DOCSLIB.ORG

Lithium Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lithium Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors A STUDY OF COMPONENTS FOR LITHIUM AND SODIUM BATTERIES AND OTHER STORAGE DEVICES A STUDY OF COMPONENTS FOR LITHIUM AND SODIUM BATTERIES AND OTHER STORAGE DEVICES By XAVIER DANIEL MICHAUD, M.A.Sc., B.Eng. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University © Copyright by Xavier Michaud, February 2019 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (2019) McMaster University Department of Materials Science & Engineering Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: A Study Of Components For Lithium And Sodium Batteries And Other Storage Devices AUTHOR: Xavier Daniel Michaud, M.A.Sc., (McMaster University), B.Eng., (Dalhousie University) SUPERVISOR: Prof. Anthony Petric, Professor Emeritus, Ph.D., P.Eng. CO-SUPERVISOR: Prof. Igor Zhitomirsky, Distinguished Engineering Professor, Ph.D., P.Eng. NUMBER OF PAGES: XXIII, 177. ii Lay Abstract The goal of this work is to examine materials used in different types of electrochemical storage devices. The modification of resistive properties of β-alumina electrolytes are examined for use in high temperature sodium batteries. Electrophoretic deposition methods are used to rapidly make thin electrodes for lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors. The stoichiometric compound NaSi, a potentially safer and greener method of producing hydrogen gas, is characterized for a better understanding of its properties, and therefore production. iii Abstract An investigation of electrochemical storage device materials has been undertaken in four parts. The bulk and interfacial resistance of Na + beta-alumina tubes were separated using a galvanostatic charge-discharge method. Sodium silicide was characterized to better understand its synthesis. BiMn 2O5 was produced using a sol-gel method and tested for pseudocapacity. Different lithium ion anode and cathode materials were deposited using a new electrophoretic deposition method. A novel galvanostatic charge-discharge method was developed for the determination of bulk and interface resistance in Na + beta-alumina solid electrolytes [BASE] . Dense and duplex BASE tubes were tested by varying the exposed surface area. The results of dense BASE tube pairs were used to determine the bulk and interfacial resistance components, while duplex BASE tubes were tested to determine the reduction in interfacial resistance. It was found that duplex tubes had reduced the interfacial resistance by 75%, when compared to a uniformly dense electrolyte. Sodium silicide was characterized using various methods to better understand the phase and the Na-Si phase diagram. EMF experiments using Na+ BASE tubes was used to determine the activity in the silicon rich region of the phase diagram, which showed a sodium activity of 0.5 at 550 °C. TGA/DSC was used to determine phase transformation temperatures, as well as the heat of formation for NaSi, which was recorded to be below 1 kJ mol -1. iv A sol-gel precipitation method was used to produce fine BiMn 2O5 powders used for supercapacitors. The powders resulting from a consistent method were tested for pseudocapacitance using bulk and thin film electrodes. Bulk electrodes had a gravimetric capacitance of 10 F g -1, while thin film electrodes only reached 2.6 F g -1. Lithium ion battery anode (Li 4Ti 5O12 ) and cathode (LiFePO 4, LiMn 2O4, LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O4) materials were electrophoretically deposited with the assistance of PAZO-Na and CMC- Na. Cathodes were successfully deposited on aluminium substrates, and were tested in the -1 potential window 2 – 4.3 V. The LiFePO 4 cathodes showed capacity of 146.7 mAh g at C/10, while showing capacity retention of 103% after 50 cycles. v Acknowledgements As I begin the next steps in my career, I must look back to the past six years here at McMaster University. They were filled with many trials, from the personal to the professional. There were many victories, and many more disappointing failures. If it wasn’t for the people who have supported and encouraged me, pursuing my PhD would have remained an unreachable dream. I would like to thank you all from the bottom of my heart. Dr Anthony Petric, thank you for the dedication and support you provided me over the years. Throughout these six long years, you have given me the guidance to grow as an aspiring researcher, to one that is better prepared to tackle all aspects of a life dedicated to science. Thank you for placing your trust in my abilities, and for not giving up on me. I wish you the best of retirements. I would like to thank Dr Igor Zhitomirsky for accepting me into his lab when I branched out to find new projects. You and your group accepted me with the warmest hearts. For too long I had worked alone, and finding camaraderie with your students not only gave me the drive to finish my thesis, but general hope in the next generation of scientists. I would like to thank Dr Gillian Goward for putting the time and effort of being part of my supervisory committee. Your participation in my yearly meetings and examinations was crucial in refining my abilities and thought processes. vi I appreciate the various members of the university who I have encountered and worked with. I appreciate the help and advice given by Dr Alex Adronov, Dr James Britten, Doug Culley, Frank Gibbs, Victoria Jarvis, Xiaogang Li, Ed McCaffrey, and to all my fellow graduate