Safe and Dynamic Rijnmond-Drechtsteden Rebalance the Natural Processes and Human Interventions Through Integrated Flood Risk Management
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Safe and Dynamic Rijnmond-Drechtsteden Rebalance the Natural Processes and Human Interventions Through Integrated Flood Risk Management June 2013 NaiLi Zhao 4187342 Delta Interventions Graduation Studio MSc Urbanism Faculty of Architecture Delft University of Technology Colophon Safe and Dynamic Rijnmond-Drechtsteden Rebalance the natural processes and human interventions through integrated flood risk management MSc thesis NaiLi Zhao [email protected] / [email protected] Student nr. 4187342 Keywords integrated flood risk management, spatial planning, toolbox, urban-rural fringe, resilience, Rijnmond-Drechtsteden Menter Team 1st mentor: Anne Loes Nillesen (Urban Design) 2nd mentor: Steffen Nijhuis(Landscape Architecture) External examiner: Ivan Nevzgodin (RMIT) Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology MSc Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences MSc track Urbanism Delta interventions graduation studio. This thesis is downloadable for free from the TU Delft library website: http://www.library.tudelft.nl/collecties/tu-delft-repository/ Delft, June 2013 Cover image by the author in 2013 2 CONTENTS PROLOGUE Fascination ... 4 Summary ... 5 1. Graduation Framework 9 3. Design Research 27 5. Research-by-design 47 1.1 Rethinking the current FRM 9 3.1 Theory 27 5.1 Concept improvement 47 1.2 Problem statement 11 3.2 Comparative study 32 5.1.1 Delta level 49 1.3 Aim 15 3.3 Result: IFRM Toolbox 33 5.1.2 Water hazards on smaller scales 51 5.1.3 Dike Ring Level 52 1.4 Relevance 16 3.4 Site Analysis 35 5.1.4 Local level 59 3.5 Theoretical model 39 5.1.5 Building Level 70 3.6 Concept 41 5.2 Four Levels work together 75 5.3 Tested District: Numansdorp 81 2. Methodology 19 44 4. Thinking hand 2.1 Knowledge-based design &Research questions 19 6. Discussion 119 2.2 Graduation planning 24 4.1 Way of working 44 4.2 Three design options 45 & Recommendations 7. Reflection 122 APPENDIX Word of thanks 123 Appendix A: Triple layer analysis: Conclusion diagram 124 Appendix B: Literature review paper 125 Appendix C: Design experiments 131 Appendix D: Case study 135 3 Fascination Even the most “simple”flood-resistant method could be made into a legendary story... ‘Turn the Flood Risk Management into Benefits‘ -- MARE Toolbox Hans Brinker from the dike-plugging tale image source: http://katieandbas.blogspot.nl/2011/01/madurodam.html Summary “The social, economic, ecological and cultural values of corresponding interests on living environment flood risk management measures should be considered and have caused a discernible change in attitude. pursued (MARE Toolbox, 2011).“ As the sea level rises and safety standards are tightened, the current flood management will require new interventions. Particularly in this • TASK DEFINITION Rijnmond-Drechtsteden transition zone and urban-rural fringe, traditional Heart of the Delta This project combines the tasks of flood risk management flood resistant measures on Delta and dike- and spatial planning together to test the hypothesis of ring levels lead to an undesirable influence on “the linkages between flood management, urban design, ecosystem and spatial quality, as well as high expenses on maintenance. Climate change and planning and management, and climate change initiatives Ring of cities are beneficial (Abhas K Jha et al., 2011. P47).” the resulting rising water levels increase urgency to the task. All this can hardly indicate anything The task is to devise strategies that will not only make the else than the necessity for a change in water Figure 1. Rijnmond-Drechtsteden on the edge of area safer, but also have extended benefits on ecological, management (Rijkswaterstaat, 2011). Therefore Green-Blue Heart spatial and economic aspects. It explores the way to deal the issue of integrated flood risk management is Source: Author, 2013 Data used: (Deltaprogramma, 2010) with the relationship between human interventions and a recurring topic of debate. natural processes “on a wide variety of scales that will transform and strengthen the identity of the Delta”. The Under this circumstance, the project explores products include “Integrated flood risk management toolbox the way of close collaboration in the field of (IFRM Toolbox)”, strategies for Rijnmond-Drechtsteden flood management and spatial development. region on 4 levels (Delta level, Dike-ring level, Local level and Therefore the main research question in this building level), and a small scale design of Numansdorp. The thesis is “How can the integrated flood risk IFRM toolbox, the multi-scales‘ strategy and the research management improve the estuarine and method could be adopted to other Delta regions as design agricultural ecosystem, and the