CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter tells about the background of the study, the focus of the study, research formulation, significances of the study, previous studies, frame of thought, research methods, and research system.

1.1 Research Background Literature takes an important role in human life, especially in their culture. It has effect to social thought. Pokrivčák et al. (2000: 59) say that literature contributes significantly to constituting and raising cultural understanding and starting changes in public thoughts. So with such literature could not be separated from human life, even literature into the culture of the society, that is makes the literature important in human life. It is commonly accepted that language is a part of culture, and that it plays a very important role in it (Jiang, 2000: 328). Language is one important thing in human life. People use language in everyday life with a variety of goals, as stated by (Finch, 2003: 21) say that language used for an almost infinite number of purposes, from writing letters, or ordering something, to gossiping with our friends, making speeches and talking to ourselves in the mirror. People are social creatures who needs other people, of course, in the social life requires the language to communicate with each other, meaning that communication is a two-way communication, which is mutually intelligible to each other, can be express feelings, provide the information, asking for something, or any other. (Finch 2003: 35) He stated that communication is two-way practice, on the other hand we need to be able to use language to express ourselves to others, and conversely, we need it in order to recognize what they are communicating with us. Study about literature has been researched by several researchers. The aims of researches in average are language as art side, even from the music, poem, poetry, novels. Literature as a tool for uncovered the music or novel from a language as art side. The example of literature analysis in lyric of music (Sakadolskis: 2003, Wigati: 2003, Sopyan: 2005, Khodijah: 2010, Masruri: 2012, and Olsson: 2010,), and the other example of literature analysis in novel (Fadhila: 2011). On the other hand, the literature placed as a media for learning English as a second language through music (Fussell & Moss: 1998, Salcedo: 2002, and Rosová: 2007). The literature study also has been researched about the lifestyle society (Kronrod & Danziger: 2013). The research about literature is not only for learning English, find the art side, and society life, but also it can be a tool for therapy (Cardin: 2004). Many languages in this world, one of them is English. English is very special language. Finch (2003: 37) he stated that English is a melodic language. It has function to give delight color in literature, or pleasure function, especially in music. Songs that use the English language very much audience in Indonesia, both from the musicians in the country and foreign musicians, but not everyone who is listening to the song which the lyrics using the English language, will understand the true meaning of that lyrics. Sometimes they are also a little confused when they hear a song whose lyrics using figurative language, such as metaphor, whereas the metaphor that makes the song into a beautiful and more colorful, although seemed a little strange. The song will be felt interesting when sung enumerated by singer whose voice is melodious, it will add to the sense in the lyrics, touching the hearts of listeners, and often makes the listener into goosebumps when the listener is hearing a singer whose voice is melodious. Likewise, the appearance and good looks singers appeal to the listeners the song, and it could be a hallmark of its own, which differentiates it from any other singer or band. There are so many bands who favored songs by songs listener, one of them is Simple Plan. Simple Plan is a pop rock band from Montréal, Québec, Canada. The band is fronted by 5 personels, they are Pierre Bouvier, Jeff Stinco, Sébastien Lefebvre, Chuck Comeau and David Desrosiers. Since forming they have never experienced a change of personnel. Here is the history of the formation of the band Simple Plan. In 1996, the band Reset formed by Pierre Bouvier, Chuck Comeau, Philippe Jolicoeur, and Adrian White. Reset toured in Canada with MxPx, Ten Foot Pole, and Face to Face, although they are not too managed to get popularity. Their debut album, No Worries, was released in 1999. Soon, Chuck Comeau away from the band to go to college. Two years later he met with his friends Senior during hugh school, Jeff Stinco and Sébastien Lefebvre, who at that time were in their own band, and they intend to merge to form his own band. Meanwhile, Reset released their second album, No Limits. One day, Comeau and Bouvier met again in the Sugar Ray concert and Bouvier left Reset to join Comeau. David Desrosiers then replaced Bouvier in Reset, but he also left Reset six months later and joined by Bouvier. This makes Bouvier can concentrate on vocals, having previously had concurrent fill positions at the same vocal bass. The origin of the name of Simple Plan is not clear. When asked, the band often provide answers in the form of jokes, including one of them is because they formed the band as an "impromptu plan" to avoid working in fast food restaurants. But anyway, most likely, the name "Simple Plan" is taken from the title of the movie "A Simple Plan", or piebald work song titled "Just a Simple Plan". Talking about music could not be separated from the tastes of listener, some listener loves mellow love songs, nothing like songs that rock genre, or also the reggae genre. Band pop rock genre that much favored by music lovers one is Guns And Roses. Guns N 'Roses (GNR) is a pop rock band same like Simple Plan. Guns And Roses from the United States, established in 1984 and officially in March 1985. GNR is a founding member Axl Rose is a former Hollywood Rose vocalist Ian Tracii Guns are also former LA Guns guitarist. The group was founded in Los Angeles, the United States had a chance to changing personnel even Tracii Guns also leave this group. Starting in 1983, when it was after failing to join the Poison along his childhood friend, Steven Adler, they together form a Road Crew. Slash put an ad in a newspaper for a bassist, and after that he received a response from Duff McKagan. When the Road Crew disbanded, Slash joined a local band, Black Sheep. Chaired by Willie Bass, the band is then shared an agent with another band, known as Hollywood Rose. The fans of reggae music is also not lose a lot of listeners. The flow of reggae music is very well known and comes from Jamaica, and the music is usually synonymous with dreadlocks and long hair. In addition, this music is never separated from the three elements of color, namely red, yellow, and green, it is like the color of the traffic light. This music also known as the music is pleasant to hear when in a relaxed condition. Many people also said "enjoy like in the beach" or in Indonesian language we says "santai kaya di pantai". There is a unique designation for the lovers of reggae music, namely 'Rastamania', as well as 'Rocker' for people who like rock music. Talking about reggae music, not a few are also people who say that reggae music is the music of people who are not good, people walking right, people are lazy, lazy shower, lazy worked, and others. But it is legitimate, music tastes can not be forced. Band that brought reggae music that is booming today one of which is the band Magic!. This band from Toronto, Ontario, Canada and have 4 personnel’s, namely Nasri, Mark Pellizzer, Alex Tanas and Ben Spivak formed in 2012. The band is well-known as well as single song titled "Rude". The song became a song that many heard around the world, even be a song that was on top of music. Reggae band usually rendition of the theme of social, natural, and life. But many also sing the theme song of love. Magic! not miss the band also performed the song with the theme of love. Although the band is relatively young in formation, but not a few people who love it. Not only where the band was formed, namely Canada, but also abroad, even to Indonesia, it is because the song they performed was nice to hear even more packed in the strains of reggae music is unique and different from other music. The researcher interest to the phenomenon in society about the people who listen the English song. Perhaps listeners of English songs from Indonesia who do not use English as a first language or the second language, but they use English as a foreign language does not fully understand the meaning of the songs which they hear, they might just hear, but did not receive the message by composer well, it would be better if they understand the meaning of the songs that they hear. In the songs of the band Simple Plan many songs with the theme of love, and almost every love songs, songs of Simple Plan are always many who love it, almost of them are young people. Simple Plan is also one of the pop rock band fairly senior and still active in the international music world. Some love the theme song of this band is called Jet Lag, Summer Paradise, and Welcome To My Life. Jet Lag song is rock song, which sung by Simple Plan feat Natasha Beningfield, and song entitled Summer Paradise is sung by Simple Plan feat K’naan. The songs are still catchy until now, despite many new pop rock band that brings fresh music. Also pop rock band that is guns and roses, a lot of love songs favored by pop rock music lovers, although the songs are songs that have long been famous, because guns and roses is one of the legendary pop rock band whose songs is still good to hear until now. The love songs of guns and roses like Don’t Cry, November Rain, and Sweet Child O 'Mine, is still catchy and timeless. Reggae band, like Magic! also not lost in carrying the theme song of love. Lots of songs are so catchy, not only in Canada where this band derived his famous songs, but also throughout the world, as well as in Indonesia. Songs with the theme of love from Magic! like No Way No, One Woman One Man, and Rude, may be familiar to the ears of Reggae music lovers, especially fans of Magic! band it self. In every single song from Simple Plan, Guns And Roses, and Magic! maybe their uses figurative language, that have connotative meaning, which means it has meaning more than one meaning. It would be a little difficult to understand if song listeners do not understand what figurative language is. So the writer is of interest to analyze the figurative language that there are in lyrics from three different genres of music, pop, rock, and reggae from three groups of band, there are Simple Plan, Guns And Roses, and Magic! love songs.

