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MPA Networks V6.Indd 1 8/24/2011 11:44:52 PM Lessons from the Philippines: Achieving Synergies Through Marine Protected Area Networks

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MPA Networks V6.Indd 1 8/24/2011 11:44:52 PM Lessons from the Philippines: Achieving Synergies Through Marine Protected Area Networks MPA networks v6.indd 1 8/24/2011 11:44:52 PM Lessons from the Philippines: Achieving Synergies through Marine Protected Area Networks Suggested Citation: EcoGov Project. 2011. Lessons from the Philippines: Achieving Synergies through Marine Protected Area Networks. Philippine Environmental Governance Project (EcoGov), Pasig City, Philippines. Published by Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI), Washington, D.C., with assistance from the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Month and Year of Publication: August 2011 The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the USAID or the United States Government. Writers: Porfirio M. Aliño, Polly Michelle Q. Cunanan, Marie Antonette Juinio-Meñez and Rebecca R. Paz Technical Contributions: Hazel Arceo, Vincent L. Lumbab, Joann P. Binondo, Roquelito H. Mancao, Anna Blesilda T. Meneses, Maria Zita Butardo-Toribio and Cleto L. Nañola Lay-out and graphic designs: Ronald Dionnie D. Olavides and Maria Victoria A. Doctor Copy editing: Arunkumar S. Abraham, Fleurdeliz M. Panga and Ferdinand S. Esguerra Print production: Lume Inamac Photos: USAID/ The Philippine Environmental Governance Project Interviews: Georgina Pia P. Belardo The Philippine Environmental Governance Project (EcoGov) is an initiative of the Government of the Philippines implemented in partnership with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of the Interior and Local Government, local government units and other stakeholders, funded by the United States Agency for International Development and managed by Development Alternatives, Inc. and its Philippine-based subcontractors: • Marine Environment and Resources Foundations, Inc. • Orient Integrated Development Consultants, Inc. • Resources, Environment and Economics Center for Studies, Inc. • Cesar Virata & Associates, Inc. MPA networks v6.indd 2 8/24/2011 11:44:53 PM Lessons from the Philippines: MPA networks v6.indd 3 8/24/2011 11:44:53 PM Preface n the late 1970’s, the diverse life of together contributed to the awareness of the the seas around the Philippines was benefits that can be derived from allocating Ishown to be in crisis by both Visayan MPAs to help in managing sustainable fishers and researchers. This initiated their fisheries, biodiversity conservation efforts, participation in establishing the earliest recreational and tourism. While these community marine reserves, now collectively laudable efforts were welcomed, practitioners referred to as Marine Protected Areas highlighted the need to improve management (MPAs). Towards the early 1980’s these effectiveness and accelerate efforts to cope efforts also inspired researchers to propose with the rapid decline of marine resources, for the declaration of the Tubbataha reefs to the degradation of the health of its be a national marine park; upon seeing the ecosystems, and the reduction of its goods urgent need to protect this rich heritage. It and services. took nearly a decade to pass legislation for its At the turn of the millennium, the protected area status and another decade for urgent demands spurred various efforts to functional management to take place. But it forge partnerships through community- took a shorter time to replicate tenfold the based networks and fishers federations efforts in the Visayas through the combined to foster support for local management. efforts of local governments and the local This was spearheaded by the nationwide stakeholders to establish more MPAs. Pambansang Alyansa ng mga Maliliit na Mangingisda na Nangangalaga ng Karagatan at In the 1990’s, with the enabling Sanktwaryo sa Pilipinas (PAMANA KA SA enactments for the devolution of coastal PILIPINAS), with local network clusters governance and the passing of the Philippine or inter-LGU alliances in bays and island Fisheries Code, local governments and local clusters being formed and some with the communities started to take responsibility support of national projects. One of the for the stewardship of MPAs. Parallel to major impediments to the opportunities this, the NIPAS Act has provided a national of decentralization of coastal resource framework for protection of natural management was the fragmentation of resources, including over 100 MPAs through governance efforts. The challenge of poor the Department of Environment and Natural local coastal governance provided the Resources (DENR). The increase of locally impetus for the USAID-funded Philippine manage MPAs and marine sanctuaries Environmental Governance Project ii MPA networks v6.indd 4 8/24/2011 11:44:54 PM (EcoGov) to embark on MPA networking. governance