Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(2): 2768-2778

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 2 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.902.315

Virulence of Local isolates of Entomopathogenic Fungi on the common agricultural pest Spodopteralitura (Fabricius) Lepidoptera:Noctuidae

K. N. P. Chandra Teja1,2 and S. J. Rahman1*

1AICRP on Biological control of Crop Pests, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India 2Centre for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, JNTUH, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

The polyphagous pest Spodoptera litura is known to cause huge losses to agriculture all over the world. Its increasing resistance to chemical K e yw or ds necessitates the use of biological options such as Entomopathogenic fungi. Strains

Entomopathogenic of Entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and lecanii are known to control the incidence of the pest. Laboratory fungi, Metarhiziuman bioassay was conducted to evaluate the effect of different local isolates of M. isopliae, anisopliae and L. lecanii on the growth and development of S. litura. Results Lecanicillium indicate that the susceptibility of the insect pest depends on various factors like the lecanii, fungal isolate, dosage of the infective propagule, age of the insect larvae and the Spodoptera litura, bioassay developmental stage tested. Among the isolates studied, M. anisopliae isolate PaCo4 was found to be most virulent on S. litura neonates and the isolate ArCo3, Article Info rd the least virulent. In a subsequent study on the 3 instar larvae of insect pest, the

Accepted: isolates were found to prolong the larval duration, lower the pupation but the 20 January 2020 pupal period remained unchanged. A lowered adult emergence and longevity was

Available Online: also observed. Further study of the field efficacy of the Entomopathogenic fungal 10 February 2020 isolates are needed so that they can be successfully used for controlling the pest on the field.

Introduction throughout the world (Anand et al., 2009) and has been reported from nearly 120 food crops Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: all over the world of which 40 are grown in Noctuidae) is a polyphagous chewing insect India. Indiscriminate and non-judicious use of pest of subtropical and tropical agricultural insecticides to control the pest has resulted in crops causing heavy losses to the farmers the development of resistance to as many as (Brown and Dewhurst 1975; Holloway and 20 different active ingredients of insecticides Jeremy, 1989). It is widely distributed (Armes et al., 1997) besides the loss of 2768

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(2): 2768-2778 natural enemies of the pest. Hence, there is a of the insect and produce conidiophores. need to explore ecologically sustainable However, under suitable humidity conditions, options to control this devastating pest. aerial conidia are formed externally dead insect aiding the spread the . One such option is the use of biological control involving the use of natural enemies Metarhizium anisopliae was first isolated near like predators, parasitic wasps and flies as Odessa, Ukraine from infected larvae of the well as pathogens like Bacteria, fungi and wheat cockchafer Anisopliae austriaca in viruses to suppress the pest. Myco-biocontrol 1879 and was initially named Entomphthora strategies involve the environmentally sound anisopliae. It causes green muscardine and effective use of a group of fungi termed disease and is pathogenic to a large number of Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) in mitigating insect species, many of which are agricultural insect pests. and forest (Ferron, 1978).

EPFs are a large polyphyletic group of insect It was the first known fungus to be used for pathogens mainly from the orders of bio control of an insect pest in 1888 and and . Only few represents about 33.9 percent of the total genera among them are well characterized Myco insecticides developed for Biological with respect to their pathogenicity to different control use (de Faria and Wraight, 2007). insects and thus are of agricultural Lecanicillium lecanii is a Deuteuromycete importance. Some are been used (imperfect) fungal species widely distributed commercially as biological control agents in warm and humid environments (Nunez et worldwide (de Faria and Wraight, 2007). al., 2008). It was first observed by

The mode of entry of the fungal pathogen into Zimmermann in 1898 on Lecanium viride on the insect body is either by ingestion or by coffee in Indonesia. L. lecanii is proven to be contact of the fungal conidia with the host very effective against scale insects like cuticle. Upon adhesion of the cuticle surface, , (Wang et al., 2007; Van et the conidia of the Entomopathogenic fungi al., 2007) and (Vestergaard et al., germinate and the germ tubes penetrate the 1995). Few strains of L. lecanii are also found cuticle and the epidermal layers by the to be effective against some plant pathogenic consorted action of mechanical pressure and fungi (Askary et al., 1998; Alavo, 2015) and secretion of enzymes like proteases, Nematodes (Shinya et al., 2008) also. chitinases, and lipases (Cho et al., 2006b). In the present study, local strains of Entomopathogenic fungi isolated from In the Haemocoel of the insect, the fungus different crop rhizospheres of the semi-arid proliferates into yeast like hyphal bodies region of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana called Blastospores. Death of the insect is the were tested for their virulence against the result of starvation or physiological polyphagous agricultural pest Spodoptera /biochemical disruption brought about by the litura in a laboratory bioassay. fungus (Feng et al., 1994). Materials and Methods Virulent strains produce toxic proteins such as cyclic peptides, cyclosporins and dextrusins Preparation of conidial suspensions of the which are known to enhance the virulence of fungal isolates the pathogen. Fungal mycelia eventually emerge from the cuticle of the dead cadaver A total of seven fungal isolates were tested in 2769