students. Special thanks go to Dr Joey Kish, Dr Dmitri Malakhov, and Dr Hatem Zurob for the invaluable advice throughout my final years at McMaster. I would also like to thank Jim Garrett. You have provided me invaluable insight from the endless knowledge you have accumulated. There is no one with whom I would have rather worked alongside. I only wished that I could have learned more from you. To my family, thank you for cheering me on from afar. Your expectations and hopes for me helped me push through the clutter of life and find what was important for me. Most importantly, I must express my love and gratitude to my wife, Chiao-Ting Shen. You stood by me through all the years of hard work, frustration, and disappointments. When all seemed to crumble, you were the rock that I held onto as we weathered the roughest storms. I am excited to continue our journey through life together, into a brighter and thrilling future. I can only hope to now make your dreams come true. vii Table of Contents Lay Abstract ....................................................................................................................... iii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xii List of Tables .................................................................................................................. xviii List of Abbreviations and Symbols .................................................................................. xix Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... xix Symbols ..................................................................................................................... xx Declaration of Academic Achievement .......................................................................... xxii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................. 4 High Temperature Molten Sodium-Anode Batteries ...................................................... 4 Beta-Alumina Solid Electrolyte [BASE] .................................................................... 4 Ionic Conductivity in BASE ................................................................................... 6 Ion Exchange in BASE ........................................................................................... 9 BASE Synthesis & Production .............................................................................. 11 Sodium Sulfur Cell .................................................................................................... 13 Sodium Metal Halide Cell ......................................................................................... 17 Planar Cells ............................................................................................................... 20 Lithium Ion Batteries..................................................................................................... 22 Cathode Materials ..................................................................................................... 23 Intercalation Cathodes ........................................................................................... 24 Conversion Cathodes ............................................................................................. 25 Anode Materials ........................................................................................................ 27 Carbon-Based Anodes ........................................................................................... 27 Lithium Titanate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Silicide-Based Hydrogen Generation for Back-Up Power and Portable Fuel Cells
    Silicide-Based Hydrogen Generation for Back-Up Power and Portable Fuel Cells On-demand hydrogen generation systems for high-performance, low-cost and portable fuel cells Hydrogen fuel cells have great promise as a sustainable Fuel Cell System Benefits energy source, but hydrogen generation and storage issues continue to prevent their widespread acceptance. Many portable hydrogen fuel cell systems use hydrogen supply Energy Density Energy systems, such as high-pressure tanks, metal hydrides, and density exceeds 1,000 W-Hrs/kg chemical hydrides, to store needed quantities of hydrogen. These systems have not gained market acceptance, however, Power Density Very fast, due to significant safety risks, difficulties in hydrogen control load following reactivity enables management and, in most cases, the logistical difficulty of high power output without refilling high-pressure tanks. thermal run away. SiGNa Chemistry has taken a different approach to the Control Hydrogen generation is hydrogen generation and storage issues. SiGNa’s solution uses based on the amount of water sodium silicide to produce clean hydrogen gas in real time, as pumped into the NaSi, enabling needed by the fuel cell and at pressures less than those found rapid starts/restarts (>30 sec.) at in a common soda can. SiGNa’s hydrogen-generation process room temperature. is safe, clean and scalable; this revolutionary approach has enabled cost-effective back-up power and portable fuel cell Stability Material is stable over systems that are perfectly suited for the military, medical, all practical temperature ranges (-55 to 300°C) with an unlimited transportation, and electronics industries. storage lifetime. Sodium Silicide Pressure is determined by Sodium silicide (NaSi) and its hybrids are non-flammable, system design, not material air-stable powders that instantly react with water (or water characteristics (<30 psi).