1.2 Focus of the Study The role of language in social life simply could not be separated. Especially for students who are learning the language. They need a way to understand the culture of a society through the language spoken in the community, and the best way to understand a culture is to go directly to the community itself. For many language learners, the ideal way to deepen reviews their understanding of life in the country where that language is spoken, if it were possible. But how if it could not be done, then it takes another way in which the students do not go directly to the public. Coolie & Slater (1987) stated that students receive language comprehension through a variety of ways: through film or video, radio, newspapers, and literature. It is true characters from many social backgrounds can be depicted through novels, movies, songs etc. Therefore, understanding the literature in social life is important. The focus of the study in this research is focused on the domain of literature, rather leads to the figurative language in the love song lyrics of three differences genre of music, there are Pop, Rock, and Reggae, of course, from different groups of music. The first is Simple Plan, it is famous Pop Rock band. The second is Guns and Roses, it is one of the Pop Rock band that their song are still exist till now, and become the legend of rock band. The last is from reggae genre of music, one of the famous reggae band is Magic!. This group band stills exist and have many devotees around the world. Benefits of literature than as art can also be used for language learning. Literature is perhaps best seen as a complement to other materials used to increase of the foreign learner's insight into the country whose language is being learned.

1.3 Research Formulation Based on the problem in background above, the researcher makes the formulation from the problem, that is: - What kinds of figurative language exist in Pop, Rock, and Reggae love songs? - What are the dominant figurative languages that use in three different genres of music (pop, rock, and reggae love songs)?

1.4 Aims of the Research Based on the research formulation above, the researcher makes the aims of the research is: - To identify the kinds of figurative language exist in Pop, Rock, and Reggae love songs. - To identify the dominant figurative languages that use in three different genres of music (pop, rock, and reggae love songs)?

1.5 Significances of the Study The significance of this research divided into two kinds, they are theoretically and practically. Theoretically, significance of this research is to broaden the knowledge about figurative language, especially for students in language learning and in literature subject. Why do we need to study our literature, not just because in it there is the quality of our language, studying literature also means we discover science in a way of thinking that has been reflected by the authors, we can gain insight from the ideas about the world and the reality portrayed through the language authors. Even social critics, politics, law, contained in the literature can help us make decisions in the transition of social life, politics, and law. Such as the songs by Iwan Fals. Literature also used as teaching material in schools. Sumardjo & Saini (1986: 8) teaching literature can contribute significantly to the success of human development is desirable, as long as it carried out with the right approach, the approach that stimulates the heart if, though the flavor, though the thought and sports. Figurative language can be used as content or instructional materials in teaching literature in junior high school or senior high school. For example in a school are taught about literature about figurative language, be it from the text of the drama, novel, song lyrics. Students understand the importance of figurative language, in order to understand the intended meaning from novelist, song lyrics or literature like, so they can catch and infer the content contained in the reading of literary texts. Students also can reveal the types of figurative language in the text of the drama, novel, song lyrics, after it was able to find Figurative language in the text of fiction or non-fiction. Using songs is a really great way to improve pronunciation and grammar, and likely to learn and remember new vocabulary, figurative language, and idiom. Of course listening to English songs, we will follow what the singers sing, automatically our mouths will be familiar with the words of a foreign language, and also increase list of vocabulary by remember the words or the lyrics of the songs. The song is also favored by many people, especially the theme song of love. The teenagers in school age who are usually already familiar with the feeling of love, a love song as representing their feelings. They also would not just listen to the love song, but also seeks want to know the meaning of the song. By looking at the wording of the song they learn grammar. They listen to love songs usually use unusual language, meaning that in a love song we could not translate the song literally, because it means it will feel strange. Figurative language is used in a song, and the song is an effective means to increase student interest, as they do not feel bored when learning to use the song. So it is expected to research about the figurative language in pop, rock, and reggae love song can improve students' interest in learning the English language, especially in works of art or literature. Practically, the result of this research to facilitate students in learning literature as a content of learning, especially in the case of figurative language, such as from novel, poem, song, text, newspaper, magazine, or other, and the future could be developed so that they are able to use figurative language to write both fiction and non- fiction. Generally are for common people. So they understand the message or the main point of the lyrics from author song.

1.6 Previous Studies Researches on figurative language have been carried out by some of Researchers. Figurative language mostly used in the context of literature, for example in the novel, poetry, song lyric, poem, and so on. Reviews such as for the teaching materials in and learning process, or simply as an art of language in literature commonly enjoyed as human entertainment. Now also has developed into a medium healing therapy conducted by experts and have done research on it. Previous studies on literature especially focused on figurative language in lyric songs have been researched by several people, as researched by Masruri, (2012) who has conducted a study of figurative language in lyrics songs on the songs of the Letto, a group band from Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In a study that conducted by Masruri were found several types of figurative language in the lyrics of the songs of Letto band. He was analyzed the figurative language in the lyrics of the song the Letto band by analyzing sentence by sentence. Some types of figurative language found in the study such as: personification, ellipsis, rhetoric, metaphor, etc. But research about figurative language in the song lyrics of this is using song lyrics in Indonesian language. Similar studies, about figurative language in song lyrics also been carried out by Khodijah (2005). She has analyzed the figurative language in song lyrics in the songs of the Nirvana band, the band that comes from Washington, United States of America. In that study also found several types of figurative language in the lyrics of the song of Nirvana band. Some types of figurative language in the lyrics of the Nirvana band such as: alliteration, antithesis, anaphora, etc. Research on Figurative Language in the Nirvana song performed by Khodijah was analyzed sentence by sentence, similar to the Masruri’s research. On her research is document studies, because the data in not exist on people or some places but the information can be found in document form, that is a text lyric from internet. The use of figurative language in the construction of musical meaning in musical classes has been researched by Sakadolskis (2003). The intent of this study was to examine how musical meaning is constructed using figurative language in the music classroom. He observed three sixth-grade general music classes taught by one teacher in a private school for girls. Audio recordings of nineteen class sessions, including individual discourse of the teacher and six students, were transcribed for analysis. Cognitive scientists use many modes of analysis to understand how we perceive, think, remember, understand and learn. The study of language is one such mode of analysis. Many cognitive psychologists and researchers (Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner, Gardner and others) have stressed the importance of language in the cognitive process. Teachers’ awareness of the different types of language that children use is a need for effective learning and teaching. Research about figurative language in emotional communication from Fussell (1998) figurative language has been flourishing in psychology and other related fields. The result is in everyday life, not only people report emotional experiences most often to close friends, spouses and partners, or other members of family, but these emotional experiences may involve their friends and family members in diverse ways. As a result, emotional expression is likely to be tempered by face management concerns and by norms about self confession of emotions. Research by Kronrod & Danziger (2013) has been researched about figurative language in lifestyle society, especially talking about the effect of figurative language in advertising. Figurative language in advertising affects product attitudes positively across contexts. The results of this research indicate consumer use of figurative language depends on the goal of consumption, consumers use figurative language more to describe hedonic consumption than utilitarian consumption. The research about therapy by using figurative language is by Cardin (2004). Results of this research indicated that the majority of figurative language used in examples of expert therapy is metaphoric in nature. Additionally, it was found that the mostly of figurative language are frozen in meaning or were commonly used. A small percentage of figures of speech were shared conceptually between the therapist and the client. Regarding the shared figurative language, a statistically significant difference between therapists and clients with regard to their production of shared figurative language was found and indicates that use of shared figurative language by expert therapists may be a subtle and indirect way in which therapeutic alliance is initially established as well as maintained. From the researches above, many researchers take figurative language in literature as their researches object, and many purposes why they did the research, generally are to increase the knowledge about figurative language. The researcher is interested to do a research about literature, as did by Khodijah and Masruri which specifically about the used figurative language in songs, but the songs are different with Khodijah and Masrurui. While Khodijah did research about figurative language in the songs from Nirvana Band, and Masruri did study of figurative language in songs from Letto band, that using Indonesian language. Here the researcher will analyze the figurative language from three different genre of music, there are pop, rock and reggae, and also from different groups band, that are Simple Plan, Guns and Roses, and Magic!, but in one theme of song, that is love song.