practice by growing knowledge- This was one of the strategies to help based communities bode well for the scaling strengthen and improve MPA management up process. Our “learning by doing things effectiveness as an entry to an integrative together” show that building resiliency to coastal governance approach with an adapt wisely to the rapidly changing world ecosystem-based management framework, can be achieved by acting in synergy through and contribute to the scaling up process. sharing financial and human resources. The Philippine Marine Sanctuary Strategy Agreements at the national and global levels provided the goal to scale up and consolidate through the Convention on Biological efforts with national government agencies, Diversity and the Coral Triangle Initiative LGUs, the academe, NGOs and POs as have been made, i.e. 10% of critical habitats, advocated by the MPA Support Network such as coral reefs, effectively managed by (MSN). At the local level, local governments 2020. Considerable progress has been made and stakeholder groups such as “bantay dagat” in increasing the sizes of new MPAs being converged to stop illegal and destructive established, as well as in establishing good fishing, and at the same time use MPAs governance mechanisms at various levels. to restore and rehabilitate the ecosystems’ Fostering partnerships in adaptive monitoring productivity and replenishment functions. and evaluation helps to continue improve MPA network governance. We should seize Experiences from some EcoGov sites the great opportunities that have been paved show that joint forums initiated at bay- and find synergies in achieving our goals by wide clusters can leverage considerable 2020. support from provincial governments. Increasing evidences are starting to show that timely and cooperative actions can result in synergistic effects. Most of these impacts are realized at very local levels with promising indications at the inter-LGU level. While the early indications provide positive incremental progress in the staving off threats and promoting good governance, many challenges remain. Support through science-based knowledge, tools and good Achieving Synergies through Marine Protected Area Networks | iii v MPA networks v6.indd 5 8/24/2011 11:44:54 PM Contents I. Overview 1 II. MPA Networks: Strengthening Coastal Resource Management Alliances 5 Connectivity in MPA Networks 6 1. Biophysical Connectivity 2. Socio-economic Connectivity 3. Institutional Connectivity Shared Implementation Concerns of MPA Networks 9 1. Coastal Law Enforcement (CLE) 2. Monitoring and Evaluation 3. Advocacy and IEC Contextualizing MPA Networks in a Broader CRM Framework 12 III. Importance of Good Governance Practices in MPA Networks 13 IV. Learning from Experiences: Good Practices in Establishing and Sustaining MPA Networks 15 1. Building Consensus 15 IBRA-9 LGUs Unite to Work Out Differences for CRM 2. Formalizing agreements 15 Building the Blocks of Collaboration: LGUs Stand United for Camotes Sea 3. Sharing Costs, Allocating Budgets 19 A Story from the Heart: Pooling Together Finances for Bohol Sea 4. Accessing Technical and Financial Support 21 Forging Linkages and Leveraging Support for MPA Networks 5. Engaging Stakeholders 23 Getting Communities Involved in MPA Networks 6. Enforcing Coastal Laws and Ordinances 23 Strengthening Marine Reserves through Coastal Law Enforcement 7. Monitoring and Evaluation for Adaptive Management 26 Conduct of M&E in MPA Networks V. Benefits and Potential Returns of MPA Networks 27 VI. Moving Forward: Integrating, Consolidating and Scaling Up 31 VII. References 34 iv MPA networks v6.indd 6 8/24/2011 11:44:54 PM The ocean breeze is billowing gently, wafting a tangy, salty- sweet scent. The afternoon sky is slowly turning into a fantastic vista of crimson, orange and gold as the majestic sun withdraws its piercing rays which have shone intensely all day. It is now sunset and we behold a beautiful sight. However, this beauty is lost to the fishermen of Bubual, San Pablo, onboard a lonely banca. Hanapie Pakil and his companions have spent an entire day hauling empty nets. They only have one and a half kilos of fish flip-flapping on their wide and worn out banyeras. The fishermen knew it was time to head home. No matter how hard they try, their fish catch has slowly been declining over the past years. v MPA networks v6.indd 1 8/24/2011 11:44:54 PM I. Overview The coral triangle spans 2.3 million square soil erosion; increases in ocean temperatures; miles of ocean and covers six countries including acidification and sea level rise due to climate the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New change; and more. Guinea, Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste. The Philippines, being at its apex, is often referred It cannot be overemphasized that these to as the center of the center of global marine threats to the marine environment have profound
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