    [Show full text]
  • Nasi and Na-SG Powder Hydrogen Fuel Cells
    NaSi and Na-SG Powder Hydrogen Fuel Cells Andrew Wallace and Michael Lefenfeld SiGNa Chemistry June 7-11, 2010 www.signachem.com [email protected] ST055 This presentation does not contain any proprietary, confidential, or otherwise restricted information Program Overview Timeline Barriers Start date: 08/01/2008 Enabling Technology for Near-Term High- Volume Fuel Cell Commercialization for End date: 01/31/2011 Portable and Back-up Power Applications Percent complete: 66% Budget Partners FY08 Funding: $1,476,000 University of Texas Austin - CEM FY09 Funding: $951,500 • Reactor Mechanism Research • Richard Thompson and Michael Lewis Trulite Inc. • 250W Fuel Cell Demonstration System • John Patton 2 Technology Overview Relevance • Sodium Silicide rapidly liberates hydrogen from water (or water solutions) leaving a benign common industrial chemical (sodium silicate) 2NaSi(s) + 5H2O(ℓ) 5H2(g) + Na2Si2O5(aq) (No Catalyst, Room Temperature) • Significant System Benefits for Portable Power Applications (1 W to 3 kW) – Safety: Does not ignite or oxidize in air at standard conditions even when fully exposed to air (i.e. opened storage canister). – Thermal Stability: Material is stable over all practical temperature ranges (-55 to 300°C) – Storage: The material has been demonstrated to have a shelf-life of over two years but is capable for being stored for significantly longer – Pressure: The maximum developed pressure is determined by the system design not the material characteristics. The maximum pressure is expected to be a nominal 30 psi (material capable of 1000’s) – Ease of Use: No catalyst required to produce hydrogen gas – By-products: Generates a non-toxic aqueous waste, sodium silicate.
    [Show full text]
  • Technology Breakthrough Fuels Laptops and Phones, Recharges Scientist's 60-Year Career 17 February 2011
    Technology breakthrough fuels laptops and phones, recharges scientist's 60-year career 17 February 2011 How does a scientist fuel his enthusiasm for "I've been working with alkali metals for 50 years," chemistry after 60 years? By discovering a new he said. "My research was closely related to what energy source, of course. SiGNa was looking for. So when they came to me with their idea, it was a relatively easy adaptation to This week, SiGNa Chemistry Inc. unveiled its new make." hydrogen cartridges, which provide energy to fuel cells designed to recharge cell phones, laptops Dye came to MSU in 1953 - two years before MSU and GPS units. The green power source is geared was a university. Based on the products that can be toward outdoor enthusiasts as well as residents of linked to Dye's research just in the last year, it's the Third World, where electricity in homes is clear that he is reaping the rewards of his six considered a luxury. decades of scientific sowing. "SiGNa has created an inherently-safe solution to Using a similar process, Dye was able to assist the produce electric power, resulting in an eco-friendly creation of a fuel source to power electric bicycles. and cost-effective portable solution," said Michael The fuel cell, developed by SiGNa's partners, Lefenfeld, SiGNa's CEO. ranges in size from 1 watt to 3 kilowatts and is capable of pushing a bicycle up to 25 mph for The spark for this groundbreaking technology approximately 100 miles. came from James Dye's Michigan State University laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • Zintl Phases As Reactive Precursors for Synthesis of Novel Silicon and Germanium-Based Materials
    materials Review Zintl Phases as Reactive Precursors for Synthesis of Novel Silicon and Germanium-Based Materials Matt Beekman 1,* , Susan M. Kauzlarich 2 , Luke Doherty 1,3 and George S. Nolas 4 1 Department of Physics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Materials Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA 4 Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 February 2019; Accepted: 27 March 2019; Published: 8 April 2019 Abstract: Recent experimental and theoretical work has demonstrated significant potential to tune the properties of silicon and germanium by adjusting the mesostructure, nanostructure, and/or crystalline structure of these group 14 elements. Despite the promise to achieve enhanced functionality with these already technologically important elements, a significant challenge lies in the identification of effective synthetic approaches that can access metastable silicon and germanium-based extended solids with a particular crystal structure or specific nano/meso-structured features. In this context, the class of intermetallic compounds known as Zintl phases has provided a platform for discovery of novel silicon and germanium-based materials. This review highlights some of the ways in which silicon and germanium-based Zintl phases have been utilized as precursors in innovative approaches to synthesize new crystalline modifications, nanoparticles, nanosheets, and mesostructured and nanoporous extended solids with properties that can be very different from the ground states of the elements.