1.7 Frame of Thought This subchapter describes the some frame of thought or in other word we called as theoretical review that supports this thesis about the analysis of figurative language in three different genres of music (pop, rock, and reggae love song). The function of theory in composition studies is to provide generalized accounts of what writing is and how does it works. It means that the theory function can be espouser of what the researcher writes about his thesis. It is divided in to seven subdivisions. There are namely description of language, description of figurative language, description of music, description of pop music, description of rock music, description of reggae music, and description of song. To have general concept, some theories was entered dealing with the title of the research. They will be described more detail.

1.7.1 The Definition of Language Language is the important aspect in the human live. Why it can be like this? It is fact that everyday all of the people in the world use the language. They used the language for communicating with other people, or for other usage. (Finch, 2003: 21) said that language used for an almost infinite number of purposes, from writing letters, chatting, or ordering something, to gossiping with friends, making speeches and talking to ourselves in the mirror. Language is also used to express someone’s feelings or emotion and also to express their ideas, their thoughts and their imaginations, it can be spoken or written. Written language can be found in the novel, newspaper, poem, and magazine. Spoken language can be found in the song, speech, and conversation. As human beings, we cannot separate ourselves from involvement of social communication and interaction, which certainly makes ourselves impossible to live without language. The similar statement about the definition of language also stated by (Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary, 2008: 247) gives some of explanations about the definition of language. In Oxford Dictionary stated that language is system of communication in speech and writing use by people of particular country, language is particular style of speaking or writing. In other word, language certainly is not far from writing or speaking. Because of some of language expressions are writing and speaking. May be this statement nearly same with the Finch’s statement, but it more wide and more specific. In other dictionary, that is from Longman Dictionary (2000: 230) stated that the language is system of human expression by means of words or the particular system as used by the people or nation. Finch (2003: 35) he stated that communication is two-way practice, or giving response each other, on the other hand we need to be able to use language to express ourselves to others, and conversely, we need it in order to recognize what they are communicating with us. Harmer (2010: 76) a language function is a purpose you wish to achieve when you say, write, or may be doing something. It means that the function of language can be performed by speaking, writing, or may be doing. For example: if you say ‘I promise’, you are performing the function of promising to someone. Or if you say ‘I am sorry’ so here you are performing to forgiving to someone. Another example: the students want to express their feelings in their writing. In linguistics, the study that relates to meaning is called semantics. Semantics is one of linguistics branches, which studies about language meaning, or it can be said that meaning as the main study in semantics term. According to what has long been the most widely accepted theory of semantics, meanings are ideas or concepts, that can be transferred from the mind of the speaker to the mind of the listener by embodying them, in the form of one language or another (Lyons, 1984: 136). Even the language is usually used in two ways, there are speaking and writing, but here there is a unique of the language, especially the language that used for disability who has relation with the function of the language. For example mute person, or deaf person. Their used the sign language for communication. As stated by Fromkin et al (2013: 2) language is much more than speech. Deaf people produce and understand sign languages just as hearing persons produce and understand spoken languages. The languages of the deaf communities throughout the world are equivalent to spoken languages, differing only in their modality of expression. Here is emphasized that language is not just for people who are physically normal, and devices to talk or to speak, but as said by Fromkin et al (2013) the deaf and dumb can speak or communicating in a special way. On the other source, the researcher found about the function of the language. Fromkin et al (2013) he stated that the main function of the language divided into two kinds, as bellow: - for communication with other people, it being impossible for human beings to live in isolation. As human being we are social creature, normally, the people could not stay alive alone, or alive at society without language. - for representation of the word to ourselves in our own minds – learning to categorize things using the words our language provides us with. Imagine if humans today do not use their language as a communication tool, it might seem strange when we communicate with others without the use of language, speaking or writing. Therefore it is not an exaggeration to say that the language included in the very important thing in a culture or in human life. Jiang (2000: 328) says that the language is a part of culture, and it takes an important role in that culture. Expanding of a culture, it could not separate with language. He also stated that language is the channel through which people’s cultures are transmitted. It is understood that the development of the culture that exist in these communities is not possible if not with the language. Culture could not flourish or even decline if there is no language. Language is therefore socially learned behavior a skill that is acquired as human grows in society. Because of that, knowing about the knowledge is very important, in order to understand how to use the language in good way. (Harman, 1999: 166) he said that knowledge of a language is the ability to use that language; and the primary use of language is in thought. Knowing a language is being able to think in it. From the definitions about language above, the researcher can conclude about the definition of language, that the language is a system or tool for communication that can be expressed or delivered by spoken or written as a purpose to understand between one each other, between the speaker and listener or writer and reader which the communicating are two ways, or giving feedback each other.

1.7.2 The Definition of Figurative Language After knowing about the definition of language at subdivision before, the next, in this subdivision will be explained the definition about figurative language, how many type or kind of figurative language, and what the meaning of each the kind of figurative language it selves. Figurative language is part of literature. The figurative language is a literary device that used as a special effect or special meaning or feeling by making some type of interesting. Figure of speech or figurative language maybe said to occur whenever a speaker or writer, for the sake of freshness or emphasize, departs from the usual denotation of word, and he said that figurative language is not device to show the real meaning. Here the meaning figurative language has no same with literal meaning. The author of the novel, song writer, and so on used the figurative language in order make their masterpiece look so beautiful, interesting, and of course different with the literal meaning. According to Gibbs & Herbert (2012: 1) figurative language generally refers to where speakers or writer mean something other than what they literally meaning. It used in writing and speaking in order to get the influence, it is a beautiful language to get effect by comparing anything. The author can change and make connotative words or phrase. For common people, maybe too hard to get the messages from the author of the novel or from song writer whose used figurative language in their masterpiece. This statement appropriate with the theory above, assume that figurative language has different meaning with the literal meaning. This statement also supported by Gibbs & Herbert (2012: 76) stated that generally people can or cannot interpret figurative language in specific ways does not imply that each meaning is tied to the presence or absence of a particular stage or mode of processing. So not every people understand the message or what the author of the novel, poetry, song writer means, here need the more knowledge about figurative language. The using of language for distinctive meaning is short definition we may assume to the term of figurative language. According to Gibbs & Herbert (2012: 89) he stated that figurative language is special meaning or effect of words, or word order. He additionally divide it into two class; figure of thougt, means oppositin from the literal meaning or actual meaning and figure of speech, means word order or syntax. There are two terms that commonly used on figurative language, simile which can be understood as a comparison of two different things and usually there exist adverb ‘as’ or ‘like’, and metaphor is a word or expression that represent two different things without comparison. Beside both familiar terms, apparently many types of it, such as personification, hyperbole, and so on. Figure of speech or figurative langauge usually only exist in poem, it not only exist in poem, the figurative language can exist in many kind of literature, such as song, novel, poetry, and so on. Figurative language, this is usually defined in negative form that is to say, as non-literal language, and involves the entire field of what is known as rhetoric and includes, for example, metaphor, simile, hyperbole, etc. Bennett & Royle (2004: 291). The language in figurative language that is used in different ways that from the literal connotations and definitions of individual words or phrases. Figurative language is used to involve concepts and meanings that are more complicated than common language. 1.7.3 The Kind of Figurative Language According to Kennedy, figurative Language consists of comparative, contradictive, relation and repetition figurative language (X.J.Kennedy, 1983: 481). Comparative figurative language consists of personification, metaphor, and simile. Contradictive figurative language consists of hyperbole litotes and paradox. Correlative figurative languages consist of metonymy, synecdoche, allusion and ellipsis. Meanwhile repetition figurative language consists of pleonasm, climax, anti climax, rhetoric and repetition. For clearer information, look at these following explanation.

