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Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain

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Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain International Council on Monuments and Sites 11 rue du Séminaire de Conflans 94220 Charenton-le-Pont France © ICOMOS, 2015. All rights reserved ISBN 978-2-918086-17-8 (e-version) Cover (from left to right) Algérie - Vue aérienne des regards d’entretien d’une foggara (N.O Timimoune, Georges Steinmetz, 2007) Oman - Restored distributing point (UNESCO website, photo Jean-Jacques Gelbart) Iran - Shushtar, Gargar Dam and the areas of mills (nomination file, SP of Iran, ICHHTO) Tunisie - Vue de l’aqueduc de Zaghouan-Carthage (M. Khanoussi) Turkey - The traverten pools in Pamukkale (ICOMOS National Committee of Turkey) Layout: Trina Moine Acknowledgements In preparing The cultural heritages of water in the Middle East and Maghreb Thematic Study, ICOMOS would like to acknowledge the support and contribution of the Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage and in particular H.E. Sheikha Mai bint Mohammed AI Khalifa, Minister of Culture of the Kingdom of Bahrain; Pr. Michel Cotte, ICOMOS advisor; and Regina Durighello, Director of the World Heritage Unit. Remerciements En préparant cette étude thématique sur Les patrimoines culturels de l'eau au Moyen-Orient et au Maghreb, l’ICOMOS remercie pour son aide et sa contribution le Centre régional arabe pour le patrimoine mondial (ARC-WH) et plus particulièrement S. Exc. Mme Sheikha Mai bint Mohammed AI Khalifa, Ministre de la culture, Royaume de Bahreïn, le Pr. Michel Cotte, conseiller de l’ICOMOS et Regina Durighello, directeur de l’Unité du patrimoine mondial. Table of contents ⏐ Table des matières Acknowledgements ⏐Remerciements Introduction ⏐Introduction Cultural heritages of water – Introduction for a thematic study in the spirit of the World Heritage Convention 11 Les patrimoines culturels de l'eau, introduction pour une étude thématique dans l’esprit de la Convention du patrimoine mondial 27 Sub-region A: Atlantic Maghreb Les patrimoines culturels de l’eau au Maroc 45 Mohammed El Faïz Etude de cas : Les jardins historiques de l’Agdal de Marrakech (1157-2014) : un conservatoire national du patrimoine hydraulique 55 Patrimoine culturel de l’eau en Mauritanie 57 Mohamed Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Yehdhih et Assane Gaye Etude de cas : Paysages culturels liés à l’eau, cas de la ville de Oualata : le puits Bir M'bouyé 75 Sub-region B: Mediterranean Maghreb Le patrimoine de l’eau en Algérie : une succession d’héritages 79 Yamna Djellouli-Tabet Etude de cas N1 : Les foggaras de la Vallée du M’zab 96 Etude de cas N2 : Les foggaras du Sud-Ouest algérien 98 Les patrimoines culturels de l’eau, l’exemple de la Tunisie 101 Mustapha Khanoussi Etude de cas N1 : Le complexe hydraulique de Zaghouan-Carthage 110 Monia Adili Etude de cas N2 : Les bassins des Aghlabides de Kairouan 114 Mohamed Louati Etude de cas N3 : Le système d’irrigation dans l’oasis de Gafsa 117 Mustapha Khanoussi Sub-region C: Egypt, North-Sudan, Eritrea Water Heritage of Egypt and Nile Region 123 Fekri A. Hassan Case Study N1: Rhoda Nilometer 137 Case Study N2: Sadd el-Kafra Dam 139 Case Study N3: El-Lahun Dam 140 Sub-region D: Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Jordan Water management in arid and semi-arid regions. Challenges and solutions through the ages: Examples from Syria and Jordan 145 Karin Bartl Sub-region E: Turkey The cultural heritages of water in Turkey 165 Gulsun Tanyeli, Deniz Ikiz Sub-region F: Iraq, Kuwait Overview on Kuwait water heritage 183 Noora Al Musallam Sub-region G: Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain Case study – The aflaj irrigation system (Oman) 203 From the ICOMOS evaluation for the 30th World Heritage Committee Session, 2006 Origin and technique of the Falaj System: an evidence from the United Arab Emirates 211 Walid Yasin Al Tikriti Water heritage in Qatar 223 Phillip G. Macumber Sub-region H: Iran Overview on Technical and Cultural Heritage of Qanats in Bam Region (Iran) 243 Ali Asghar Semsar Yazdi, Majid Labbaf Khaneiki Case study – Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System (Iran) 259 From the ICOMOS evaluation for the 33th World Heritage Committee Session, 2009 Conclusion⏐Conclusion 269 Appendix 1⏐Annexe 1 Cartographie introductive au thème des patrimoines culturels de l’eau dans les régions arides et sèches Sabrina Suaud Appendix 2⏐Annexe 2 Les patrimoines culturels de l’eau au Moyen-Orient et au Maghreb dans la Liste du patrimoine mondial et les listes indicatives Clémence Grimal Introduction⏐Introduction Cultural heritages of water – Introduction for a thematic study in the spirit of the World Heritage Convention (I) The cultural heritages of water in the Middle East and Maghreb Prof. Michel Cotte 1 Context of thematic study The thematic study proposed by ICOMOS follows considerable reflection and many actions at international level, particularly under the auspices of the various agencies of the UN, UNESCO, and specialised NGOs with acknowledged