    [Show full text]
  • A Simple, Low-Cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
    Journal of Visualized Experiments www.jove.com Video Article A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions Paul Brack1, Sandie Dann1, K. G. Upul Wijayantha1, Paul Adcock2, Simon Foster2 1 Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University 2 Intelligent Energy Ltd Correspondence to: Sandie Dann at [email protected] URL: https://www.jove.com/video/54383 DOI: doi:10.3791/54383 Keywords: Chemistry, Issue 114, Hydrogen measurement, chemical hydrogen storage, silicon, hydrogen generation, hydrolysis, energy Date Published: 8/17/2016 Citation: Brack, P., Dann, S., Wijayantha, K.G., Adcock, P., Foster, S. A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions. J. Vis. Exp. (114), e54383, doi:10.3791/54383 (2016). Abstract There is a growing research interest in the development of portable systems which can deliver hydrogen on-demand to proton exchange membrane (PEM) hydrogen fuel cells. Researchers seeking to develop such systems require a method of measuring the generated hydrogen. Herein, we describe a simple, low-cost, and robust method to measure the hydrogen generated from the reaction of solids with aqueous solutions. The reactions are conducted in a conventional one-necked round-bottomed flask placed in a temperature controlled water bath. The hydrogen generated from the reaction in the flask is channeled through tubing into a water-filled inverted measuring cylinder. The water displaced from the measuring cylinder by the incoming gas is diverted into a beaker on a balance. The balance is connected to a computer, and the change in the mass reading of the balance over time is recorded using data collection and spreadsheet software programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon in Sodium
    CARBON IN SODIUM - A REVIEW OF WORK IN THE UK In this case the temperature coefficient of activity is one half of the temperature 24 coefficient of solubility, resulting only in a thirty-fold decrease in activity as the temperature is increased from 400 to 700°C. A.W. THORLEY, M.R. HOBDELL Because of uncertainties regarding the nature of the carbon species present in sodium CEGB, Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories, attempts are being made in the UK to determine the temperature coefficient of carbon activity by methods independent of carbon solubility ex pressions. Such methods Berkely, Gloucestershire, involve the use of carbon meters and nickel tabs. The results obtained so far United Kingdom at RNL indicate some agreement between earlier values obtained using nickel tabs, which indicated that the species was monatomic (5) and more recent results again using nickel tabs. Also preliminary carbon meter values obtained by changing the temperature of the sodium in the vicinity of the Harwell carbon meter and assuming a constant concentration of carbon exists in the sodium, indicate that the species could be monatomic (see Appendix 2). The implications of these 1. Introduction differences in assessing the behaviour of carbon in sodium systems will be discussed later. It has been shown experimentally that when a difference in carbon potential exists between two points in a sodium circuit, carbon will move from regions of high carbon The variation of carbon activity as a function of dissolved carbon concentration potential to regions of low carbon potential. Instrumental in this transport process and temperature is also being investigated at BNL.