1.7.3.1 Comparative Figurative Language Comparative figurative language consists of personification, metaphor, smile and allegory. 1. Personification Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing, an idea or an animal is given human attributes. The non-human objects are portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like human beings. For example, when we say, “The sky weeps” we are giving the sky the ability to cry, which is a human quality. Thus, we can say that the sky has been personified in the given sentence. In other definition, personification is figure of speech in imaginative something, which doesn’t have soul, as though they have human characteristic (James, 1967: 54). It is meant that inanimate things in this world are guessed as animate by give some attributes in inanimate things. So that people who read it guess it can does everything like human being. A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities. The rhetorical figure which stands out in the opening lines. (Bennett & Royle, 2004: 81). Example: - School alarm calls students to enter their classroom. Calls are verb form in dictionary. Letter s is addition in present tense form because the subject is singular (alarm), alarm is inanimate thing; meanwhile it is given attribute like activity that is done by animate. Alarm can’t call, because call is attribute of mouth that can does it. - The wind whispered through dry grass. - The flowers danced in the gentle breeze. - Time and tide waits for none.

2. Metaphor Metaphor is conceptual (mental) operations reflected in human language that enable speakers to structure and construe abstract areas of knowledge and experience in more concrete experiential terms. Hurford (2007: 331). Metaphor is a variety of analogy which compare two things directly, but in short pattern (Keraf, 1994: 139). It is meant that between subject and object have same attributes, and writer uses it to compares it to another. Example: - Library is science field. Library is place where people can find many kinds of books, it is compared with science field because both library and science field have same attribute, they can add our knowledge. - He is the apple of my eye There is, of course, no real apple in a person's eye. The "apple" is someone beloved and held dear. - Feel blue No one actually ever feels like the color blue, although many people say they are "feeling blue" to mean they are feeling sad. - Broken heart Your heart is not literally broken into pieces; you just feel hurt and sad.

3. Simile Simile is comparison which has explicit characteristic, it means that they state something similar with each other directly that use words likes as and like (James L Potter, 1967: 54). Simile is trope in which one thing is likened to another, specifically through the use of ‘like’ or ‘as’ (Bennett & Royle, 2004: 295). Simile: a trope in which one thing is likened to another, specifically through the use of ‘like’ or ‘as’ (a species of metaphor). Example: - Her face is moon light. Writer compares face and moon light because both of them have same attribute, so clear, clean, and everybody can sees it clearly. - Our soldiers are as brave as lions. - Her cheeks are red like a rose. - He is as funny as a monkey.

1.7.3.2 Contradictive Figurative Language Contradictive figurative languages consist of: 1. Hyperbole Hyperbole or overstatement is figurative language that contain exaggeration element about something (James L Potter, 1967: 135). It is meant that something is made greater than the fact. Hyperbole is a figure of speech which involves exaggeration, excess or extravagance (Bennett & Royle, 2004: 292). An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect. Example: - I was surprised till half-died hear his saying. Writer explains his surprised till make him die, meanwhile in the fact it is contrast. He still alive and doesn’t die. - ‘I’m starving’ Starving instead of simply ‘I am hungry’ - Incredible Incredible instead of ‘very good’

2. Litotes Litotes is figurative language that contains statement which made smaller from original (James L Potter, 1967: 135). It is meant that people usually use it to make it simple. So that they are not arrogant because they guess something invaluable although exactly is so valuable. Litotes is figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. Example: - I hope you can receive this invaluable giving. Invaluable thing that writer said in the fact is valuable giving, but he says it as invaluable. - Expression “not too bad” for “very good” That is an understatement as well as a double negative statement that confirms a positive idea by negating the opposite - She is not a beauty queen She is not a beauty queen,” means “She is ugly.”

3. Paradox Paradox is variety of figurative language which has a real contrasted with a fact. It can be meant all of things that interest because of their truth ((James L Potter, 1967: 136). Example: I feel sad in the middle of wedding party happiness. Writer compares sad and happiness in the sentence to explain that he isn’t happy in the wedding party happiness. Meanwhile most of people feel happy when they are in wedding party.

1.7.3.3 Correlative Figurative Language Correlative figurative language consist of 1. Metonymy Metonymy is figurative language that uses character or name of thing that relate to name of person, something as pronoun, uses words to describe another things closely associated with it (James L Potter, 1967: 142). Example: Students in our school like to read St. Alisyahbana. Alisyahbana in the sentence refers to book that he has made.

2. Synecdoche Synecdoche is figurative language that say name of partial to represent whole or oppose (James L Potter, 1967: 143). Synecdoche divided into two kinds: - Pars pro Toto, partial represent whole Example: Till evening, I haven‟t seen his nose. His nose in the sentence is meant whole of body that consists of head, neck, stomach, hands, feet, etc. it isn’t just nose as, because it represents person as whole.

- Totem pro parte, whole represent partial. Example: Indonesia got gold medals in the championship. Indonesia in the sentence is meant some persons who become winner in a competition. It is not all population in Indonesia.

3. Allusion Allusion is figurative language that show indirectly forwards a person or event that people have know together (James L Potter, 1967: 145). Example: Many victims caused by Nazi. Nazi was a military organization that was leaded by Adolf Hitler. This organization was known as cruel organization. It members might be kill all its enemies and didn’t pay attention toward its enemies, women, children, old people, all were killed by them.

4. Ellipsis Ellipsis is figurative language that eliminates word or part of sentence (James L Potter, 1967: 146). Example: She and her mom to Bandung (eliminate verb go). The sentence eliminate verb in it because the correct sentence is she and her mom go to Bandung.

1.7.3.4. Repetitive or Enforcement Figurative Language According to Gorys Keraf (1994: 140), repetitive figurative language consists of:

1. Pleonasm Pleonasm is figurative language that uses words improperly to emphasize meaning of word (Gorys Keraf, 1994: 145). Example: He falls down to the ground. Verb falls in the sentence means something or person who rare to the bottom (ground) and down also has same meaning with falls that rare to the bottom. So, both words fall and down are force one to another.

2. Climax Climax is figurative language that states something from small to great (Gorys Keraf, 1994: 145). Example: Children‟s, teenagers, old people have same right in laws. Subject in the sentence are consecutively based of age. It begins from young to old.

3. Anti-Climax Anti-Climax is opponent of climax figurative language (Gorys keraf, 1994: 145). Example: Head master, teachers and students have attend in the ceremony field. Subject in the sentence are consecutively based of job level. It begins from senior to the junior level in job.

4. Rhetoric Rhetoric is figurative language in question that the answer has known by questioner. (Gorys keraf, 1994: 146). Example: Who are person don’t want to happy? The question in the sentence is not needed answer from everybody. Because everybody knows that the answer is yes and all people want to be happy.

5. Repetition Repetition is figurative language that uses repetition word to emphasize meaning (Gorys keraf, 1994: 146). Example: Good bye my girls, good bye my sweet heart, good by my angel. The sentence uses repetition words good bye, in all phrase and just changes the word after good bye.