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(2): 2768-2778 a laboratory bioassay for their virulence All the instars of the larvae were cultured in against the pest Spodoptera litura. Five plastic trays covered with muslin cloth for isolates were isolated from different crop aeration. The trays were cleaned daily and the rhizospheres of Telangana and Andhra fresh feed was added. The pupae were Pradesh using semi selective medium and separated into a glass jars filled with sterile were morphologically identified as sand till one inch from the bottom. The jars Metarhizium and Lecanicillium spp using were covered with black paper to maintain standard identification key. Later molecular dark conditions. The emerging adult moths characterization of the ITS region of the were transferred to glass jars of size 15 X 20 isolates using specific primers (White et al., cm covered with muslin cloth. Around twenty 1990) identified three isolates among them, adult moths were kept per jar to maintain the KoGn5, LaMa1 and PaCo4 as Metarhizium optimum sex ratio. The adults were fed with anisopliae (Chandra teja and Rahman, 2016) 10% honey solution. Folded cheese paper was and two isolates, ArCo3 and PRg4 as placed in the jars to facilitate laying of egg Aphanoas custerreus. masses. The egg masses laid were transferred to petriplates lined with moistened filter paper One strain each of Metarhiziuman isopliae and kept at 28 ± 2oCfor hatching. Uniform and Lecanicillium lecanii i.e., MaAICRP and sized 3rd instar larvae were usedin the LlAICRP were obtained from the All India Bioassay study. Coordinated Research Programme (AICRP) on Biological control of Crop Pests and Insect Bioassays Weeds, Hyderabad. Sterile Tween 80 solution (0.02%) was poured on 15 day old culture The virulence of the Entomopathogenic plates of the fungi. The mycelia and conidia fungal isolates on the larvae, pupae and adults were scrapped using a sterile spatula and of the S. litura was tested using leaf dip assay taken in a conical flask. The suspension was method. Tender castor leaves used for the passed through double layered muslin cloth to bioassay were first cleaned with running tap obtain a conidial suspension free of mycelial water to remove dirt particles & other fragments and media. The concentration of contaminants and air-dried. Leaves were suspension was determined using a dipped in fungal suspension for 30 sec haemocytometer and further serially diluted to and air dried in a laminar air flow hood. obtain spore suspension of concentration 3.2 x Single leaf was placed in a perforated plastic 108, 107, 106 and 105 /ml container of the size 9cm diameter and 9cm height. Ten larvae per container were released Rearing of Spodoptera litura insect culture on the leaf for feeding. Five replications were maintained for each of the seven fungal Eggs of Spodoptera litura (accession number: isolates and four conidial concentrations. A NBAII-MP-NOC-02: S.litura) were obtained negative control was maintained with 0.02% from the insect rearing facility of The sterile Tween80® in sterile distilled water. The National Bureau of Agricultural Insect mortality of the larvae was recorded first on Resources (NBAIR), Bengaluru. The the second day after treatment and from then emerging neonate larvae were fed on tender on daily till the seventh day after castor leaves. To maintain the turgidity of the treatment.For the effect on the different leaves the cut ends of the petiole were kept in developmental stages of the insect, moist cotton. observations were recorded till the death of the adults. Feeding was changed daily from

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(2): 2768-2778 second day with fresh untreated castor leaves. lowest conidial concentration studied. Mortality in the treatments was corrected by However, M. anisopliae isolate MaAICRP removing the natural mortality in the control showed second highest mortality (27. 89%) at (Abbott, 1925) and arcsine transformed to 105 conidia/ml concentration which was same normalize the data before the analysis of with that shown by the most virulent isolate variance (ANOVA). (PaCo4). Of the A. terreus isolates, PRg4 at 108/ml conidial concentration showed Results and Discussion mortality of S litura larvae equal to that of the M. anisopliae isolate MaAICRP (48.51%). Virulence ofthe Fungal isolates at different However, isolate ArCo3 showed the least conidial concentrations virulence of all the isolates.

