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South China Sea Overview
‹ Countries South China Sea Last Updated: February 7, 2013 (Notes) full report Overview The South China Sea is a critical world trade route and a potential source of hydrocarbons, particularly natural gas, with competing claims of ownership over the sea and its resources. Stretching from Singapore and the Strait of Malacca in the southwest to the Strait of Taiwan in the northeast, the South China Sea is one of the most important trade routes in the world. The sea is rich in resources and holds significant strategic and political importance. The area includes several hundred small islands, rocks, and reefs, with the majority located in the Paracel and Spratly Island chains. Many of these islands are partially submerged land masses unsuitable for habitation and are little more than shipping hazards. For example, the total land area of the Spratly Islands encompasses less than 3 square miles. Several of the countries bordering the sea declare ownership of the islands to claim the surrounding sea and its resources. The Gulf of Thailand borders the South China Sea, and although technically not part of it, disputes surround ownership of that Gulf and its resources as well. Asia's robust economic growth boosts demand for energy in the region. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects total liquid fuels consumption in Asian countries outside the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to rise at an annual growth rate of 2.6 percent, growing from around 20 percent of world consumption in 2008 to over 30 percent of world consumption by 2035. Similarly, non-OECD Asia natural gas consumption grows by 3.9 percent annually, from 10 percent of world gas consumption in 2008 to 19 percent by 2035. -
Access to Ports
House of Commons Transport Committee Access to ports Eighth Report of Session 2013–14 Volume I: Report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence Additional written evidence is contained in Volume II, available on the Committee website at www.parliament.uk/transcom Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 18 November 2013 HC 266 Published on 26 November 2013 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited £14.50 The Transport Committee The Transport Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure, administration, and policy of the Department for Transport and its Associate Public Bodies. Current membership Mrs Louise Ellman (Labour/Co-operative, Liverpool Riverside) (Chair) Sarah Champion (Labour, Rotherham) Jim Dobbin (Labour/Co-operative, Heywood and Middleton) Jim Fitzpatrick (labour, Poplar and Limehouse) Karen Lumley (Conservative, Redditch) Jason McCartney (Conservative, Colne Valley) Karl McCartney (Conservative, Lincoln) Mr Adrian Sanders (Liberal Democrat, Torbay) Miss Chloe Smith (Conservative, Norwich North) Graham Stringer (Labour, Blackley and Broughton) Martin Vickers (Conservative, Cleethorpes) Powers The Committee is one of the departmental select committees, the powers of which are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 152. These are available on the internet via www.parliament.uk. Publication The Reports and evidence of the Committee are published by The Stationery Office by Order of the House. All publications of the Committee (including press notices) are on the internet at http://www.parliament.uk/transcom. A list of Reports of the Committee in the present Parliament is at the back of this volume. -
The Regional Impact of the Channel Tunnel Throughout the Community
-©fine Channel Tunnel s throughpdrth^Çpmmunity European Commission European Union Regional Policy and Cohesion Regional development studies The regional impact of the Channel Tunnel throughout the Community European Commission Already published in the series Regional development studies 01 — Demographic evolution in European regions (Demeter 2015) 02 — Socioeconomic situation and development of the regions in the neighbouring countries of the Community in Central and Eastern Europe 03 — Les politiques régionales dans l'opinion publique 04 — Urbanization and the functions of cities in the European Community 05 — The economic and social impact of reductions in defence spending and military forces on the regions of the Community 06 — New location factors for mobile investment in Europe 07 — Trade and foreign investment in the Community regions: the impact of economic reform in Central and Eastern Europe 08 — Estudio prospectivo de las regiones atlánticas — Europa 2000 Study of prospects in the Atlantic regions — Europe 2000 Étude prospective des régions atlantiques — Europe 2000 09 — Financial engineering techniques applying to regions eligible under Objectives 1, 2 and 5b 10 — Interregional and cross-border cooperation in Europe 11 — Estudio prospectivo de las regiones del Mediterráneo Oeste Évolution prospective des régions de la Méditerranée - Ouest Evoluzione delle prospettive delle regioni del Mediterraneo occidentale 12 — Valeur ajoutée et ingénierie du développement local 13 — The Nordic countries — what impact on planning and development -
Propagated Rifting in the Southwest Sub-Basin, South China Sea
