DOCSLIB.ORG

A HYDROMETALLURGICAL PROCESS for the TREATMENT of INDUSTRIAL WASTES by Harold P

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A HYDROMETALLURGICAL PROCESS for the TREATMENT of INDUSTRIAL WASTES by Harold P .T . A HYDROMETALLURGICAL PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES by Harold P. Rajcevic Vice President, Recontek, Inc. 11770 Bernard0 Plaza Ct., Suite 351 San Diego, CA 92128 Undoubtedly, members of the American Electroplatere and Surface Finishers (AESF) Society will agree that our nations'rp growing waste problem is monumental. The 160 million tons of garbage we generate each year are rapidly filling up our landfills. In addition to the 14,000 landfills that shut down during the last decade, nearly a third of the U.S.'s 6,500 existing landfills are expected tu close within the next five years. This has prompted exportation of waste over state lines, precipitating an unprecedented "waste war" between the states. Among the actions and protest between states have been these unsettling examples: This past October, Pennsylvania Governor Robert Casey issued an executive order freezing the amount of out-of-state waste Pennsylvania landfills can accept. Last March, New Mexico Governot Carrey Caruthers declared a year long moratorium on new landfills. And most recently, Louisiana citizens turned out to protest when a train carrying Baltimore sludge (dubbed the @#pooh-poohchoo-chooI8) tried to unload. I While metal wastes make up only about 9%, by weight, of the nations's wastes, a solution must be found to handle these toxic materials that is acceptable to the public and industry alike. Up to now, the solutions have included incineration, landfilling, and deep well injection. Critics contend, however, that authorizing more of these types of disposal sites would only be treating the symptom and that new sites of this nature will themselves become environmental hazards. Clearly, this is an unacceptable solution, since the most recent EPA data shows that of the approximately 1200 sites on or proposed for the Superfundls National Priority List, cleanups have been completed at only 41 sites and begun at another 204. A significant answer to America's waste problem lies in recyclinq. For the past three years, we have been actively involved in developing a hydrometallurgical process to treat industriql wastes typically generated by the plating, finishing, galvanizing, and pickling industries. The three main objectives of the R h D work were as follows: 1. To recover the contained metal values in the wastes: 2. To develop a process with zero discharge to the atmosphere; and 1 3. To eliminate all land disposal for any waste. The pilot work has been completed and we are now in the process of building a commercial plant that will treat about 50,000 tons/year of industrial wastes in Newman, Illinois, with other facilities in various stages of planning around the U.S. The hazardous wastes to be treated by the process, all of them inorganics, are classified as follows: 1. Alkaline liquid wastes 2. Cyanide liquid wastes 3. Mixed acids liquid wastes 4. Wet sludges - F006 wastes 5. Dried sludges - F006 wastes Each of these materials may contain the following elements at different concentrations: copper, nickel, tin, lead, iron, chromium, zinc, cadmium, and precious metals; in addition, salts of calcium, sodium, and barium as chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, and phosphates may be present as well as inert materials such as silica, magnesia, alumina, and others. Because of the extreme variability of the materials to be processed, the flow sheet was developed as a batch-type process. scriati on of Wastes - Feed Mater ials The materials to be processed include: Class 1 - Alkaline Solutions: Typically produced from boiler blowdowns, these solutions contain small amounts of metallics and some sodium salts--the pH is over 9; the ammonium, fluorides and nitrates are usually less than 100 PPm. Class 2 - Cyanide Solutions: These solutions are generated by the metal finishing industry and contain both sodium hydroxide and sodium cyanide, plus cyanide salts of various metals. The pH is over 9 and the ammonium, fluorides, and nitrates are all less than 100 ppm. Class 3 - Mixed Acids: These solutions are also typically produced by the metal finish- ing industry. They contain metallic salts as well as free acids (HC1, H,SO,, HNO,, etc.) from such industrial processes as pick- ling, galvanizing and others. The pH should run in the 1-4 range. 2 , Class 4 - Wet Sludges: Generally produced from FOO6 wastes by alkaline precipitation (neutralization), these materials are usually slurries containing varied amounts of solids in suspension. The free water content may be as high as 75080%. Class 5 - Dry Sludges: Dry sludges are very similar to wet sludges, except that the generator has removed most of the free water by filtration prior to shipment. This brief description of the above materials shows the tremendous variability of the feed materials and at the same time, the incompatibility of mixing these wastes in their original state. For these reasons, the flow sheet was developed as a combination of several individual processes or systems in which pre-treatments take place before combining flows for actual metal recoveries. An over-all view of each system is described below. These systems are carried out in their own individual areas with tanks, reactors, pumps, etc. exclusively dedicated to them to prevent cross-contamination. Svstem 1 - Treatment of Alkaline Wastes Alkaline solutions contain small amounts of metallics and typically sodium hydroxide and have a free water content of about 90-95%. Average assay of these wastes is as follows: Water 90-95% Sodium Sulfate 2-4% Sodium Chloride 1-2% Metals < 0.1% Sodium Hydroxide 1-2% The basic step in the pre-treatment of alkaline solutions consists of eliminating the free water while concentrating the