The fungal isolates were evaluated for their In terms of the least concentration for 50% Mortality of Spodoptera litura larvae at four mortality (LC50), M. anisopliae isolates different conidial concentrations. Three day KoGn5 and PaCo4 had the least LC50 (3 x old larvae were fed on castor leaves treated 106 conidia/ml) at followed by LaMa1 (1 x with conidial suspensions of four different 107 conidia/ml) and MaAICRP (4 x 107 concentrations (3.2 X 105, 106, 107 and 108 conidia/ml). The highest LC50 was observed conidia/ml) and the effect of the isolate as for A. terreus isolate ArCo3 at 7 x 1014 /ml. well as the conidial concentration on the The other A. terreus isolate PRg4 had an mortality of the larvae was evaluated after 48 LC50 of 6 x 107/ml and the Lecanicillium hrs till the seventh day from the treatment. isolate LlAICRP had 3 x 1011/ml.

The results indicated a variation in the Effect of different strains of susceptibility of the S. litura larvae to isolates Entomopathogenic fungi on various studied(Table-1). Significant variation in developmental stages of Spodoptera litura mortality of the insect pest at different (Table-2) conidial concentrations was also noted for few isolates. The mortality caused by the Larval Duration and Percent Mortality isolates ranged from 10.82% for ArCo3 at 105/ml to 63.73% for PaCo4 at 108/ml. An There was only little variation observed increase in the mortality was observed with between the larval durations of the isolates the increase in concentration of the conidial which ranged from 3.67 to 4.67 days. Among suspension from 105 to 108 conidia/ml. the treatments, L. lecanii isolate LlAICRP However, for the L. lecanii isolate LlAICRP (4.67) prolonged the larval period of 4.67 and A. terreus isolate ArCo3, there was no days followed by KoGn5 (4.33 days) which significant increase in the mortality are significantly longer than the untreated percentages from the lowest to the highest control. The percentage of mortality caused conidial concentration studied. Among them, by the treatment of Entomopathogenic fungal M. anisopliae isolate PaCo4 showed the isolates ranged from 10.33 to 66.67 percent. highest mortality at concentrations 105 and The isolates, L. lecaniiLlAICRP (66.67), A. 108 conidia/ml and KoGn5 showed the terreus ArCo3 (46.67) and M. anisopliae highest mortality at 106 and 107 conidia/ml KoGn5 (43.33) had significantly higher larval concentrations. The isolate PaCo4 is the most mortality when compared to that of untreated virulent of all the isolates as its mortality control (10.33). The least mortality among the percentage was higher than the others at the treatments was observed for M anisopliae

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(2): 2768-2778 isolate MaAICRP isolate (10.33%) which is development. For instance, LlAICRP isolate same as untreated control. The mortality caused high larval mortality among the caused by M. anisopliae isolates, LaMa1, isolates but had little effect on the pupation PaCo4 and the A. terreus isolate PRg4 though and adult emergence percentages. It again higher than the control did not show much reduced the longevity of the adults variation. significantly. M. anisopliae isolate Ma AICRP though was unable to kill the insect Pupation percentage and pupal period larvae, significantly lowered pupal formation and adult emergence. The mean percentage of pupation of the isolates ranged from 59.70 percent in M. The isolate, KoGn5 had significant effect on anisopliae isolate PaCo4 to 90 percent in the all the developmental stages of the insect pest. untreated control. Except PaCo4, all the other It caused 43.33 percent mortality of larvae isolates showed non-significant difference in which was significantly higher than the percentage of pupation than the control. The control mortality. Though there was 83.33 pupal period in L. lecanii isolate LlAICRP percent pupation in the remaining larvae, was 7.67 days and A. terreus isolates ArCo3 none emerged into adults. M anisopliae and PRg4 was 7.67 and 8.67 days isolate Ma AICRP had the least virulence respectively. There was no significant among the isolates and its effect on the difference in the mean pupal period between different stages of development of insect pest the isolates. was similar to that of untreated control. It showed the least mortality of the S. litura Percentage of Adult emergence and larvae, without any reduction in percent longevity pupation and percent adult emergence which are comparable with the untreated control. No adults emerged from the pupae infected with M. anisopliae isolate KoGn5. The Entomopathogenic fungi have been proven to percentages of adult emergence of the be effective in controlling different species of remaining isolates ranged from 61.67 to Spodoptera both in laboratory bioassay and in 83.33% compared to that of the control field conditions. Vinayagamoorthi et al., (90%). Theadult emergence of the larvae (2011) tested the efficacy of three local treated with A. terreus isolate PRg4 (46.69) isolates of B. bassiana on the larvae of S. and M anisopliae, LaMa1 (52.54) are litura and found isolate Bb10 to be most significantly lower than the control. A wide virulent in terms of percent mortality, LC50 variation was observed among the isolates in and LT50. their effect of the longevity of Spodoptera litura adults. The L. lecanii isolate LlAICRP In another study, they also tested the potential (5 days) significantly reduced the life span of of three isolates of M. anisopliae against S. S. litura adults compared to the control (10 litura and Euproctis fraterna (Castor hairy days). caterpillar) and noted that Ma2 isolate was more effective on both the insects than the It was observed that each isolate had a varied other two (Vinayagamoorthi et al., 2011). effect on the different stages of insect