spatial quality guidelines or case studies. for the urban-rural fringe area of Dutch delta? “ “ Rijnmond-Drechtsteden area has been selected since it is not only the transition zone which influenced by geological • OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH influences and human activities, but also both hazardous APPROACH and vulnerable to floods, as can be seen from figure2. In the past, the flood defense could be regarded as flood The project is the design-driven research. The resistant structures, including dikes and dams. In recent main objective of the present study is to develop Figure 2. Risky place in the Netherlands years, increasing urban development pressure and the and test the integrated flood risk management Source: (Karin de Bruijn et al., 2009) 5 toolbox (IFRM toolbox). A large part of the study is Toolbox. Then, in order to in depth study the effectiveness of the toolbox and to receive devoted to the development of the IFRM toolbox that realistic responses, the IFRM Toolbox is evaluated and visualized under concrete situation in will help to balance the various interests from the the research-by-design process. As a result, the design-driven research has resulted in a vision flood risk management and spatial development angle. that transforms Rijnmond-Drechtsteden region from the far side of Randstad into an attractive The development of the IFRM toolbox is based on the delta new frontier with complete river estuary, robust agro-ecosystems and sustainable urban literature review and comparative study of the current development. And the key intervention of Numansdorp shows how does the tools and multi- theories and projects. It reflects on what it means scales work together. to use flood risk management on a wide variety of scales, and what the impacts will be brought to spatial, chapter 1-2 chapter 3 chapter 4-5 environmental and ecological aspects. Research Design research design tools Research-by-design questions evaluate A second objective concerns about testing the IFRM toolbox through the design study on specific location. The study area is the urban-rural fringe of the Dutch Literature review Experimental design study delta, Rijnmond-Drechtsteden region, where different Comparative study Design study safety standards and development requirements come Site analysis together. The concrete elaboration of the design study * GENERIC KNOWLEDGE * SPECIFIC SITUATION on specific location will help to identify and discuss the - Describe the phenomenon; - Explores the effectiveness; possibilities and impossibilities of the toolbox. For the - Predict the consequences. - Visualization. selected location, different solutions were devised, and the most preferable one was studied in further detail and tested to assess its performance in terms of safety, • MAIN CONCLUSIONS environmental impacts, and technical feasibility. - Rapid urbanization requires the integration of flood risk management into regular urban planning and governance. This thesis uses design-driven research as main - A totally open delta is not preferable for the dense-populated Dutch delta; method and it includes two parts: design research - The decisions on larger levels will result in water hazards on smaller levels, but with smartly and research-by-design. The graduation project is use of the water, such kind of challenges will be transformed into development opportunities; motivated by the analysis of the specific topics and - The engineering structure can be transformed into benefits by relating them with other locations. On this basis, the general research question functions, such as residential, recreational, and ecological functions. triggers the design research process, in order to - An integrated strategy requires the use of both structural and non-structural measures and describe, review and evaluate the existing situation good metrics for “getting the balance right”. and methods. The knowledge obtained from the - The IFRM Toolbox will not only benefit the researchers and designers, but local people could also make design research will be summarized into the IFRM use of the tools. 6 Literature: DELTAPROGRAMMA 2010. Ontwerp2daagse Zuidwest- elijke Delta Schetsen voor de lange termijn. DELTAPROGRAMME 2012. Rhine-Meuse Delta- Op- portunities for the current flood risk management Tested district strategy in 2100. In: DELTACOMMISSIE (ed.). KARIN DE BRUIJN, ROLF VAN BUREN & ROSCOE, K. 2009. Mapping casualty risks in the Netherlands. MEYER, H. VerDus projectsite IPDD [Online]. Available: http://ipdd.verdus.nl/pagina.asp?id=411 [Accessed May, 12nd 2013]. Building level RIJKSWATERSTAAT 2011. Water Management in the Netherlands. Nijhuis, S. and Bobbink, I. (2012) ‘Design-related Local level research in landscape architecture’, J. of Design Re- search, 2012 Vol.10, No.4, pp.239 - 257 Dike ring level Delta level Figure 3. Main structure of the