m.a.s.l), Democratic Republic of Congo, during 2010. Based on the frequency of total nematode soil and root extraction, Helicotylenchus multicinctus (89%), Meloidogyne spp. (54%) and Radopholus similis (30%) were the most widespread, while Pratylenchus goodeyi (18%) Helicotylenchus dihystera (18%), Rotylenchulus reniformis (14%), and Pratylenchus spp. (6%) were localized in occurrence. The occurrence and abundance of the nematode species was influenced by altitude:R. similis declined at elevations above 1300 m; P. goodeyi declined at elevations below 1200 m; H. multicinctus and Meloidogyne spp. were found everywhere with higher but non-dominant densities at lower altitudes; Pratylenchus spp. was restricted to lower altitudes; while H. dihystera and R. reniformis were scattered at both low and high altitudes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ebola Virus Disease
    EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE Health Emergency Information and Risk Assessment Page 1 WHO Health Emergency Program EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE Date of issue: 25 May 2018 Data as reported by: 23 May 2018 Grade Cases Deaths CFR 1. Situation update 3 52 22 42.3% The outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo continues. The Ministry of Health, WHO and partners carried out data cleaning and reclassification of cases and deaths, following ongoing epidemiologic and laboratory investigations. The investigations invalidated eight of the initial 17 historical probable cases reported in Bikoro. Since the beginning of the outbreak (on 4 April 2018), a total of 52 suspected EVD cases and 22 deaths (case fatality rate 42.3%) have been reported, as of 23 May 2018. Of the 52 cases, 31 have been laboratory confirmed, 13 probable (deaths for which biological samples were not obtained) and eight suspected cases. About 55% (17) of the confirmed cases came from Iboko, followed by Bikoro (10 cases, 32%) and Wangata (4). A total of five healthcare workers have been affected, with four confirmed cases and two deaths. In the latest events that occurred on 23 May 2018, one new confirmed EVD case has been reported in Iboko and one new death of a confirmed case has occurred in Bikoro. Three new suspected cases have been reported from Bikoro (2) and Iboko (1). Seven laboratory specimens (from suspected cases reported previously) in Wangata (5) and Bikoro (2) have tested negative, and have been discarded (non-cases). The outbreak is still localised to the three health zones initially affected: Iboko (24 cases and 3 deaths), Bikoro (23 cases and 16 deaths) and Wangata (5 cases and 3 deaths).
    [Show full text]
  • Embodied Histories, Danced Religions, Performed Politics: Kongo Cultural Performance and the Production of History and Authority
    Embodied Histories, Danced Religions, Performed Politics: Kongo Cultural Performance and the Production of History and Authority by Yolanda Denise Covington A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan 2008 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Elisha P. Renne, Chair Associate Professor Kelly M. Askew Associate Professor Mbala D. Nkanga Assistant Professor Julius S. Scott III © Yolanda Denise Covington 2008 To my grandmother NeNe ii Acknowledgements When I look back on my experiences, it seems as if I was guided by some unseen hand. From my acceptance into the A Better Chance Program for high school, to my career switch from medicine to anthropology/Africana Studies at Brown University, to my trips to Panama, and finally to Congo while at the University of Michigan, I often felt as if my path was being determined by someone else and I was just traveling along it. Along the way, however, I met many wonderful people who have played crucial roles in my journey, and I have to thank them for getting me here. This dissertation is really a collaborative project, for I could not have completed it without the guidance and assistance of so many people. The first person I have to thank is my grandmother, who has inspired and encouraged from my days at C.E.S. 110X in the Bronx. She has always been supportive and continues to push me to reach my highest potential. I could not have reached this point without a great support system and wonderful dissertation committee.