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Table.1 Evaluation of different isolates of Entomopathogenic Fungi at different concentrations on mortality of S. litura

Isolates Percent mortality of S. litura neonates larvae at 7 Days LSD LC50 after Treatment @ 0.05 1 x 105 1 x 106 1 x 107 1 x 108 MaAICRP 27.89a ± 33.09bc ± 41.54abc ± 48.46c ± 9.17 4 x 107 2.97 4.48 3.16 3.16 (22) (30) (44) (56) KoGn5 21.69b ± 41.54a ± 48.46a ± 60.78ab ± 4.88 3 x 106 4.45 3.16 3.15 3.64 (14) (44) (56) (76) LaMa1 21.69b ± 27.89cd ± 40.33abcd 58.37ab ± 6.73 1 x 107 4.45 2.97 ±4.92 6.94 (14) (22) (42) (72) PaCo4 30.43a ± 5.70 36.82ab ± 47.31ab ± 63.73a ± 6.02 3 x 106 (26) 3.30 3.16 5.24 (36) (54) (80) Ll AICRP 21.68b ± 4.45 23.01de ± 27.17f ± 31.28d ± 10.47 3 x 1011 (14) 6.70 (16) 9.15 (22) 9.78 (28) ArCo3 10.82c ± 6.85 12.44f ± 14.98g ± 19.14e ± 11.53 7 x 1014 (4) 9.62 (6) 10.23 (8) 8.52 (12) PRg4 17.51bc ± 20.77de ± 37.75cde ± 48.51c ± 11.22 6 x 107 7.47 (10) 9.11 (14) 9.85 (38) 6.65 (56) LSD @ 0.05 7.01 8.04 8.72 8.64 Values are arc sine transformed mean mortality percentage ± SD (α = 0.05). Values in parentheses are actual mean mortality percentages. The figures denoted by same alphabet in a column are not significantly different by DMRT (p = 0.05)

100% mortality of the 3rd instar larvae of S. present study, different isolates of lituraseven days after treatment was reported Entomopathogenic fungi differ in their for some strains of M. anisopliae (Petlumal virulence against pest. The highest virulence and Prasertsan, 2012). Freed et al., (2012) against the three day old larvae was shown by tested several isolates of M. anisopliae the M. anisopliae isolate PaCo4 and A. isolated from different crops on terreus isolate ArCo3 was the least virulent. Spodopteraexigua and found that the isolates differ in their virulence against the pest. A M. Apart from the fungal strain, the susceptibility anisopliaeisolate FT83 was reported to show of an insect pest depends on various factors 100% mortality against S. exigua larvae (Han like dosage, method of application and the et al., 2014). temperature of the environment. Boucias et al., (1988) noted that direct spraying of the Shairra and Noah (2014) tested the efficacy of conidia on the insect surface enhanced the Entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes infectivity of the pathogenic fungi due to the against S. littoralis and found M. anisopliae to easy cuticular adhesion and germination of be very potent both individually and in the fungal conidia. combination with nematodes. Similarly, in the 2773