metals and salt content left behind. This is accomplished in a glass lined reactor where water is evaporated and collected for use throughout the plant. The volume in the original wastes is reduced by 75-80% and the sludge left behind is collected and transferred to the caustic system along with sludges coming in from diiferent sources. Svstem 2 - Treatment of Cvanide Wastes Cyanide wastes are generated by the metal finishing industries and the typical composition is as follows: 3 Water 80% Metals 10% Sodium Cyanide 6% Sodium Hydroxide 42 The preliminary basic step in the pre-treatment of these wastes is the destruction of cyanides by a thermal and oxidation process. The solutions are fed to a reactor where the temper- ature is raised to the boiling point, while air or oxygen is continuously introduced to the solution. The reactions taking place are represented by the following chemical equations: 1. 4NaCN + 2H,O + 50, + 4C0, + 2N2 + 4Na(OH) 2. 4KCN + 2H,O + 50, + 4C0, + 2N, + 4K(OH) These equations are typical for any alkaline cyanide. Metal cyanides are decomposed by the same thermal oxidation, producing metal hydroxides as shown below: 1. 2NaCu(CN), + H,O + 50, -* 2Cu(OH) + 2NaOH + 4C0, + 2N, 2. 4Cu(OH) + 2H20 + 0, + ~CU(OH)~ 3. 4NaCu(CN), + 6H,O + 110, -* 4Cu(OH), + 4NaOH + 8C02 + 4N, These reactions are very slow and require long refluxing periods in the reactor to reduce the cyanide concentration in the sludges to less than 0.1 ppm. While the destruction of cyanides is taking place, the metals which were in solution precipitate out as metal hydroxides and are separated by filtration: the hydroxides are reprocessed along with the incoming sludges and the alkaline solutions are fed to the caustic process. The CO, and N generated in the reactor is exhausted through a caustic scrubber and finally vented out of the stack. System 3 - Mixed Acid Wastes These metal finishing wastes are typically solutions containing the following components: Metals (Cu,Ni,Cr,Zn) 3-5% Water 65-70% Chlorides 5-10% Sulfates 1-3% 1 Free HC1 3-6% Some solids in suspension are usually present. The first step in the pre-treatment process consists of an anion interchange displacement of HC1 by H,SO,. This reaction is carried out in a glass lined reactor connected to a reflux column, condenser and receiver; the reflux column contains berl saddles that provide 4 the desired fractionation. The solution is heated to 228'F (HC1 distillation temperature) and enough H,S04 is added to produce the following reaction: 2 Na C1 + H2S04 4 2HC1 + Na,SO, or M C1, + H,SO, -* 2HC1 + M SO, The chlorides are displaced and condensed as concentrated HCl; any amounts of HNO present will be decomposed to N gas and H,O. The HC1 produced 2s sold back to the original waste generators or in the open market. The contents in the reactor, now converted to sulfates, are filtered to remove any solids present; these solids are fed back to the system treating sludges while the clear sulfate solutions are collected for further treatment. If the chrome content in the acid filtrate is low, then the solution is transferred to the copper electro-winning system; if chrome is present in significant amounts (valence 6) then SO, is introduced to reduce the Cr to Cr++*. When this has been accomplished, the Cr++* is precipitated as Cr(0H) using sodium hydroxide. After filtration, the chromium hydroxide is dried and sold in the open market. Systems 4 and 5 - Treatment of Slugaes Sludges being processed in these systems are F006 sludges generated from alkaline neutralization; they are either !'wet sludgestg containing 75-85% water and shipped to treatment facilities as such or "dry sludges" which are essentially wet sludges which the generator has filtered and dried to reduce both transportation and incoming weight charges. In the new process, wet and dry sludges are classified into two systems: a) sludges containing zinc, and b) sludges without zinc. Typical analyses in both systems are shown below: A. Wastes with Z inc B.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine Draft for Public Comment May 2019 1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE Ii
    f Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine Draft for Public Comment May 2019 1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE ii DISCLAIMER Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the Public Health Service, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. This information is distributed solely for the purpose of pre dissemination public comment under applicable information quality guidelines. It has not been formally disseminated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. It does not represent and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy. ***DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT*** 1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE iii FOREWORD This toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines developed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The original guidelines were published in the Federal Register on April 17, 1987. Each profile will be revised and republished as necessary. The ATSDR toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for these toxic substances described therein. Each peer-reviewed profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a substance's toxicologic properties. Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail than the key studies. The profile is not intended to be an exhaustive document; however, more comprehensive sources of specialty information are referenced. The focus of the profiles is on health and toxicologic information; therefore, each toxicological profile begins with a relevance to public health discussion which would allow a public health professional to make a real-time determination of whether the presence of a particular substance in the environment poses a potential threat to human health.