G Model GEOD-1402; No. of Pages 16 ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Geodynamics xxx (2016) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Geodynamics jou rnal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jog Propagated rifting in the Southwest Sub-basin, South China Sea: Insights from analogue modelling ∗ Weiwei Ding , Jiabiao Li The Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: How the South China Sea rifted has long been a puzzling question that is still debated, particularly with Received 18 July 2015 reference to the Southwest Sub-basin (SWSB). Analogue modelling remains one of the most useful tools Received in revised form 5 February 2016 for testing rift models and processes. Here, we present and discuss a series of analogue modelling exper- Accepted 11 February 2016 iments designed to investigate the rifting process of the SWSB. Convincing geophysical results were Available online xxx compiled to provide realistic constraints to test the experimental results and interpretations. A hetero- geneous lithosphere model with a varied lithospheric structure showed tectono-morphological features Keywords: similar to the natural case of the SWSB, indicating that the initial thermal condition and rheological strati- Analogue modelling fication of the lithosphere should have a dominant effect on the rifting process of the SWSB. Rigid tectonic Rigid blocks Heterogeneous blocks existed in the continental margin, such as the Macclesfield Bank and the Reed Bank, and they Propagated rifting played important roles in both the shaping of the continent–ocean boundary and the coupling between Southwest Sub-basin the crust and mantle. -
Ecology and Behaviour of Tarsius Syrichta in the Wild
O',F Tarsius syrichta ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR - IN BOHOL, PHILIPPINES: IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION By Irene Neri-Arboleda D.V.M. A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science Department of Applied and Molecular Ecology University of Adelaide, South Australia 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS DAge Title Page I Table of Contents............ 2 List of Tables..... 6 List of Figures.... 8 Acknowledgements... 10 Dedication 11 I)eclaration............ t2 Abstract.. 13 Chapter I GENERAL INTRODUCTION... l5 1.1 Philippine Biodiversity ........... t6 1.2 Thesis Format.... l9 1.3 Project Aims....... 20 Chapter 2 REVIEIV OF TARSIER BIOLOGY...... 2t 2.1 History and Distribution..... 22 2.t.1 History of Discovery... .. 22 2.1.2 Distribution...... 24 2.1.3 Subspecies of T. syrichta...... 24 2.2 Behaviour and Ecology.......... 27 2.2.1 Home Ranges. 27 2.2.2 Social Structure... 30 2.2.3 Reproductive Behaviour... 3l 2.2.4 Diet and Feeding Behaviour 32 2.2.5 Locomotion and Activity Patterns. 34 2.2.6 Population Density. 36 2.2.7 Habitat Preferences... ... 37 2.3 Summary of Review. 40 Chapter 3 FßLD SITE AI\D GEIYERAL METHODS.-..-....... 42 3.1 Field Site........ 43 3. 1.1 Geological History of the Philippines 43 3.1.2 Research Area: Corella, Bohol. 44 3.1.3 Physical Setting. 47 3.t.4 Climate. 47 3.1.5 Flora.. 50 3.1.6 Fauna. 53 3.1.7 Human Population 54 t page 3.1.8 Tourism 55 3.2 Methods.. 55 3.2.1 Mapping. -
China Versus Vietnam: an Analysis of the Competing Claims in the South China Sea Raul (Pete) Pedrozo
A CNA Occasional Paper China versus Vietnam: An Analysis of the Competing Claims in the South China Sea Raul (Pete) Pedrozo With a Foreword by CNA Senior Fellow Michael McDevitt August 2014 Unlimited distribution Distribution unlimited. for public release This document contains the best opinion of the authors at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the sponsor. Cover Photo: South China Sea Claims and Agreements. Source: U.S. Department of Defense’s Annual Report on China to Congress, 2012. Distribution Distribution unlimited. Specific authority contracting number: E13PC00009. Copyright © 2014 CNA This work was created in the performance of Contract Number 2013-9114. Any copyright in this work is subject to the Government's Unlimited Rights license as defined in FAR 52-227.14. The reproduction of this work for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited. Nongovernmental users may copy and distribute this document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this copyright notice is reproduced in all copies. Nongovernmental users may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies they make or distribute. Nongovernmental users may not accept compensation of any manner in exchange for copies. All other rights reserved. This project was made possible by a generous grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation Approved by: August 2014 Ken E. Gause, Director International Affairs Group Center for Strategic Studies Copyright © 2014 CNA FOREWORD This legal analysis was commissioned as part of a project entitled, “U.S. policy options in the South China Sea.” The objective in asking experienced U.S international lawyers, such as Captain Raul “Pete” Pedrozo, USN, Judge Advocate Corps (ret.),1 the author of this analysis, is to provide U.S. -
Scarborough Reef: a New Flashpoint in Sino-Philippine Relations?
