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Year 8 Science Sample Chapter Chemical change involves substances reacting to form new substances (ACSSU225): identify the differences between chemical and physical changes. identify evidence that a chemical change has taken place. investigate simple reactions such as combining elements to make a compound. recognise that the chemical properties of a substance, for example its flammability and ability to corrode, will affect its use. A Task Rust is the chemical reaction of iron with oxygen in the presence of moisture. Plan and conduct an investigation to answer the question: What effect does salt have on the rusting of a nail? Chemistry of Fire Otto von Guericke, 1650, showed that a candle would not burn in a container from which the air had been removed. Robert Hooke, 1665, proposed that air had a substance that combined with flammable substances to produce a flame. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, 1772, found that the burning of sulfur produced a heavier substance. He thought that the extra weight was the sulfur combining with a gas in the air that he called 'oxygen'. Lavoisier was known as the father of modern chemistry. For example, by carefully weighing the reactants and the products he showed that if a piece of wood was burned to ashes, the total mass remained unchanged. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743 - 1794) Chapter 7 Chemical Reactions 145 Chemical Change Physical Change Chemical change happens when a new substance is formed. Physical change happens when a substance Chemical change happens when a substance changes from one form to another form combines with another substance to form one but keeps exactly the same chemical or more new substances. composition. Chemical change happens when a substance A physical change can affect the colour, size, breaks down into two or more substances. or shape but no new products are formed. Chemical change is not reversible except With a physical change the substances keep with further chemical change. their property (Salt dissolved in water still tastes salty). Sometimes a physical change The rusting of iron is a chemical reaction. Iron combines with can be reversed. The choc bar is changing from one form, solid, to another oxygen and water to produce a new compound. 4Fe + 3O + 6H O 4Fe(OH) form, liquid, but is keeping the same chemical composition. 2 2 3 It still tastes the same which suggests a physical change. Examples of physical change: Examples of chemical change: • A sheet of paper is put through a shredder. The substance has changed from • Toasting bread. Burning is always a • The particles are always moving. one form to another but kept the • Milk starting to smell bad (bacteria in the Dissolving is always same chemical composition. chemical change. • A yellow paint is mixed with a blue paint to a physical change. milk forming new substances). produce green. • Burning a match. • Salt is mixed with water. • Frying an egg. This change is irreversible Chemical Physical (Try adding carbon dioxide Change • Cutting bread into slices. Change • Vinegar + baking soda carbon dioxide. to water and produce vinegar and baking soda). • Boiling water. • A battery producing a current. • Making lemonade by squeezing lemon juice and adding sugar and water. Exercise 1 What is a chemical change? Exercise 2 Indicate why each of the following are 1 What is a physical change? chemical changes: Fireworks a) The rusting of iron. 2 Indicate why each of the following are Frying and egg physical changes: b) Toasting bread. Precipitation a) The freezing of water (changing from 3 Which of the pictures on the left show a liquid water to solid ice). chemical change? Explain. Mixture of b) Dissolving sugar in water. 4 Can you think of 10 more examples of sugar, lemon juice, and water 3 Which of the pictures on the left show a chemical change? with melting ice Sliced bread physical change? Explain. Melting ice 4 Can you think of 10 more examples of Candle physical change? Fire 146 7.1 Chemical Change Chapter 7 Chemical Reactions 147 How do you know if a Colour Change Chemical Change chemical change has taken place? A colour change can suggest that a chemical The following evidence can suggest that a reaction has taken place. chemical, chemical reaction, has taken place: Chemical The rusting of iron is evidenced by the • Change of colour. Change typical reddish-brown rust colour. • Change in temperature. The colour change due to the ripening of • Change of smell. fruit is caused by enzyme reactions. These • Change of form. reactions also change the taste and smell of The colour change of ripening fruit. the fruit. Are ripe fruits sweeter than unripe fruits. • Production of gases. • Production of a precipitate. • Decomposition of organic material. • Light or sound is produced. I Chemical change Activity Although the above changes may