    [Show full text]
  • (Inorganic-Chemistry) 1
    www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com 9943009170----{ KNS - STUDY MATERIAL FOR +2 CHEMISTRY }----8248795898 (INORGANIC-CHEMISTRY) 1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE-II I. Choose the correct answer: BOOK BACK QUESTIONS: 1. En = -313.6/n2, If the value of Ei = -34.84 to which value ‘n’ corresponds a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 1 2. Dual character of an electron was explained by a) Bohr b) Heisenberg c) de-Broglie d) Pauli 3. de-Broglie equation is a) λ=mv/h b)λ=hmv c) λ =hv/m d) λ=h/mv 4. The value of Bohr radius for hydrogen atom is a) 0.529 x10-8 cm b) 0.529 x10-10 cm c) 0.529 x10-6 cm d) 0.529 x10-12 cm 5. Which of the following particle having same kinetic energy, would have the maximum de-Broglie wave length a) α-particle b) proton c) β-particle d) neutron 6. If the energy of an electron in the second Bohr orbit of H-atom is -E, whatis the energy of the electron in the Bohr’s first orbit? a) 2E b) -4E c) -2E d) 4E 7. The energy of electron in an atom is given by En = a)-4 2me4/n2h2 b)-2 2me2/n2h2 c) -2 2me4/n2h2 d) -2 me4/n2h2 8. The bond order of oxygen molecule is a) 2.5 b) 1 c) 3 d) 2 9. The hybridization in SF6 molecule is a) sp b) sp3d2 c) sp3d d) sp3d3 10. The intramolecular hydrogen bonding is present in a) o-nitrophenol b) m-nitro phenol c) p-nitro phenol d) None (INSIDE QUESTIONS (MARCH 2006 – JUNE - 2015) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Treaty Series
    Treaty Series Treaties and internationalagreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations VOLUME 446 Recueil des Traites Traites et accords internationaux enregistres ou classes et inscrits au repertoire au Secrtariat de l'Organisationdes Nations Unies United Nations * Nations Unies New York, 1963 Treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations VOLUME 446 1962 I. Nos. 6397-6409 TABLE OF CONTENTS Treaties and internationalagreements registered /rom 29 November 1962,to 4 December 1962 Page No. 6397. Denmark and People's Republic of China: Exchange of notes constituting an agreement relating to mutual exemption from taxation of residents of either State who are temporarily staying in the other State for educational purposes. Copenhagen, 7 and 23 Septem- ber 1961 .............. .............. ........ 3 No. 6398. United States of America and Denmark: Interim Agreement relating to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (with schedules). Signed at Geneva, on 5 March 1962 ............ 9 No. 6399. United States of America and Finland: Interim Agreement relating to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (with schedules). Signed at Geneva, on 5 March 1962 ......... ... 19 No. 6400. United States of America and Israel: Interim Agreement relating to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (with schedules). Signed at Geneva, on 5 March 1962 ......... ... 29 No. 6401. United States of America and New Zealand: Interim Agreement relating to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (with schedules). Signed at Geneva, on 5 March 1962 ......... ... 39 No. 6402. United States of America and Norway: Interim Agreement relating to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (with schedules).