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Table.2 Evaluation of different isolates of Entomopathogenic Fungi on growth and development of 3rd instar larvae of S. litura

Isolates Larval duration Larval mortality Pupation (per cent) Pupal Period Adult emergence Adult longevity (days) (per cent) (days) (per cent) (days) MaAICRP 4.00 ± 0ab 14.20c ± 7.33 55.89ab ± 13.11 8.33a ± 1.15 56.92abc ± 30.47 8.67abcd ± 2.89 (6.67) (67.10) (61.67) Ma KoGn5 4.33 ± 0.58bc 36.14abc ± 19.34 75ab ± 25.98 Pupae failed to Pupae failed to Pupae failed to (36.67) (83.33) emerge emerge emerge Ma LaMa1 4.00 ± 0ab 21.83bc ± 14.33 76.36ab ± 23.62 8.00a ± 0 52.54ab ±10.25 9.00bcde ± 2.65 (16.67) (85.70) (62.60) Ma PaCo4 4.00 ± 0ab 26.07bc ± 7.40 50.64a ± 5.04 8.00a ± 0 66.92abc ±20.51 7.33ab ± 0.58 (20) (59.70) (78.33) Ll AICRP 4.67 ± 0.58c 51.14a ± 10.64 70ab ± 34.64 7.67a ± 0.58 75abc ± 25.98 5.00a ± 2.65 (60) (75.00) (83.33) Vl ArCo3 4.00 ± 0ab 38.85ab ± 21.29 75ab ±25.98 7.67a ± 0.58 68.44abc ± 18.67 7.67abc ± 0.58 (40) (83.33) (80.93) Vl PRg4 4.00 ± 0ab 32.71abc ± 10.64 77.41ab ±21.80 8.67a ± 0.58 46.69a ± 11.55 7.33ab ± 3.51 (30) (87.50) (52.60) Control 3.67 ± 0.58a -- 90b ± 0 8.00a ± 0 90c ± 0 10.00bcde ± 0 T8 (100.00) (100.00) LSD @ 5% 0.61 24.48 37.63 1.01 33.82 3.93 The values in percentages are arc sine transformed ± SD. Values in parentheses are means of actual percentage. The figures denoted by same alphabet in a column are not significantly different by DMRT (α = 0.05)

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The mode of employed in the carried out on the 3rd instar larvae to evaluate present study though showed less mortality the effect of fungal infection on the different percentage of the insect larvae compared to developmental stages of the S. litura such as some other reports closely mimics the mode mortality, larval duration, percentage and of application in the field and thus is more of duration of pupae, adult emergence practical use. percentage and longevity. It was found that the isolates increased the larval duration and Vinayagamoorthi et al., (2011) noted that the decreased the longevity of the adults of the mortality of the pest increases with the insect pest but did not affect the pupal period. increase in the conidial concentration. Results Similar result was reported by Malarvannan et in the present study also indicate that the al., (2010) but Hafez et al., (1997) reported mortality percentage of the S. litura larvae prolonged pupal duration in Phthorimaea increased with the increase in the conidial operculella treated with B. bassiana. concentration of the isolates. The decrease in the mortality percentage from the 1st instar It was found that each isolate in the study larvae to the 3rd instar larvae in the present affected the stages of insect development study is in agreement with findings in the differently. For instance, while L. lecanii previous studies that the susceptibility of an isolate Vl AICRP showed prolonged larval insect pest to the pathogenic fungi decreases duration, highest mortality and lowest adult with the increase in the age of the larvae longevity, M. anisopliae isolate PaCo4 had (Osborne et al., 1990). The body size and the the lowest percent pupation. It was also found increased immunity of the higher instar larvae that all the pupae of the KoGn5 treated larvae may affect the infection, multiplication and failed to emerge into adults. The mycosis of the fungi on the insect. metamorphosis of an insect is known to be greatly influenced by the juvenile hormone The unique mode of action of titre as its changes can cause disturbances in Entomopathogenic fungi involving contact the storage proteins and fats necessary for and penetration of the fungal conidia to the moulting (Palli and Locke, 1987; Koul and host cuticle makes them to be able to infect Isman, 1991). Larval-Pupal intermediates like sucking pests, such as aphids and mosquitoes deformed pupae such as those reported by (Wang and Feng, 2014) as well as the non- Malarnannan et al., (2010) were also seen in feeding stages of the insect pests (Anand et the present study. Asi et al., (2013) noted that al., 2009). Anand et al., (2009) treated the the susceptibility of an insect pest to the pupae of Spodoptera litura (Fab.), fungal pathogen decrease as the larvae grows. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with conidial However, in the present study, it was suspensions of different species of interesting to note that L. lecanii isolate Vl entomopathogenic fungi and found M AICRP which had only 28 percent mortality anisopliae to be most virulent among them against 1st instar larvae of S. litura at 108 followed by L. muscarium. Asi et al., (2013) conidia/ml had a mortality percentage of studied the effect of different 66.67% on the 3rd instar larvae even at a Entomopathogenic fungi against all life stages lower concentration of 106 conidia/ml. of Spodoptera litura and found that while pupae were less susceptible to fungal Eventhough, Aphanoascus spp are not known infection, eggs and larvae are more to be Entomopathogenic in nature, it was susceptible to the fungal infection. In the found in the present study that A. terreus present study, a laboratory bioassay was isolate PRg4 caused mortality of S. litura

