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Breeding Ecology of the Malagasy Endemic Nelicourvi Weaver Ploceus Nelicourvi

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Breeding Ecology of the Malagasy Endemic Nelicourvi Weaver Ploceus Nelicourvi Ornithol Sci 11: 39 – 46 (2012) ORIGINAL ARTICLE Breeding Ecology of the Malagasy Endemic Nelicourvi Weaver Ploceus nelicourvi Hajanirina RAKOTOMANANA1,# and Masahiko NAKAMURA2 1 Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo (101), Madagascar 2 Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Joetsu University of Education, 1 Yamayashiki-machi, Joetsu-shi, Niigata 943–8512, Japan Abstract The Nelicourvi Weaver Ploceus nelicourvi is endemic to Madagascar and ORNITHOLOGICAL information on its breeding biology is scarce and fragmentary. The behavior and SCIENCE parental care of the Nelicourvi Weaver were investigated in Maromizaha Park, eastern © The Ornithological Society Madagascar, from November 2009 to January 2010. We found three nests located of Japan 2012 250–700 m apart, suspended 3–10 m above the ground from branches of Nastus spp. (Poaceae) and Trema orientalis (Ulmaceae) above open areas such as streams or trails. The nests were bulky woven structures each with an extended entrance tunnel (ca. 14 cm long). Over a period of about 12 days, the males built the nest structures and the females contributed the nest lining material. The female alone incubated the eggs for about 15 days, and undertook most of the brooding of the young, with only some assistance from the male. During the nestling period, which lasted 13–25 days, both sexes delivered food (mainly beetles, grasshoppers, caterpillars and occasionally small chameleons) to the nestlings. These results suggest that the Nelicourvi Weaver is a socially monogamous bird. Key words Biparental care, Dimorphism, Madagascar, Monogamy, Ploceus nelicourvi The Nelicourvi Weaver Ploceus nelicourvi is a materials used for nest building but did not study sexually dimorphic passerine in the Ploceidae family breeding aspects of the species. All information is (Langrand 1990). It is endemic to the island of fundamental for clarifying the nature of the species Madagascar, and widely distributed along the eastern breeding system. Due to a lack of time and the inher- side and northwestern corner of the island, between ent difficulties in observing birds in humid evergreen sea level and an altitude of 1,800 m (Langrand 1990). forests, neither the relative contributions of males The Nelicourvi Weaver is a solitary nester in ever- and females to incubation and brooding, nor the green forest (Langrand 1990). detailed aspects of their breeding behavior, have been The Nelicourvi Weaver is categorized as of Least described. Concern in the IUCN Red List of threatened species In this paper, we report our observations providing (Birdlife International 2009). However, information the first systematic information relating to the roles on its breeding aspects is scarce and fragmentary of males and females in nest building, incubation of (Craig 2010). Previous observations of its breeding the eggs, and caring for the young, during the breed- biology come mainly from Craig (1989, 1999, 2003 ing period. Several authors (e.g. Langrand 1990; and 2010) and Oschadleus (2008). Craig (1989, 1999, Morris & Hawkins 1998; Craig 2010) have indicated 2003 and 2010) observed few nests and three eggs as that this species benefits regularly from feeding on a clutch, but suggested that the species is socially insects in mixed-species flocks. However, no data are monogamous, and assumed the existence of long- available on nestling diet. The first detailed data on term pair bonding. Oschadleus (2008) described the prey items delivered to young are also provided here. (Received 30 June 2011; Accepted 23 April 2012) # Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] 39 H. RAKOTOMANANA and M. NAKAMURA STUDY AREA AND METHODS clearing or over a path. To search for nests, we walked along the forest path and trails in the forest. 1) Study area Once a nest was discovered, we commenced direct The Nelicourvi Weaver’s breeding biology (from observations (using a 20 x telescope equipped with a the nest building to the nestling stage) was studied in Sony PCS-W5 digital camera) and indirect observa- the Maromizaha rainforest, eastern Madagascar tions (using a Sony video Hi8 camera, CCD-TRV (18°58′S, 48°27′E), at an altitude of about 1,015 m, 96). We found three nests, Nests A, B and C, in from November 2009 to January 2010. The forest Maromizaha rain forest. Nest C was abandoned for consists of secondary and primary growth. The higher unknown reasons. Nests were observed daily from and the middle strata are composed mainly of the 0450 to 1200 or from 1300 to 1700, for a total of following trees and shrubs: Uapaca sp. (Euphorbia- 133.64 hours by digiscope and for 84.00 hours by ceae), Tambourissa spp. (Monimiaceae), Protorhus video camera. Data from direct and indirect observa- spp. (Anacardiaceae), Pandanus