expertise. The focus of these organisations is guided by a concern to encourage the sustainable development of human societies, and particularly to help master the technical, social and cultural factors linked to access to water and the use of water. This is easily understandable in view of regional situations characterised by rapid demographic growth and equally swift changes in individual and collective behaviour. Over recent years a series of urgent and in some cases disastrous situations have arisen in the field of water access. Sociotechnical systems for the acquisition and use of water have steadily increased in scale, requiring increasing quantities of resources which are, at best, stable, and in some cases are non- renewable. Because of climate change, resources today are under threat from long-term trends which are quite difficult to predict with precision on a regional basis, but which are however certain to occur. This combination of factors relating to challenges in the water sector is quite rightly generating profound concerns about this issue. In this context, a return to traditional cultural heritages linked to water – some dating back more than a thousand years - would seem to be a necessary, or at least useful, approach. The initial aim of the approach we are adopting here is to provide assistance for recognising, studying and preserving heritage of this type. From this viewpoint, the framework provided by the World Heritage Convention is an important tool, and can provide instructive insights, when it comes to identifying sites and cultural landscapes with Outstanding Universal Value which are linked to the exploitation and use of water by human societies both today and in the past. It can play perhaps an even more important role in providing a methodology for the identification and then the preservation of such heritages, in a wider context, not only for properties which could be nominated for the World Heritage List, but also for properties of regional or local importance. The aim will also be to establish benchmark examples, which are highlighted for the benefit of everyone, and whose transmission to future generations can be assured in an appropriate way. A distinction must be drawn here between living heritages, which are still active and supporting contemporary human communities, and archaeological heritages or relict landscapes, which bear witness to the societies of the past. Finally, an international water heritage which is appropriately identified, and whose true value is recognised, can constitute a thesaurus of sustainable technical solutions whose tangible, social and energy costs are reasonable when compared to the extreme responses of contemporary techno-science applied to the field of water. It is important to compare with equanimity modern solutions with ancestral wisdom in the management and use of water heritages. 2 The importance and richness of the theme of water as a cultural heritage of humanity Water clearly has a special place amongst the many relationships which exist between man and nature. It is a permanent and essential human need. It is important to note that the human body contains about 80% of water, in a variety of forms. This permanent biophysical equilibrium must be 11 maintained, and is quite simply crucial for life itself. Wildlife accompanies water resources and adapts to them, in particular by the evolution of species. Man tries to free himself from this purely deterministic situation by his technical responses and his social organisation, in order to control and manage his access to water resources on a sustainable basis. Access to water is a vital element common to all human civilisations; there are no exceptions, meaning that all civilisations have a water culture. In the course of history, this has led to a wide variety of tangible and social expressions, which we may consider to be one of the fundamental heritages of humanity. Social groups have always organised, and continue to organise, the management and use of water. Management is necessary on an everyday basis, but its technical and social implications continue into the medium-term and long-term future, and sometimes into the very long-term. Societies try to sustainably control this relationship of dependency in all its various components, which is a prerequisite for the survival of the human group; and they know, more or less consciously, that, if they do not succeed, their collective future will be compromised, in a more or less long-term perspective. A distinction should first be drawn between fresh water and salt water. The subject of the sea, and more generally man’s relations to the marine environment, will not be considered in this initial approach. In itself this is an extremely rich theme, whose frontiers are quite clearly marked compared with the subject we are considering here, although there are some obvious points of contact and similarities, and also some overlaps (estuaries, polders, desalination of water, etc.). We will limit the field of heritage considered to fresh water and inland water.
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