Articles Section 71 SCARBOROUGH REEF: A NEW FLASHPOINT IN SINO-PHILIPPINE RELATIONS? Zou Keyuan INTRODUCTION Scarborough Reef (Huangyan Island in Chinese) is located within the geographic coordinates of 15º08’-15º14’N, 117º 44’-117º48’E. It is triangular-shaped with a circumference of 46km. The total area of the feature including the inner lagoon is 150km2. There are several rocks on the reef, the largest of which is South Rock (Nanyan). This feature is apparently above water at high tide (1.8m high), and situated at the south-eastern extremity of the reef. Near the north of South Rock there is a channel, approximately two cables wide (370m), with depths of 5 to 6 fathoms (9-11m), leading into the lagoon. In addition, North Rock (Beiyan) and several other tiny above-water coral rocks are also situated on the reef. Thus Scarborough Reef is actually a large atoll including South Rock and North Rock. According to a Chinese authority on the South China Sea, the reef is also the biggest atoll in the South China Sea.1 It lies approximately 170 nautical miles (nm) (318km) east of the Macclesfield Bank, and approximately 115nm (215km) off Zambales province on the western side of Luzon Island. Scarborough Reef is Scarborough Reef is of special significance to the whole South China Sea issue. of special significance Nonetheless, Western literature on the South China Sea largely ignores this reef.2 to the whole South Indeed, even some Chinese scholars neglect to mention Scarborough Reef in the four China Sea issue. traditionally-acknowledged groups of islands in the South China Sea.3 Commonly, Scarborough Reef has been regarded as part of the Zhongsha Islands (Zhongsha Qundao) in China, at least since 1935. -
Proposals to Transform the Port of Banjul Into a Transhipment And
World Maritime University The Maritime Commons: Digital Repository of the World Maritime University World Maritime University Dissertations Dissertations 2000 Proposals to transform the Port of Banjul into a transhipment and distribution centre with special emphasis on feedering Ismaila Malang Bojang World Maritime University Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Bojang, Ismaila Malang, "Proposals to transform the Port of Banjul into a transhipment and distribution centre with special emphasis on feedering" (2000). World Maritime University Dissertations. 61. http://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/61 This Dissertation is brought to you courtesy of Maritime Commons. Open Access items may be downloaded for non-commercial, fair use academic purposes. No items may be hosted on another server or web site without express written permission from the World Maritime University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © WORLD MARITIME UNIVERSITY Malmö, Sweden PROPOSALS TO TRANSFORM THE PORT OF BANJUL INTO A TRANSHIPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION CENTRE: With Special Emphasis on Feedering By ISMAILA MALANG BOJANG The Gambia A dissertation submitted to the World Maritime University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in PORT MANAGEMENT 2000 © Ismaila M Bojang, 2000 Declaration I certify that all the material in this dissertation that is not my work has been identified, and that no material is included for which a degree has previously -
Territorial Issues in Asia Drivers, Instruments, Ways Forward
7th Berlin Conference on Asian Security (BCAS) Territorial Issues in Asia Drivers, Instruments, Ways Forward Berlin, July 1-2, 2013 A conference jointly organised by Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP), Berlin and Konrad-Adenauer -Stiftung (KAS), Berlin Discussion Paper Do Not Cite or Quote without Author’s Permission Session II: Resources (Energy, Fishing) and Maritime Law Dr. Stein Tønnesson Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) Do the Sino-Vietnamese Tonkin Gulf agreements show ways forward in the South China Sea? Abstract The Sino-Vietnamese maritime boundary agreement and fishery agreement for the Tonkin Gulf, which were both signed in 2000, point out several ways by which regional states may move forward towards resolving the maritime disputes in the South China Sea. First, by the way they were negotiated; second, by their use of international law; third, by their application of a median line adjusted for equity; fourth, by the weight attributed to small islands; fifth, by accommodating established fishing interests; sixth, by facilitating joint development of hydrocarbon and mineral resources; and seventh, by establishing a boundary between Hainan and the Vietnamese coast that may be prolonged into the central part of the South China Sea. This paper discusses how each of these points may be followed up, primarily but not only by China and Vietnam. This is part of a larger argument to the effect that the South China Sea disputes are not as impossible to resolve as often assumed. At present, it seems that the most promising venue for further constructive steps with regard to the South China Sea is the on-going bilateral negotiations between China and Vietnam. -