    [Show full text]
  • Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program: Summary of 2011 Award Entries and Recipients
    Presidential United States Environmental Protection Agency Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program: Summary of 2011 Award Entries and Recipients Printed on 100% recycled/recyclable paper with a minimum 50% post-consumer waste using vegetable inks. Office of Pollution 744K09001 An electronic version of this document is available at: Prevention and June 2009 http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry Toxics (7406M) www.epa.gov Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program: Summary of 2011 Award Entries and Recipients Contents Introduction . 1 Awards . 3 Academic Award . 3 Small Business Award . 4 Greener Synthetic Pathways Award . 5 Greener Reaction Conditions Award . 6 Designing Greener Chemicals Award . 7 Entries from Academia . 9 Entries from Small Businesses . 17 Entries from Industry and Government . 31 Index . 55 i Introduction Each year chemists, engineers, and other scientists from across the United States nominate their technologies for a Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award. This prestigious award highlights and honors innovative green chemistry technologies, including cleaner processes; safer raw materials; and safer, better products. These awards recognize and promote the environmental and economic benefits of developing and using novel green chemistry. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) celebrates this year’s innovative, award- winning technologies selected from among scores of high-quality nominations. Each nomination must represent one or more recently developed chemistry technologies that prevent pollution through source reduction. Nominated technologies are also meant to succeed in the marketplace: each is expected to illustrate the technical feasibility, marketability, and profitability of green chemistry. Throughout the 16 years of the awards program, EPA has received more than 1,400 nominations and presented awards to 82 winners.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Advances in Applications of Co-B Catalysts in Nabh4-Based Portable Hydrogen Generators
    catalysts Review Recent Advances in Applications of Co-B Catalysts in NaBH4-Based Portable Hydrogen Generators Valentina I. Simagina, Anna M. Ozerova , Oksana V. Komova * and Olga V. Netskina Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentieva Av. 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; [email protected] (V.I.S.); [email protected] (A.M.O.); [email protected] (O.V.N.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-383-330-7458 Abstract: This review highlights the opportunities of catalytic hydrolysis of NaBH4 with the use of inexpensive and active Co-B catalysts among the other systems of hydrogen storage and generation based on water reactive materials. This process is important for the creation of H2 generators required for the operation of portable compact power devices based on low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (LT PEM FC). Special attention is paid to the influence of the reaction medium on the formation of active state of Co-B catalysts and the problem of their deactivation in NaBH4 solution stabilized by alkali. The novelty of this review consists in the discussion of basic designs of hydrogen generators based on NaBH4 hydrolysis using cobalt catalysts and the challenges of their integration with LT PEM FC. The potential of using batch reactors in which there is no need to use aggressive alkaline NaBH solutions is discussed. Solid-phase compositions or pellets based on 4 NaBH4 and cobalt-containing catalytic additives are proposed, the hydrogen generation from which Citation: Simagina, V.I.; Ozerova, starts immediately after the addition of water. The review made it possible to formulate the most A.M.; Komova, O.V.; Netskina, O.V.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Metastable Silicon Allotropes
    materials Review A Review on Metastable Silicon Allotropes Linlin Fan 1, Deren Yang 1 and Dongsheng Li 1,2,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; msefl[email protected] (L.F.); [email protected] (D.Y.) 2 Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-571-8795-3180 Abstract: Diamond cubic silicon is widely used for electronic applications, integrated circuits, and photovoltaics, due to its high abundance, nontoxicity, and outstanding physicochemical properties. However, it is a semiconductor with an indirect band gap, depriving its further development. Fortunately, other polymorphs of silicon have been discovered successfully, and new functional allotropes are continuing to emerge, some of which are even stable in ambient conditions and could form the basis for the next revolution in electronics, stored energy, and optoelectronics. Such structures can lead to some excellent features, including a wide range of direct or quasi-direct band gaps allowed efficient for photoelectric conversion (examples include Si-III and Si-IV), as well as a smaller volume expansion as lithium-battery anode material (such as Si24, Si46, and Si136). This review aims to give a detailed overview of these exciting new properties and routes for the synthesis of novel Si allotropes. Lastly, the key problems and the developmental trends are put forward at the end of this article. Keywords: metastable phase; silicon; allotropes; synthesis 1. Introduction Diamond cubic silicon lies at the heart of integrated circuits and the photovoltaic Citation: Fan, L.; Yang, D.; Li, D.
    [Show full text]
  • Nasi and Na-SG Powder Hydrogen Fuel Cells, DOE Hydrogen Program
    IV.H.1 NaSi and Na-SG Powder Hydrogen Fuel Cells Technical Barriers Michael Lefenfeld (Primary Contact), This project addresses the following Storage Andrew Wallace technical barriers of the Fuel Cell Technologies Program SiGNa Chemistry Inc. Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration 530 East 76th Street 9E New York, NY 10021 Plan: Phone: (212) 933-4101 (A) System Weight and Volume E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] (B) System Cost (J) Thermal Management DOE Technology Development Manager: Grace Ordaz Phone: (202) 586-8350 Technical Targets E-mail: [email protected] The developed sodium silicide technology is DOE Project Officer: Katie Randolph specifically focused on portable power applications Phone: (303) 275-4901 such as back-up power, mobile workstations, and E-mail: [email protected] emergency responders. The specific target range includes applications from 50 to 500 W. The developed Contract Number: DE-FG36-08G088108 technology is expected to be scalable to at least 1 kW for applications such as lawn mowers (known to be highly Subcontractors: polluting) and electric bicycles. • Trulite Inc., El Dorado Hills, CA • University of Texas, Austin, TX The developed technology will likely not meet all DOE technical targets, but there has been a significant Project Start Date: August 1, 2008 focus on customer attributes such as safe operation, Project End Date: January 31, 2010 fast starting, rapid restarting, low-pressure operation, and ease of use. While this work addresses many of the technical barrier topic areas as outlined in the Fuel Cell Technologies Program Plan, this work is focused on Objectives portable power applications that do not have defined DOE targets.