suggest Watch online videos on 'chemical change' Milk and colour and evidence/indications of chemical change. that a chemical change has taken place, the Materials: Milk, plate, food colouring, only conclusive evidence of a chemical detergent, cotton buds. change is a chemical analysis. Method: a) Cover the plate with milk. b) Add a drop of each food colouring close together in the centre of the plate. Temperature c) Put a drop of detergent on the end of a cotton The colours follow the reactions of the detergent with the milk. The detergent breaks apart the water, bud and place it in the middle of the milk proteins, and fats in the milk. The detergent chases Many reactions either produce energy or and hold for about 20 seconds. the fat molecules. absorb energy. A reaction that produces energy will become warmer. A reaction that uses energy will become cooler. What is the chemical formula for "banana"? Exercise Reactions that produce heat are called The burning of wood, an exothermic reaction, is essentially BaNa exothermic reactions. The burning of the reaction of cellulose (a sugar), and oxygen to produce 2 1 Give 5 kinds of evidence that might suggest carbon dioxide and water. C H O + 6O 6CO + 6H O of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas 6 12 6 2 2 2 that a chemical change has taken place? produces heat. These are exothermic reactions. Challenge 2 What is an exothermic reaction? Reactions that absorb heat are called 3 What is an endothermic reaction? Activity Endothermic reactions endothermic reactions. 4 The rusting of iron can be summarised by the Vinegar and baking soda An everyday example of an endothermic symbolic equation: Materials: Vinegar, baking soda, thermometer, reaction are cold packs. Bend the pack and the pack becomes cold. 4Fe + 3O + 6H O 4Fe(OH) clear small container. 2 2 3 Method: What chemical substances are in the pack? a) What is the symbol for iron? a) Place about 10 ml of vinegar in a clear b) What is the evidence that rusting is a Exothermic and Endothermic I container. Add a thermometer and record the Challenge chemical change? Watch online videos about exothermic and temperature of the vinegar. 5 What is the evidence that the ripening of endothermic reactions. c) Add about half a teaspoon of baking soda. Colour change fruit is a chemical change? Record the temperature during the reaction. Is it possible to have a colour change d) Is the reaction of vinegar and baking soda an without a chemical change? exothermic or endothermic reaction? Can you provide five examples? 148 7.1 Chemical Change Chapter 7 Chemical Reactions 149 Bubbles Light Bubbles can suggest that a chemical reaction During a chenical reaction energy can be is producing a gas. released in the form of light. Bubbles can also indicate a physical change. Fireflies, some fungi, and some deep sea The bubbles in softdrink is carbon dioxide animals use chemical reactions to produce being released after being dissolved in the light. drink. Most combustion reactions produce energy Bubbles are also produced when water is in the form of light. Combustion reactions boiled. Boiling water is a physical change. always involve oxygen. A fire is a combustion reaction. The reaction of vinegar and baking soda producing bubbles The combustion of the sparkler with oxygen is producing of carbon dioxide gas. The bubbles slow in activity as energy in the form of heat and light. Challenge either the vinegar or baking soda are used up in the reaction. Sparkler + O2 burnt sparkler + energy Bubbles Is it possible to have bubbles If you are not part of without a chemical change? the solution then you Activity Precipitate are in the precipitate. Can you provide five examples? Coke-Cola and baking soda Materials: Coke-cola, baking soda, When two or more reactants are mixed together and a precipitate falls to the bottom Challenge thermometer, clear small container. Exercise Method: of the container then this provides evidence Coke-Cola that a chemical reaction is occurring. 1 Smell and taste can be used as evidence of a) Place about 10 ml of coke-cola in a clear a chemical change. Why should the use of The reaction between vinegar and baking container. Add a thermometer and record the A precipitate is the formation of a solid in a smell and taste be avoided? soda is similar to the reaction between temperature of the coke-cola. solution during a chemical reaction. coke-cola and baking soda. 2 What is combustion? b) Add about half a teaspoon of baking soda. Vinegar is an acid (acetic acid). 3 What is a precipitate? Record the temperature during the reaction. Is coke-cola an acid? 4 Which of the following is a chemical change c) Is the reaction of coke-cola and baking soda What is a test for an acid? Activity and which is a physical change? an exothermic or endothermic reaction? a) Building a sand castle on the beach.
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