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
    Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride
    [Show full text]
  • UNITED STATES PATENT of FICE 2,442,973 TREATMENT of TEXTILE MATERIAL with ALRALINE CELLULOSE ZNCATE SOLU TIONS Sidney M
    Patented June 8, 1948 2,442,973 UNITED STATES PATENT of FICE 2,442,973 TREATMENT OF TEXTILE MATERIAL WITH ALRALINE CELLULOSE ZNCATE SOLU TIONS Sidney M. Edelstein, Elizabeth, N.J. No Drawing. Application July 12, 1944, Serial No. 544,650 9 Claims. (C. 8-115.6) 2 This invention relates to the treatment of a shapes and sizes of the meshes, as in a mosquito textile material. More particularly it relates to netting. treating a textile fabric with a solution of cellu In general, a coating is applied to a textile lose in alkali metal zincate containing an excess material, as by passing a fabric through a solu of alkali over the amount required to convert the 5 tion of wood pulp in sodium zincate solution, add Zinc present to zincate, precipitating the cellulose ing a precipitating agent to precipitate cellulose from the solution upon the fabric and then wash upon the textile, and then washing and drying ing the thus coated fabric preferably to remove the product. most but not all of the zinc present, the zinc It is necessary that the washing of the fabric left being bonded by the coating to the fabric 0. with precipitated cellulose thereon be continued and giving special desirable properties to the until most of the zinc is removed. This is nec product. essary to give a clear, non-hazy film of the cellu This application is a continuation in part of lose. On the other hand, the washing is not to my copending application Serial No. 423,163, filed be continued until the last of the zinc is removed December 16, 1941, now abandoned, for Textile 5 if all of the special results from the cellulose zinc material and method of making, which, in turn, ate treatment of the fabric are to be obtained.
    [Show full text]
  • 156 Zinc Oxide and Hydroxide
    156 Zinc Oxide and Hydroxide COHPONENTS: EVALUATOR: (1) Zinc oxide; ZnO; [13l4-l3-Z] T. P. Dirkse Department of Chemistry (Z) Zinc hydroxide; Zn(OH)Z; [Z04Z7-58-l] Calvin College Grand Rapids, Michigan 49506, U.S.A. (3) Water; HZO; [773Z-l8-5] June 1984 CRITICAL EVALUATION: ~o far as the stable oxides and hydroxides are concerned, zinc exists only in the dipositive form. ZnO is a stable material but there are also indications that metastable forms of ZnO exist, depending on the method of preparation. The rate of solubility, and to some extent the solubility itself, of ZnO in an alkali solution was found to be dependent on the previous history of the ZnO (1). There is also mention of seven solid phases of ZnO (Z). A rather extensive review of the literature showed that the values of many physical characteristics of ZnO depend on the method of preparation or the previous history of the material (3), and, consequently, there is much discrepancy in the values reported in the literature. The so-called "active zinc oxides" had lower densities and higher catalytic activities than the "stable zinc oxides," yet all had the same X-ray diffraction pattern. A study of the effect of particle size on the solubility showed that the solubility product of ZnO as determined by solubility measurements in 1 mol NaOH dm-3 did increase as the particle size decreased and as the surface area of the ZnO increased (4). Zinc hydroxide, on the other hand, is a substance whose purity and stability have often been called into question.
    [Show full text]
  • The Zincates of Sodium. Equilibriums in the System Na2o-Zno-H2O
    Huygens Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) Citation: F. Goudriaan, The zincates of sodium. Equilibriums in the system Na20-Zn0-H2O, in: KNAW, Proceedings, 22 I, 1919-1920, Amsterdam, 1919, pp. 179-189 This PDF was made on 24 September 2010, from the 'Digital Library' of the Dutch History of Science Web Center (www.dwc.knaw.nl) > 'Digital Library > Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), http://www.digitallibrary.nl' - 1 - Chemistry. - "The zincates of sodium. Eq~tilibrium8 in the system Na 2 0-ZnO-B2 0". By DJ'. F. GOUDRIAAN. (Communirated by Prof. J. BÓESEKEN). (Communicated m the meeting of June 28, 1919). The data we find in the literature about the influence of the stl'ong bases of light metals on the insolnble weak hydroxides of heavy metals, are extremely contradictory and lIl-defined. 80 it is generally assumed th at the hydroxides of zinc, alummlUm, lead and tin display an amphoteric chamcter, so tllat lil an excess of stl'ong base they "dissolve" under the formation of salts. It is sllpposed on the other hand that the hydroxides of numerous other hea\'y metals do not show any propensity to form simi1ar salts and by this the stronger electro-positi ve charactel; of these metals is thought to reveal itself And yet it IS a fact that the liJdroxides of the so­ called btrong electl'O-positlve metals can hkewise in some circum­ stances display an amphotel'lC characler; nay eveu cuprum hydroxide can dissolve in a concentmted &oll1tioIl of NaOH Ol' KOR.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine Released for Public Comment in 2019