    [Show full text]
  • Safety Data Sheet Fine Sodium Silicide Powder (Nasi)
    Safety Data Sheet SCI-EHS-100-SDS-011 Issue Date: 03-31-2005 Fine Sodium Silicide Powder (NaSi) Revision Date: 07-02-2015 Revision 02 Section 1. Identification Common Name Fine Sodium Silicide Powder (NaSi) Recommended Uses and Fine sodium silicide is a product used for internal research and development. Restrictions on Uses Keep away from water, air, acids, and oxidizers. Supplier/Manufacturer SiGNa Chemistry, Inc. 445 Park Avenue, Suite 937, New York, NY 10022 Tel: 1 (212) 933-4101; Fax: 1 (212) 208-2605 Email: [email protected] In case of emergency CHEMTREC (24 Hour Emergency Telephone) USA and Canada Call: 1-800-424-9300 International CHEMTREC Call: 1-703-527-3887 Section 2. Hazards Identification GHS Classification Pyrophoric solid – Category 1 Skin corrosion/irritation – Category 1B GHS Label Requirements Signal Word DANGER Hazard Statements Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage Precautionary Statements Prevention Keep away from open flames – No smoking Do not allow contact with air. Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture. Do not breathe dusts or mists. Wash hands and forearms thoroughly after handling. Wear protective gloves/eye protection/face protection. Response Brush off loose particles from skin and immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages. In case of fire: Use dry chemical, sand, or earth to smother the fire. Do not use CO2 or halogenated hydrocarbons. Do not use water or foam. SiGNa Chemistry • 445 Park Avenue, Suite 937, New York, NY 10022 • www.signachem.com • [email protected] • 212.933.4101 Safety Data Sheet SCI-EHS-100-SDS-011 Issue Date: 03-31-2005 Fine Sodium Silicide Powder (NaSi) Revision Date: 07-02-2015 Revision 02 If swallowed: Rinse mouth.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Bicycle Gets 60-Mile Range with Portable Hydrogen Fuel Cell 6 October 2010, by Lisa Zyga
    Electric bicycle gets 60-mile range with portable hydrogen fuel cell 6 October 2010, by Lisa Zyga SiGNa Chemistry demonstrated the "range extender" power system at the Interbike International Trade Expo in Las Vegas at the end of last month. Although the company used the system on a Pedego® electric bicycle, the system is compatible with most other electric bicycle models. Since the fuel cells weigh just 1.5 pounds and are reusable, cyclists can easily replace them on long rides if they have more than one, eliminating the need to stop and recharge. The hydrogen system is also safe, as the hydrogen is produced at just 50% of the pressure of a soda can. The system's only emission is water vapor, and sodium silicate, an environmentally safe SiGNa Chemistry's range extender is shown on this byproduct of sodium silicide, is fully contained in Pedego® electric bicycle. Image credit: SiGNa and the cartridge. Pedego. According to SiGNa President and CEO Michael Lefenfeld, the company plans to take this technology beyond bicycles to serve as a primary Claiming to have developed "the most energy or back-up power source for other transportation dense power solution for electric bicycles," SiGNa applications. Other applications include generators, Chemistry, Inc., is hoping to greatly improve not lawn mowers, golf carts, consumer electronics, and only electric bicycles, but many other electric any electric application that uses 1 W to 1 kW of applications. The New York City-based company power. has developed a cartridge containing sodium silicide, a stable metal powder. When the powder SiGNa is currently taking pre-orders for the comes in contact with water (including polluted cartridges (no price listed), and plans to have the water, sea water, and urine), it instantly produces product commercially available next summer.
    [Show full text]