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(2): 2768-2778 larvae similar to that of the AICRP strain of Asi MR, Bashir MH, Afzal M, Zia K, and M. anisopliae in the laboratory conditions. Akram M. 2013. Potential of Aphanoa scusterreus belongs to the family entomopathogenic fungi for biocontrol onygenaceae of Ascocmycetes. Many species of Spodoptera litura fabricius in the genus are known to be keratinolytic (lepidoptera: noctuidae). J Anim Plant saprotroph mostly found in keratin rich soils. Sci. 23:913-918. Chrysosporium, a teleomorph of the Askary H, Carriere Y, Belanger RRand Aphanoascus is reported to control mosquitos Brodeur J. 1998.Pathogenicity of the (Preeti and Prakash, 2010). fungus lecanii to aphids Entomopathogenic fungi are important and powdery mildew. Biocontrol components of Biological control of insect SciTechn. 8: 23-32. pests.Wide variations occur in the effectivity Boucias DG, Pendland JCand Latge JP. 1988. of different strains and selection of virulent Nonspecific factors involved in ones is critical in their success. Few isolates attachment of Entomopathogenic in the present study were promising Deuteromycetes to host insect candidates for further investigation on their cuticle. Appl Environ Microb. 54: 1795- field efficacy before their successful use in 1805. agriculture. Moreover, the efficient mass Brown ES and Dewhurst CF. 1975. The genus multiplication of the virulent isolates also Spodoptera (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) in plays a key role in their employability as Africa and the Near East. BEntomol Mycopesticides Res.65: 221-262. Chandra Teja,KNP,and Rahman SJ. 2016. Acknowledgements Characterisation and evaluationof Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) The authors are thankful to NBAIR, Sorokin strains for their temperature Bengaluru for kindly providing the eggs of S. tolerance, Mycology. litura for the study. Cho EM, Liu L, Farmerie Wand Keyhani NO. 2006. EST analysis of cDNA libraries References from the Beauveria () bassiana. I. Abbott WS. 1925. A method of computing the Evidence for stage-specific gene effectiveness of an . J. expression in aerial conidia, in vitro econ.Entomol. 18: 265-267. blastospores and submerged Alavo TB. 2015. The insect pathogenic conidia. Microbiology. 152: 2843-2854. fungus Verticillium lecanii (zimm.) deFaria MRand Wraight SP. 2007. Viegas and its use for pests control: a Mycoinsecticides and mycoacaricides: a review. JExpBiol, 3. comprehensive list with worldwide Anand R, Birendra P, and Bhupendra NT. coverage and international classification 2009.Relative susceptibility of of formulation types. Biol Control. 43: Spodoptera litura pupae to selected 237-256. entomopathogenic fungi. BioControl. Feng MG, Poprawski TJand Khachatourians 54:85-92. GG. 1994. Production, formulation and Armes, Nigel J., et al., 1997. Status of application of the entomopathogenic insecticide resistance in Spodoptera fungus Beauveriabassiana for insect litura in Andhra Pradesh, India. Pest control: current status. Biocontrol Sci. 50: 240-248. SciTechn 4: 3-34.

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How to cite this article:

Chandra Teja. K. N. P. and Rahman. S. J. 2020. Virulence of Local isolates of Entomopathogenic Fungi on the common agricultural pest Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Lepidoptera:Noctuidae. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(02): 2768-2778. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.902.315

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