    [Show full text]
  • SECTEURS ET CHEFFERIES (NIVEAU 3 RURALE) Nbre Des Entités Nbre Code Secteur/Chefferie Du Niveau 3 Niv.2 1 Kinshasa CH 3 SEC 4
    SECTEURS ET CHEFFERIES (NIVEAU 3_RURALE) Nbre des entités Nbre Code Secteur/Chefferie du Niveau 3 Niv.2 1 Kinshasa CH_3 SEC_4 2 Kongo-Central 1 2201 Territoire de Kasangulu 2201401 Secteur de Kasangulu 1 2201402 Secteur de Luila 2 2201403 Secteur de Lukunga-Mputu 3 2 2202 Territoire de Kimvula 2202401 Secteur de Benga 4 2202402 Secteur de Lubisi 5 2202403 Secteur de Lula-Lumene 6 3 2203 Territoire de Lukula 2203401 Secteur de Fubu 7 2203402 Secteur de Kakongo 8 2203403 Secteur de Patu 9 2203404 Secteur de Tsanga-Sud 10 2203405 Secteur de Tsundi-Sud 11 4 2204 Territoire de Luozi 2204401 Secteur de Balari 12 2204402 Secteur de Kenge 13 2204403 Secteur de Kimbanza 14 2204404 Secteur de Kimumba 15 2204405 Secteur de Kinkenge 16 2204406 Secteur de Kivunda 17 2204407 Secteur de Mbanza Mona 18 2204408 Secteur de Mbanza Mwembe 19 2204409 Secteur de Mbanza Ngoyo 20 2204410 Secteur de Mongo Luala 21 5 2205 Territoire de Madimba 2205401 Secteur de Kinkosi (Luidi) 22 2205402 Secteur de Mfidi Malele 23 2205403 Secteur de Mfuma-Kibambi 24 2205404 Secteur de Ngeba 25 2205405 Secteur de Ngufu 26 2205406 Secteur de Wungu 27 6 2206 Territoire de Mbanza-Ngungu 2206401 Secteur de Boko 28 2206402 Secteur de Gombe-Matadi 29 2206403 Secteur de Gombe-Sud 30 2206404 Secteur de Kivulu 31 2206405 Secteur de Kwilu-Ngongo 32 2206406 Secteur de Lunzadi 33 2206407 Secteur de Ntimansi 34 7 2207 Territoire de Moanda 2206401 Secteur d'Assolongo 35 2206402 Secteur de Boma-Bungu 36 2206403 Secteur de la Mer 37 8 2208 Territoire de Seke-Banza 2208401 Secteur de Bundi 38
    [Show full text]
  • Principalement Pour La Rdc)
    No. REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO ETUDE DE BASE SUR LE PROGRAMME DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA REGION DES GRANDS LACS (PRINCIPALEMENT POUR LA RDC) RAPPORT FINAL MARS 2007 AGENCE JAPONAISE DE COOPERATION INTERNATIONALE (JICA) NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. 4R JR 06-14 No. REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO ETUDE DE BASE SUR LE PROGRAMME DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA REGION DES GRANDS LACS (PRINCIPALEMENT POUR LA RDC) RAPPORT FINAL MARS 2007 AGENCE JAPONAISE DE COOPERATION INTERNATIONALE (JICA) NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. 4R JR 06-14 Les cours d’échange employés dans ce rapport sont comme suit: Monnaie Cours d’échange Dollar américain（＄） ¥118,55 Euro（Eur） ¥155,08 Carte Générale de la Zone d’Etude Etude de base pour l’élaboration du Programme de l’assistance au développement en République Démocratique du Congo et dans la Région des Grands Lacs Rapport Final Tables des matières Carte Générale de la Zone d’Etude Page SECTION I INTRODUCTION CHAPITRE 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Arrière-plan de l’Etude............................................................................. 1-1 1.2 Objectifs .................................................................................................. 1-1 1.3 Zone d’étude............................................................................................ 1-2 SECTION II L’ETUDE DE BASE SUR LE PROGRAMME DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA REGION DES GRANDS LACS CHAPITRE 2 L’ETUDE DE BASE ET LA RECHERCHE SUR LE PROGRAMME DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA REGION DES GRANDS LACS 2.1 Prise de connaissance des politiques et des approches des pays africains sur la région des Grands Lacs................................................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Union Africaine（UA）............................................................... 2-1 2.1.2 Communauté pour le développement de l’Afrique australe （SADC） ................................................................................... 2-2 2.1.3 Autres pays de l’Afrique..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Multilingualism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo!
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositorio da Universidade da Coruña Aspects of Multilingualism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo! Helena Lopez Palma [email protected] Abstract The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a multilingual country where 214 native languages (Ethnologue) are spoken among circa 68 million inhabitants (2008). The situations derived from the practice of a multilingual mode of communication have had important linguistic effects on the languages in contact. Those have been particularly crucial in the rural areas, where the relations between the individual speakers of different micro linguistic groups have contributed to varied degrees of modification of the grammatical code of the languages. The contact that resulted from migratory movements could also explain why some linguistic features (i.e. logophoricity, Güldemann 2003) are shared by genetically diverse languages spoken across a large macro-area. The coexistence of such a large number of languages in the DRC has important cultural, economical, sanitary and political effects on the life of the Congolese people, who could be crucially affected by the decisions on language policy taken by the Administration. Keywords: Multilingualism, languages in contact, Central-Sudanic, Adamawa-Ubangian, Bantoid, language policy 1. Introduction This paper addresses the multilingual situation currently found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The word ‘multilingualism’ may be used to refer to the linguistic skill of any individual who is able to use with equal competency various different languages in some interlinguistic communicative situation. It may also be used to refer to the linguistic situation of a country where several different languages coexist.
    [Show full text]