1.7.4 Definition of Music The definition of music has been described by some experts. Among them are Sunarko (1985: 5) Music appreciation of the human heart is expressed in the form of regular sound with a melody or rhythm and have a wonderful elements or alignments. Human heart's content varies based on the circumstances and mood will produce a different music. Example, someone who was experiencing happiness, love, beauty in his heart, if it is poured in the form of music, will create works of music that content obstruction therein are not far from the people's feelings, which creates music which contains about happiness, vice versa. Someone who in his heart was feeling down in the mouth, sadness, misery, heartbreak, feelings such hearts if the creator of music poured into the music, it would be music that content therein contains elements of sadness as well. But despite the resulting music has a meaning or music content that the contents of happiness or sadness music will still be wonderful, because arranged in such a way by a musician. A similar opinion regarding the definition of music is also expressed by Sunarto (1989) he stated that music is an expression of the human heart in the form of regular sound with a melody or rhythm, as well as having an element of harmony or beautiful harmony. Maryoto (1989: 9) stated that sic is not just emotion or taste but also the ratio or reason. According to him, music is not just emotion in beautiful shape, but does not override moral values and manners therein. Indeed he thinks music is the outpouring of emotion in a glass beautiful melody and rhythm, that if people make the person drink it should be considerate attitude, and moral nature. Oriented in Indonesia, which in essence adopt the east culture of the famous polite and courteous, and not free as western culture did. Useless if beautiful music, and delicious to be enjoyed but eliminate the element of moral and character of the offender music itself. Nowadays, products of music according Maryoto that there must be a moral element or character begins to wear off, eroded by the influence of foreign cultures who say that freedom is their right, so that some of the language in music is not controlled, censored or not, producing music that damage morale and morals of this nation, either consciously or unconsciously. Maryoto said that music is the outpouring of strength inner power and strength that comes from the depiction power movement in the sense of a series of sound (melody) is rhythmic. Maryoto also states expressed that music is an imitation ins and outs of the heart by using melody and rhythm. Music is also having an effect on morale and spirit. It is also expressed by Freud that Music is a language, or the outpouring of human souls who need an outlet. Music that comes from the soul and then poured into a work of literature, and can be expressed through the movements of singers music, when they play the music. So it is no wonder if a musician who is playing the music they guess their body movement, head, or even the expression and profound appreciation of a music making music actors crying or angry, because they emit emotions premises earnest. Art music is one branch of art that uses vocals, melody, harmony, rhythm, and tempo as a means of expressing feelings or emotions creator. Art music has now become one of the most popular entertainment facilities along with the current technological developments. Art music consists of music from several musical instruments and vocal use. In English, "art" and art called "music" is called music. A fairly wide definition of the music presented by Suharto (1990: 2) music is sound that is deliberately created human beings to express the idea of mind and inner feelings. So the birds chirping in the branches or the splash of water in the rice field instead of including works of art, although sounded wonderful to be able to generate and foster a sense of art for those who listen. According to music can only be produced from human thinking about noble character who is in his heart, then put into beautiful music. Other creatures such as animals and plants that produce beautiful sounds not include music. Magpies, walnuts, cucak, kacer as we know that them have the voices are so beautiful and awe will make anyone sound in this case is not included in the category of music. So also with the sounds of nature, such as rain, splashing fountains, thundering waterfalls, winds blow not also in the category of music. Although both are, both of animals and plants and other natural phenomenon of beautiful and pleasing to the ear could not be said as the music, because it does not have the character, and not of man. According to Maryoto (1989: 56) that music is the artistic expression with sounds or melodies from musical instruments rhythmic, or harmonic tones. Music is already connote art, additional words in the word art is a manifestation of the art of music in its ranks with the other branches of art, which is equally engaged in the field of aesthetics or beauty. So music is a sounds made by human being, to express the idea, mind, and feeling. The music included as works of art, because music is the work of man or artist, which contain elements of beauty. Music intentionally created man to express ideas and various feelings. While the World Book Encyclopedia (1994) mentioned that music is the sound or sounds that arranged into something exciting and fun, in other words, music is known as being composed of tones and rhythms that floated on a regular basis. Whereas in the New Oxford Dictionary of English (2000) mentioned that music is the art or science of fusion of vocal and instrument sound music (or both) that produces beautiful form, harmony, and expression of feelings. In this case the music also said as a science, as not implies that music can be learned. It also said that in music there are vocal, vocal here means the singer or the person who made sound mouth to sing to the accompaniment of music itself, resulting in a sounds and beautiful sound, integrated in a play or concert music commonly referred to as a functioning to entertain the listener.

1.7.5 The Nature of Music Music beyond the definition that has been put forward by the experts above, but music also has facts that could not be separated associated with the origin, nature, and relation to the real life of mankind. The essence of music is essentially divine, music is also the imagery of the universe, and also as an expression or conditional expression of a society: a. Characteristically Godlike Human receive musical idea or a pure natural and spontaneous manner, like a divine being Dating anytime, anywhere, and under any circumstances. Music in the era of ancient civilizations are part of the lives of saints, prophets, kings, and also includes those who special as a descendant of the gods. They are the noble human influential because supposedly believed can deal directly with God, their music comes from God, and it is also their music devoting to God (Rachmawati, 2005: 19). The priests of religious affairs is the holder of music, in the year 3892 BC, the reign of Pharao, the first in ancient Egypt, the high priest is the determinant seven sacred tone, which is then sung by the women and men in temples. Prophet Daud addition to its position as a king, he is also very good at singing and playing a music instrument. As in our country Indonesia, our society still recognize music created by the saints, or better known as the trustees. At first the music was created to invite people to remember and glorify the Gods, and doing something good. Ancient music still thick with distinctiveness is the rhythm that idolized God, praised all the beauty of nature and every creature which is a manifestation of the existence of God, call on people to always do good and do the truth. b. Imitation of the nature The base where music is the imitation of the universe, even those at the time of the ancient Greeks believed that the universe having an unique music repertoire and unparalleled in the world. Constellations, the distance difference between the natural objects with other objects, the motion which adheres to a strict legal system, beautiful view of the solar system, the moon is shining brightly when full moon, rising and setting of the sun causing extensive delusion to the Greeks will be harmony, with the magic power of the tones that rang out into one as a beautiful melody, even dances are so closely connected with music, for them is a replica of events shining star in the sky (Rachmawati, 2005: 29) The universe and its laws imply that collaborated. When the harmony of nature is no longer harmony, then nature will create a new harmony, which can appear as a natural disaster, such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tsunamis, and so forth. Nature always walking in the law of harmony, as befits music (Rachmawati, 2005: 23)

c. The first human language The existence of music is much older than the age of the birth of language. Music is the first language of man. At the beginning of the creation of man on earth, there is no language as we use today, and music is a form of communication at the time. Humans first vent his feelings or expressing contents with a high voice and with a low voice, as well as long and short sounds. And pick the special meaning of each tone and high and low of it. Low voice meant to express the language of love and wisdom. In ancient times, humans express happiness, sadness, love, inclination, satisfaction, all that is expressed with an assortment of musical expression. Tongue touching various points in the mouth, producing sounds, as well as the opening of the mouth, vibrating lips in many ways it also produces a variety of sounds. The group produces a rich sound of words, which can convey its own meaning in ways that vary according to their expression. In its development, dynamic music and gradually became the language, and therefore could not escape the language of music, because the ins and outs language is music itself. d. Expression of social conditions Music created by the encouragement by the state which are in the community, whether it is the state of social, economic, and the political situation. May also be regarded music as a reflection of a social cultures. Music is also internalized as common behavior to cope with society, and vice versa, the general behavior of a society can be inspired by some music. Any behaviors in society can be reflected through problem that exist within the community itself, or the monumental and sacred phenomenon, the need to live together, history, customs, culture, and so forth music (Rachmawati, 2005: 31).