spp. (Pandanaceae), tions were combined and analyzed. Data were Eugenia spp. (Myrtaceae), Dypsis spp. (Arecaceae), obtained from the male and female at Nest B, both of Dracaena spp. (Dracaenaceae). The understory is which were ringed on the right foot leg with two composed largely of Cyathea spp. (Cyatheaceae), aluminum tags, and from the un-ringed pair at Nest Psychotria spp. (Rubiaceae), and Oncostemon spp. A. (Myrsinaceae). September and October are the driest The nest building stage was investigated for a total months and the rainy season extends from November of 16.30 hours at Nest B from 30 November to 7 until August. The average annual rainfall recorded in December. Observations during the incubation period the region is about 1,779.6 mm, and the mean annual totaled 30.45 hours (19.62 hours for Nest A from 1 temperature is approximately 20.4°C (Antananarivo to 3 December and 10.83 hours for Nest B from 10 Station). to 20 December). Due to the short period of observa- tions during incubation, data from nests A and B 2) Body size were combined. A total of 170.89 hours of observa- Morphometric measurements of Nelicourvi tions were made during the nestling stage (117.81 Weavers were obtained from the individuals captured hours at Nest A from 3 to 27 December and 53.08 in the field by using mist nets (12 m long, 4 shelves, hours at Nest B from 28 December 2009 to 7 January 36 mm mesh). Birds were weighed to the nearest 2010). 0.1 g using a pesola balance and their bill, wing, To examine the differing contributions of the male tarsus and tail lengths were measured to the nearest and female during the different stages of breeding, 0.1 mm using calipers. nest building, incubation, brooding and feeding fre- quency (times h –1 brood –1), and the types of prey 3) Sex determination items delivered to the young, were studied. The size We determined the sex of individual Nelicourvi Weavers based on sexual dimorphism in their plum- age coloration. The male has a black forehead, crown and cheeks, rounded plain olive green wings, a brownish green tail and a rufous undertail. The female differs from the male in lacking the black cap and in having a yellow head, with exception of a dark line from the bill to the eye. This bill is yellowish, often with black patches, and the iris is brown to reddish-brown. We found a young bird, close to Nest A (see below), which had a greenish-yellow head and which was generally more dull than the female (Langrand 1990). 4) Field observations The Nelicourvi Weaver builds bulky woven nests, Fig. 1. Measuring nests: three dimensions of Nelicourvi which are suspended from a branch above a stream Weaver’s nest. 40 Breeding Ecology of Nelicourvi Weaver of prey, in comparison with the bird’s bill size, was females (Table 1) evaluated. We calculated the percentage of time spent by each sex in each behavior during the nest build- 2) Nest description ing, incubation and brooding stages, in relation to the We found three nests (Nests A, B and C) located total observation time. Full time incubation (starting 250–700 m apart, suspended 3–10 m above the after the egg laying date) means that the incubating ground from branches of Nastus spp. (Poaceae) and individual sits on the clutch continuously for more Trema orientalis (Ulmaceae) above open areas such than 80% of the time. Nest location, nesting plant as streams or trails (Table 2). species and nesting plant characteristics (height Nests were woven mainly with fresh green Areca- above the ground, scientific name) were recorded. ceae fibers (about 51 cm in length), which were Nest materials and size were examined and described. mixed with some Panicum sp. (Poaceae), and The entrance tube length, nest length and depth, and Podocarpus sp. (Podocarpaceae) leaves, and Areca- nest height from the ground (see Fig. 1), were each ceae hairs. The interior of the brood chamber was measured following Quader (2006). We could not see mainly constructed from the hairs of Dypsis sp. (Are- the eggs in the nest because of its complicated struc- caceae) mixed with some Pandanus sp. (Pandana- ture; however, egg color was established based on ceae) leaves and some fibers from Dypsis fibrosa egg shell fragments carried from the nest by the (Arecaceae). After the brood chamber was completed, adults. the tunnel (tube) was extended. RESULTS 3) Nest building and behavior No data are available for the construction phase of 1) Body size Nest A because it was already complete when we No significant differences were found in wing discovered it. Construction of Nest B began on 29 length, bill, tarsus and tail lengths between two sexes November, and was completed on 10 December, of Nelicourvi Weavers (Table 1), whereas body indicating that a nest-building period was about 12 weight differed significantly between males and days for the breeding pair. During the nest-building period, the leaves of the surrounding branches were removed (cut) by the nesting pair (until the incuba- Table 1.
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