South China Sea Arbitration by the Arbitral Tribunal Established at the Request of the Republic of the Philippines (30 Oct
In the matter of an arbitration under Annex VII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea PCA Case No. 2013-19 Permanent Court of Arbitration Peace Palace The Hague The Netherlands Day 3 Thursday, 26th November 2015 Hearing on the Merits and Remaining Issues of Jurisdiction and Admissibility Before: JUDGE THOMAS MENSAH (President) JUDGE JEAN-PIERRE COT JUDGE STANISLAW PAWLAK PROFESSOR ALFRED SOONS JUDGE RÜDIGER WOLFRUM _______________________________________________________ BETWEEN: THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES -and- THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA _______________________________________________________ PAUL S REICHLER, LAWRENCE H MARTIN and ANDREW B LOEWENSTEIN, of Foley Hoag LLP, PROFESSOR BERNARD H OXMAN, of University of Miami, PROFESSOR PHILIPPE SANDS QC, of Matrix Chambers, and PROFESSOR ALAN E BOYLE, of Essex Court Chambers, appeared on behalf of the Republic of the Philippines. The People’s Republic of China was not represented. _______________________________________________________ Transcript produced by Trevor McGowan, Georgina Vaughn and Lisa Gulland www.thecourtreporter.eu ALSO APPEARING FOR THE PERMANENT COURT OF ARBITRATION Registry: Judith Levine, Registrar and Senior Legal Counsel Garth Schofield, Senior Legal Counsel Nicola Peart, Assistant Legal Counsel Julia Solana, Assistant Legal Counsel Philipp Kotlaba, Assistant Legal Counsel Iuliia Samsonova, Assistant Legal Counsel Gaëlle Chevalier, Case Manager/Translator EXPERT APPOINTED TO ASSIST THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL Grant Williams Boyes FOR THE REPUBLIC OF -
12120648 01.Pdf
The Master Plan and Feasibility Study on the Establishment of an ASEAN RO-RO Shipping Network and Short Sea Shipping FINAL REPORT: Volume 1 Exchange rates used in the report US$ 1.00 = JPY 81.48 EURO 1.00 = JPY 106.9 = US$ 1.3120 BN$ 1.00 = JPY 64.05 = US$ 0.7861 IDR 1.00 = JPY 0.008889 = US$ 0.0001091 MR 1.00 = JPY 26.55 = US$ 0.3258 PhP 1.00 = JPY 1.910 = US$ 0.02344 THB 1.00 = JPY 2.630 = US$ 0.03228 (as of 20 April, 2012) The Master Plan and Feasibility Study on the Establishment of an ASEAN RO-RO Shipping Network and Short Sea Shipping FINAL REPORT: Volume 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume 1 – Literature Review and Field Surveys Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... xii Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................ xvii 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 Overall -
Southern Leyte Coral Reef Conservation Project Is to Give SCUBA Diving and Marine Survey Training to Local Counterparts
Southern LeLeyteyte Coral Reef Conservation Project - Results of Community and Scientific Work - May 2004 to December 2005 1 Coral Cay Conservation Effective coastal zone management, qualified project scientists, prior to including conservation of coral reefs, assisting in the acquisition of data. requires a holistic and multi-sectoral Finances generated from the volunteer approach, which is often a highly programme allow CCC to provide a range technical and costly process and one that of services, including data acquisition, many developing countries cannot assimilation and synthesis, conservation adequately afford. With appropriate education, technical skills training and training, non-specialist volunteer divers other capacity building programmes. CCC have been shown to be able to provide is associated with the Coral Cay useful data for coastal zone management Conservation Trust (the only British-based at little or no cost to the host country charity dedicated to protecting coral (Hunter and Maragos, 1992; Mumby et al., reefs). 1995; Wells, 1995; Darwall and Dulvy, 1996; Erdmann et al., 1997). This technique has been pioneered and successfully applied by Coral Cay Conservation (CCC), a British not-for- profit organisation. Founded in 1986, CCC is dedicated to ‘providing resources to protect livelihoods and alleviate poverty through the protection, restoration and sustainable use of coral reefs and tropical forests’ in collaboration with government and non- governmental organisations within a host country. CCC does not charge the host country for the services it provides and is primarily self-financed through a pioneering volunteer participatory scheme whereby international volunteers are given the opportunity to join a phase of each project in return for a financial contribution towards the project costs.