1.7.6 The Genres of Music Genre of music is a grouping music according to its resemblance to one another. Imansyah said that music can also be grouped according to other criteria, such as geography. A genre can be defined by the technique of music, style, contexts and theme music. A music genre is a conventional category that identifies pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions. It is to be distinguished from musical form and musical style, although in practice these terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Yusuf stated that music can be divided into different genres in many different ways. The artistic nature of music means that these classifications are often subjective and controversial, and some genres may overlap. There are even varying academic definitions of the term genre itself. Actually musical genre could not be defined in detail and detail, why? Because of the genres mentioned of some people usually interpret from one side without looking from the other side even in one song was usually there are two genres in it, which in turn was defined in one genre. Lots of music genres that exist in this world, more than dozens of music genres. For example, classical music, blues, jazz, techno, rock, R&B, pop, metal, rap, including the famous music in Indonesia, dangdut music genre. There are still many other genres of music. In fact there are two or several genres of music, which in the end will produce the new musical genre and varied. As mentioned above, many genre of music, and genre of music could be mix and made a new variety genre of music, but here the researcher will analyze three genres of music, there are Pop, Rock, and Reggae. Because the three genres of music have it own uniqueness and has relations each other. Like the pop music genre for Jamaica is reggae music. Common misconception that Jamaica's only type of pop music is reggae. The fact is that there has been a long line of other types that illustrate some of the origins of reggae. In the first half of the twentieth century, Jamaican musicians were interested in the American popular styles that they heard coming over the radio waves from the Mississippi delta. This meant that they were part of the jazz explosion that took place in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. The fact about pop and rock, among them are famous music genres. Morrison (2006: 274) he stated that pop and rock music are two famous genres music in the world, with many songs written and musician sing that genres, and also have many fans, almost every country know those music genres. Among them are still exist in music industry. Study about pop and rock music is really interesting and unique, and also among them still exist till now. Not stop on that, many of young people also loves pop and rock music. They love pop and rock music because they feel pop and rock music as their soul, to express their feeling and appropriate with their mind. Morrison (2006: 41) he stated that pop and rock music is a unique collection suggesting significant new directions for the study of contemporary music. In the course of the 1960s it became clear that rock and pop music were not dead. In the history, from the middle of the 1960s as western countries, witnessed the development of several youth cultures with pop and rock music as an important binding element. The expert of music is explained the similarities of rock with pop music In rock music. Morrison (2006: 76) he said that rock music is like in most pop music, the precise formal arrangement often varies from version to version. Perhaps this ought to encourage analysts to think of form in more flexible terms when dealing with other music as well. Here also mentioned the relation, not only the relation between pop and rock music, but also rock and reggae music. In rock music also has influence by reggae music, although in music rhythm. The beat of rock steady music is roughly half the speed of the standard ska beat, and the texture of the instrumentation is much less dense. Also, in rock steady the reggae accent patterns started to emerge. The guitar was played on the second and fourth beats of the four-beat measure while the bass guitar emphasized the first and third beats Morrison (2006: 87). Those are the reason of the researcher interest to study about Pop, Rock, and Reggae genres of music. And what the figurative language exist in those genres, which different. The researcher also will explain the reason of the researcher interest to make a study about figurative language on them. So that, the researcher will be discuss about those deeply.

1.7.6.1 Pop Music The definition of popular or pop music according to Lipsitz (1999: 99) he stated that Pop music is nothing if not dialogic, the product of an ongoing historical conversation in which no one has the first or last word. The traces of the past that pervade the popular music of the present amount to more than mere chance: they are not simply the juxtapositions of incompatible realities. They reflect a dialogic process, one embedded in collective history and nurtured by the ingenuity of artists interested in fashioning icons of opposition. Other statement about the definition of pop music is from Lipsitz (1999: 91) he stated that pop music is ‘the music that was offered to, listened to and performed by the majority of the population’, and this combination of popular production and reception, context specific as it is, prevails here Frith give some addition of Lipsitz statement, he stated that pop music is it not just product from music it selves, but also there is ‘use value’. Pop music was first developed in the United States in 1920 in which the recording was first made by Thomas Edison's invention, and spread all of in the world by many musicians who has different characteristics. Popular from the word Pop (Popular), in the favorite, liked the people, pop music means music more popular in the community within a certain time. This type of music is not durable, easily lost and changed again with another new songs. Creation process was rarely used form of the composition (writing), the form of songs, lyrics, chord progressions, arrangements are usually also simple, easy to remember and are entertaining. Popular music or pop music is the name for streams music heard by listeners and broad-many commercial nature.

1.7.6.2 Rock Music Schafer (1997: 16) said that Rock music is communication without words, regardless of what ideology is inserted into the music." And Professor Frank Garlock says, "The Words only let you know what the music already says. The music is its own message and it can completely change the message of the words." To those who would propose the argument that music in itself is neutral and it is the words that make it either moral or immoral, Dr Max Schoen in his book "The Psychology of Music" says, "Music is the most powerful stimulus known among the perceptive senses. The medical, psychiatric and other evidences for the non- neutrality of the music are so overwhelming that it frankly amazes me that anyone should seriously say otherwise." Rock music is a genre of music that is synonymous with style distortion tone and the way the play is out of the variety of music before. With characteristic on guitar making rock music popular when it firstly born and the use of strong back beat in the rhythm section with bass guitar and drums, and keyboards like organ, the piano. The uniqueness that makes the much-loved rock music at that time was rock music "have three chords and consistent backbeat lead melody unique style". The story about rock music explained by Schafer (1997: 6) he told that almost fifty-year history, rock music has presented to its listeners with a wide variety of styles and approaches. From the swing-influenced early rock and roll of Bill Haley and the Comets through the bouncy two-minute singles of the early Beatles and the Supremes to the ambitious epics such as Pink Floyd's The Wall, rock music has encompassed among the simple and the complex, the serious and the frivolous, the emotionally direct and the technologically mediated. Source birth of rock music can be said to originate from the rhythm, the style of blues, country and other influences such as classical music. 60s and early '70s was a time where the most popular big legendary musicians birth until today, this makes rock music evolved. Rock music is a blend of blues genres songs, expressive blues song with transparent songs country combined with the art of the stage and supported by technology commonly used for revealed the persistence attitudes and opinions that could not be separated from the world of young people in general. On one side of the rock have the nature of a dynamic and expressive, fierce but rich harmonies, straightforward but still irregular and hard but beautiful, but on the other side of the element - the element that is the rhythm of rock music, fast tempo, and volume levels are loud provide stimulus, a stimulus that is uplifting psychic, feeling happy and satisfied that the willingness to take medications, certain medicines to offset the spirit, or the happy feelings by using music while following the rhythm of rock music. In rock music, like in most pop music, the precise formal arrangement often varies from version to version. Perhaps this ought to encourage analysts to think of form in more flexible terms when dealing with other music as well.

1.7.6.3 Reggae Music Reggae, like its earlier counterpart calypso, quickly became a medium of social commentary as part of the African cultural tradition transported to the Caribbean by the slaves. It still serves as a social safety valve through which oppressed peoples express their discontent. Like the music of Africa, the Reggae is for dancing, but the lyrics elicit a variety of responsive emotions--crying, rage, and rejoicing. As Bob Marley sings in "Them Belly Full (But We Hungry)". The sounds of reggae are the sounds of screeching of the tyre, bottles breaking, wailing sirens, gunfire, people screaming and shouting, children crying. They are the sounds of the apocalyptic thunder and earthquake; of chaos and curfews. The sounds of reggae are the sounds of a society in the process of transformation, a society undergoing profound political and historical change. It could also be said that reggae is a genre of music that represent the community in terms of politics and socializing. What the Reggae is? Reggae itself is a combination of the traditional accompaniment of Africa, America and Blues and folk (folk song) Jamaica. This synthesis of style clearly show the authenticity of Jamaica and insert knock the bottle, strumming the guitar upwards, vocal patterns are 'preaching' and the lyrics are still about Rastafari religious traditions. Although many commercial advantages that have been obtained from reggae, Babylon (Jamaica), strict government is often considered to be restrictive, but not the political aspect of Rastafari. Reg-ay arguably arises from the assumption that the Jamaican reggae musical style that is based on American soul music, but with the rhythm of the 'reversed' and braid prominent bass. The theme wave often about Rastafari, political protests, and rudie (hero hooligan). Previously existing forms (ska and rocksteady) seem stronger influence of African music, although his American guitar playing also fill the empty and drum accompaniment complex. The contemporary reggae, drumming taken from the Rastafarian rituals tend mystical and sacred, because it will be more calm tempo and focuses on social issues, political and humane message. Ras Mohamad in his interview in one of the national television station said that the Reggae music is an important instrument is the bass that is "broken" and show the rhythm song itself, drum beats called the "one drop" and also whisk guitar that starts from the bottom up, so that it reads "nyet-nyet" or "ceket-ceket" according to the term comrades in Surabaya. Talking about reggae, of course could not separated with Rastafara or Rastafarian. Rastafarian actually a Christian doctrine prevailing among farmers and workers in Jamaica, especially in the black community (Negro). Rastafarian name itself is taken from the name of the emperor of Ethiopia before he was given the title of imperial ie Ras Tafari Makkonen which is also believed by Rastafarians as the incarnation of Jesus which fell for the second time to earth to lead the nations of blacks to return to the land of his ancestors Ethiopia are also believed to be in heaven here on earth. Not only that Rastafarians can also be regarded as a resistance movement against the forms of slavery that occurs by whites (Europeans) against the black community as the implementation of apartheid. In the early days of the appearance of the Rastafarian doctrine (1930) the black community always at the lowest social order and the white community as occupants top class in society. As a result a lot of oppression and enslavement of blacks, and finally comes the Rastafarian movement that rejects the system imposed by the white community. Some people said that reggae is rasta, rasta is reggae. But here found that reggae and rasta is different. Reggae and rasta actually are two different things. "Reggae is a music genre names, or abbreviations while rasta rastafari is a choice of a way of life, way of life," said Ras Mohamad, behind the frenetic and the excitement that brought Reggae, Reggae obtaining stigma that marijuana consumption is identical to the inherent on the music fans. And has contributed to the stigma attached to the rasta philosophy itself. "Here, fans of reggae music, or often mistakenly called Rastafarians, identified with sucker marijuana and stylish life without restraint, without a purpose," said Ras whose real name is Mohamad Egar. In fact, the real rasta philosophy actually teach a person to live a clean, orderly, and has principles and a clear purpose in life. Adherents of the real rasta refuse to drink alcohol, eat meat, and even smoked a cigarette. "The members of The Wailers (Bob Marley's original band) no smoking. Smoking violates the teachings rastafari," said Ras Mohamad. Ras Mohamad revealed, not all fans are adherents rasta Reggae, and vice versa, not all believers should please rasta Reggae song. Identified with the Rastafarian reggae as Bob Marley-bearer of the music genre to the world is a Rasta adherents. This was contrary to what is often said that the new comrades enjoy Reggae, sometimes they mention is rasta Reggae music, even dreadlocks was in sebur as rasta. In 1968 many referred to as the year of birth of reggae music. Actually there is no specific incident that became an early the birth of it, unless transitional societies musical Jamaican taste from Ska and Rocksteady, which was popular among the young in the early half until the end of 1960, the new music rhythm slower tempo: reggae. It may be frenetic and fast tempo Ska and Rocksteady less wear to the social and economic conditions in Jamaica who was full of pressure. Techniques and Rocsteady Ska musicians in playing a musical instrument, much imitated by reggae musicians. But the music tempo is much slower with the thud of the bass and rhythm guitar is more prominent. Vocals are usually heavy with songs such praises pattern (chant), which also influenced the rhythm of drumming, singing and mystical way of Rastafari. Slower tempo music, in time to support the delivery of messages through song lyrics associated with the Rastafari religious traditions and socio-political issues humanistic and universal. The album "Catch A Fire", which was launched Bob Marley and The Wailers reggae quickly catapulted up to the outside Jamaica. The popularity of reggae in the United States supported also by the film The Harder They Come (1973) and reggae rhythms played by white musicians such as Eric Clapton, Paul Simon, Lee 'Scratch' Perry and UB40. Reggae rhythm was then affect the streams of music in the decade after that, call it a variant of reggae hip hop, reggae rock, blues, and so on. 1.7.7 The Definition of Song Song is short piece of music with words that you sing or music for singing. But the wide definition about song is the art of tones or sounds in sequence, combination and temporal relationships are usually accompanied by musical instruments to produce music that contains a rhythm or rhythmic sound of the call with the song. The song can be sung solo (Alone), Duet (Together), Trio (Threesome), Koir (Everybody is). Songs can be categorized in many different types, depending on the size that is in use. Song is music unity that consist of tone arrangement consecutively Song lyric is formed from language which is produced by communication between song author to song lovers. In a song, of course can not be separated with the lyric of the song, because song is consists of lyric. Lyric of the song are an expression of someone about something that has been seen, heard or experienced. In expressing his live experience, the song writer or creator of songs do play on words and language to create attraction and distinctiveness of the lyrics or poems. Song lyrics or poetry can be regarded as poetry and vice versa. Definitions of poetry texts not only includes the types of literature but also an expression that is proverbial, advertising messages, political slogans, poems pop songs and also prayers. From the above definition, a literary work is a work of imaginative literature that uses language. That is the language used should be distinguished from everyday language or even scientific language. Like the language in song lyric or poetry, commonly use literary language. Literary language is a language full of ambiguity and having an expressive facet that actually avoided by a variety of scientific language and everyday language. Need more attention to understand what the song writer means by his song. The parts of this song holding role each to build a song. The structures of the songs that are usually found in a song are: 1. Intro Intro is the beginning of a song, which is an introduction to the song page. Intro also serves to provide time for the singer and the listener to prepare before the song actually played. 2. Verse Verse is the introduction of a song before the song into the chorus. Verse is often called the "preamble" of a song. a good song even has a powerful verse in melodic and harmonic that is not inferior to its part of the chorus. 3. Chorus Chorus (chorus / reffain) is part of a song that is often repeated and the core or main part of a song. Chorus is the climax of a song. 4. Bridge Bridge is a song that is not a verse or chorus. This bridge is usually used for bridging between parts of the song. For example a bridge between the chorus with verse chorus or bridge between the chorus. But usually this bridge is often used to jointing between chorus with choruses that overtone (rising tone of the base), so it does not become a sounding odd overtone. 5. Interlude Interlude is any part that is not filled by the vocals, but filled with musical instruments. Interlude is usually used as a replacement bridge to do so overtone does not feel right. Differences interlude with the bridge is the bridge part of the bridge that is filled by the vocals, while not filled by a vocal interlude. 6. Ending/Outro Ending is the concluding part of a song. Ending function so that the song ends smoothly, smooth (smooth), and do not stop suddenly. Can be an intro section that is repeated, it can also be the end of the song is repeated, or may also be different instruments are deliberately made to the ending of the song page.

1.8 Research Methods This study specifically aimed to determine the types of figurative language and it definitions and examples. Therefore, researchers here try to describe how to achieve the aim of this research.

1.8.1 Research Setting

a. The Time and Place of the Research This study is included in the category of document study, researcher does not need the place to do an observation to collecting the data and also does not need the participant, because the data will be found in the document that will be analyzed.

b. Source of Data The sources of the data in this study are the lyrics of three different genres of music and different musician. First one is Simple Plan’s songs, there are Jet Lag, Summer Paradise, and Welcome To My Life. The second one is from Guns and Roses’ songs, there are, Don’ Cry, November Rain, and Sweet Child O’ Mine. And the last one is from Magic! songs, there are No Way No, One Woman One Man, and Rude. The kinds of data collected in qualitative research include interview transcripts, field notes, photographs, memos, official records, textbook passages, and anything else that can convey the actual words or actions of people (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2009: 423). The researchers took the data retrieval from the internet (www.songyrics.com). Researchers make the research about figurative language in the love songs lyrics of Simple Plan, Guns and Roses, and Magic! songs because there are from different genre of music, and many people like them love songs. Their love song lyrics are also beautiful in every songs, it is different with other musicians the lyrics are just not special and have little devotes. In every love songs are made by more than one musician. There was also Simple Plan, Guns and Roses, and Magic! are the famous group band in the world. 1.8.2 Research Design This research is qualitative, based on the aim of the research above is to identify the used of figurative language in songs lyric. So this research here will be explained by using word not numeral. According to Fraenkel & Wallen (2009: 423) assume that qualitative research the data are collected in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. Creswell (2012: 26) described major characteristics of qualitative research are: exploring a problem and developing a detailed understanding phenomenon, having the literature review, stating the purpose and research questions in a general and broad way, collecting data based on words from a small number, analyzing the data using text analysis, flexible writing, emerging structures and evaluative criteria. 1.8.3 Things in the Research

In this study, the needs for supporting this research are the text lyrics as a source or document data. Computer is also needed to facilitate researchers in conducting research, in order to accelerate the search for discourse or theories that if it can support and clarify the results of this study. Dictionary, it is also necessary in this study in order to facilitate in understanding the meaning of a word.

1.9 Research System

1.9.1 Step of the Research Fraenkel & Wallen (2009: 425-427) say that every qualitative study has a different starting and ending point. It begins when the researcher identifies the phenomenon that the researcher wishes to study, and it ends when the researcher the final conclusions. There are five steps of the research: a.Identification of the phenomenon to be studied. b. Generation of hypotheses. c.Data collection. d. Data analysis. - deciding which figurative languages in Simple Plan, Guns and Roses, and Magic! love songs. - describing and giving reasons about figurative language that was taken. - deciding the differences of figurative language that use in pop, rock, and reggae loves songs. e.Interpretations and conclusions. 1.9.2 Technique and Instrument of Collecting Data As mentioned earlier, this study is a research document, in which the knowledge gained in the document form. Therefore, the information obtained is not on the people but on the text or document. Researchers will present the research in the form of a text that contains the lyrics of the song. Study of documents, records, existing data, the pathological specimens, or diagnostic specimens if reviews these sources are available to the public or if the information obtained from sources remains anonymous (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2009: 62).

Cohen et al. (2007: 194) assume that docs as the primary sources include manuscripts, charters, laws, records, files, letters, memoranda, memoirs, text, biography, official publications, wills, newspapers and magazines, maps, diagrams, catalogs, films, paintings, inscriptions, transcriptions, log books and research reports. Therefore the text of lyric song is one of the sources of collecting the data of the research.

Donald Ary (2010: 464-465) stated that content or document analysis is a research method applied to written or visual materials for the purpose of identifying specified characteristics of the material. It means that the data can be obtained by analyzing or identifying the material to get specified purposes.

Analyzing the data in a qualitative study essentially involves analyzing and synthesizing the information the researcher obtains from various sources (e.g., observations, interviews, documents) into a coherent description of what he or she has observed or otherwise discovered. Hypotheses are not usually tested by means of inferential statistical procedures, as is the case with experimental or associational research, although some statistics, such as percentages, may be calculated if it appears they can illuminate specific details about the phenomenon under investigation. Data analysis in qualitative research, however, relies heavily on description; even when certain statistics are calculated, they tend to be used in a descriptive rather than an inferential sense (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2009: 426-427).

Generally, the whole process of preparing to collect data is called instrumentation. Most, but not all, research requires the use of an instrument. In studies where data are obtained absolutely from existing records (grades, attendance, document, etc.), no instrument is needed (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2009: 110). Here the researcher as an instrument in this research, because this is document analysis. So the researcher is the key of the research it selves. 1.9.3 Analyzing the Data

Qualitative researchers tend to analyze their data inductively (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2009: 423). Qualitative researchers do not, usually, formulate a hypothesis beforehand and then seek to test it out. They spend a considerable amount of time collecting their data again. There are the data from the website in internet that will be analyzed by the researcher, consists of nine titles of love songs. Three love songs from pop rock band, Simple Plan. Three love songs from pop rock band, Guns and Roses. And three love songs from reggae band, Magic!.

From the glance of content analysis before, it can be concluded that content analysis can be defined as one of method of research to get some points to be described from words or sentences by using codes without changing the content.

For these reasons, among others, many linguists and philosophers of language take the f individual words and the meanings of sentences that can be derived compositionally, that is, by rule, from the meanings of the sentence constituents. When the meaning of an utterance cannot be specified in purely linguistic terms, then that kind of meaning is simply excluded from consideration. Sadock at Mackintosh (2001: 8) exemplifies this view, he said that figurative language, all non-literal speech, including metaphor, falls outside of the domain of synchronic linguistics.

There is a case, hearers must go beyond the literal meaning to arrive at the speaker’s intention—what the hearer is intended to understand. Searle put the issue clearly, Mackintosh et all (10: 2001) said, where the utterance is defective if taken literally, look for an utterance meaning that differs from sentence meaning. We have focused exclusively on ordinary language, expressions that are used in daily life, including conversations about everyday matters and that appear in newspapers, magazines, and other media. We have explicitly excluded the more complex uses of figurative language in poetry, fiction, or other forms of creative writing. We have also excluded consideration of figurative language such as metaphor’s intricate and central roles in culture and society. Here the researcher is the main point to analyze the figurative language, with reference to the definition of figurative language, that have been read and adapted by the researcher.

Analysis of figurative language different to literal meaning or ordinary language that usually uses in our daily life or activity, it seems strange language when read or hear the figurative language, the structure of figurative language may un-grammatically, the reader or listener should have to pay more attention when they found the strange structure of sentences or phrases, in order to understand what the song writer or author means.

1.9.4 Coding Coding is the specification of categories in content analysis research. It may be done forward of time or emerge from familiarity with the data (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2009: 659). Coding is the attribution of a category label to a piece of data, with the category label either decided in progress or in response to the data that have been collected (Cohen, 2007: 369). Coding is one important in the qualitative research. Lodico et al. (2006: 305) say that coding is the process of identifying different segments of the data that illustrate correlated phenomena and classification these parts using broad category names. Fraenkel & Wallen (2009: 141) also say that the important thing to remember is that the coding must be consistent, once a decision is made about how to code something, all others must be coded the same way, and this coding rule must be communicated to everything involved in coding the data. Sudman and Bradburn (1982) in Cohen (2007: 348) assume coding is usually doing by the researcher. The kinds of figurative language are coding bellow: 1. Personification : Per 2. Metaphor : Met 3. Simile : Sim 4. Hyperbole : Hyp 5. Litotes : Lit 6. Paradox : Par 7. Metonymy : Met 8. Synecdoche : Syn a. Pars pro toto : Ppt b. Totem pro parte : Tpp 9. Allusion : All 10. Ellipsis : Ell 11. Pleonasm : Ple 12. Climax : Cli 13. Anti-Climax : A-Cli 14. Rhetoric : Rhe 15. Repetition : Rep

The coding of the title of the love songs are bellow: Simple Plan Jet Lag : S1 Summer Paradise : S2 Welcome To My Life : S3 Guns And Roses Don’ Cry : S4 November Rain : S5 Sweet Child O' Mine : S6 Magic No Way No : S7 One Woman One Man : S8 Rude : S9 The coding to lyric of the love songs in this research are bellow: Example of the song lyric: Don't Cry [Verse 1] Talk to me softly There's something in your eyes Don't hang your head in sorrow And please don't cry I know how you feel inside I've I've been there before Something is changing inside you And don't you know

[Chorus 1] Don't you cry tonight I still love you, baby Don't you cry tonight Don't you cry tonight There's a heaven above you, baby And don't you cry tonight

[Verse 2] Give me a whisper And give me a sigh Give me a kiss before you Tell me goodbye Don't you take it so hard now And please don't take it so bad I'll still be thinkin’ of you And the times we had, baby

[Chorus 1]

[Verse 3] And please remember That I never lied And please remember How I felt inside now, honey You got to make it your own way But you'll be alright now, sugar You'll feel better tomorrow Come the morning light now, baby

[Chorus 1] [Outro 1] Baby maybe someday Don't you cry Don't you ever cry Don't you cry tonight a. S2 V2 L1 b. S3 C2 L3 c. S3 V2 L6 Explanation: a. Song 2 (second song), Verse 2 (second verse), Line 1 (first line) b. Song 3 (third song), Chorus 2 (second chorus), Line 3 (third line) c. Song 3 (third song), Verse 2 (second verse), Line 6 (sixth line)

1.9.5 Research Timeline

Table 1.9.5 Research Timeline Months No Activities November December January February Weeks 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

1 Submitting the title

2 Research discussion 3 Making research proposal

4 Research seminar

5 Collecting the data

6 Analyzing the data

7 Completing the report of analysis data