    f Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine October 2020 1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE ii DISCLAIMER Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the Public Health Service, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE iii FOREWORD This toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines* developed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The original guidelines were published in the Federal Register on April 17, 1987. Each profile will be revised and republished as necessary. The ATSDR toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for these toxic substances described therein. Each peer-reviewed profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a substance's toxicologic properties. Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail than the key studies. The profile is not intended to be an exhaustive document; however, more comprehensive sources of specialty information are referenced. The focus of the profiles is on health and toxicologic information; therefore, each toxicological profile begins with a relevance to public health discussion which would allow a public health professional to make a real-time determination of whether the presence of a particular substance in the environment poses a potential threat to human health. The adequacy of information to determine a substance's health effects is described in a health effects summary. Data needs that are of significance to the protection of public health are identified by ATSDR.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Resistance Chart Version 11/2018 | PDF Only | Bürkert Applied Marketing & Design Applied Marketing 11/2018 | PDF Only Bürkert Version
    Chemical Resistance Chart Version 11/2018 | PDF only | Bürkert Applied Marketing & Design Applied Marketing 11/2018 | PDF only Bürkert Version Check chemical resistance online. Download our mobile resistApp for free: Click to start the resistApp! Bürkert Fluid Control Systems Christian-Bürkert-Straße 13 -17 74653 Ingelfingen Germany Tel.: +49 7940 10 0 Fax: +49 7940 10 91204 [email protected] www.burkert.com Introduction 3 Introduction When dealing with aggressive fluids the user is continuously faced with the problem of finding compatible materials. In order to simplify the selection of suitable materials when using Bürkert products for aggressive fluids, the following tables provide useful information on the optimal choice of housing and gasket materials for a multitude of media. Since corrosion performance is influenced by several factors, the information contained Content in this brochure should be treated only as a guide and is not necessarily valid for all op- erating conditions. Increased temperatures, higher concentrations, and the inadvertent 3 Introduction ingress of water in originally pure chemicals can all lead to accelerated corrosion. 4 Structure and content of the chemical resistance charts Dependent on the purity of the fluid as well as the compounding and nature of vulca- 5 Interpretation of Symbols nisation of the gasket materials, deviations can result which affect the suitability and durability of the plastics and elastomers. 5 References 6 Overview The information quoted in this guide does not consider the effect of mechanical load- ing, which may also have a bearing on the material performance in the fluid. In cases 8 Resistance in basic chemicals of doubt when considering our products, we strongly recommend the prior testing of 32 Resistance in commercial products samples with various material combinations, in order to establish and check their suit- ability under the actual operating conditions of the application.
    [Show full text]
  • 19780011705.Pdf
    General Disclaimer One or more of the Following Statements may affect this Document This document has been reproduced from the best copy furnished by the organizational source. It is being released in the interest of making available as much information as possible. This document may contain data, which exceeds the sheet parameters. It was furnished in this condition by the organizational source and is the best copy available. This document may contain tone-on-tone or color graphs, charts and/or pictures, which have been reproduced in black and white. This document is paginated as submitted by the original source. Portions of this document are not fully legible due to the historical nature of some of the material. However, it is the best reproduction available from the original submission. Produced by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI) NASA TECHNICAL NASA TM -73879 MEMORANDUM v^ 00 M ti ZQ (*t ASA-TM-73970) DETERMINATION nF THE N78-19648 ZINCATr DIFFUSION CnEFFICIENT V7D ITS APPLICATION TO ALKALINr BATTEFY FROBLEMS (",'AS A) 20 p HC A 32/MF A01 CSCL 10C Unclas G.3/44 09682 DETERMINATION OF THE ZINCATE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT AND ITS APPLICATION TO ALKALINE BATTERY PROBLEMS by Charles E. May and Harold E. Kautz Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio 44135 TECHNICAL PAPER to be presented at the Electrochemical Society Meeting L^ Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, October 15-20, 1978 ^^ ^actun t•.^s^ b lll9^s1 hl ^12^^^^ s I I ^ -I DETERMINATION OF THE ZINCATE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT AND ITS APPLICATION TO ALKALINE BATTERY PROBLEMS by Charles E. May and Harold E.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrometallurgical Base Metals Extraction from Steelworks Flue Dust
    XXV Encontro Nacional de Tratamento de Minérios e Metalurgia Extrativa & VIII Meeting of the Southern Hemisphere on Mineral Technology, Goiânia - GO, 20 a 24 de Outubro 2013 HYDROMETALLURGICAL BASE METALS EXTRACTION FROM STEELWORKS FLUE DUST OLIVEIRA, D.M.1, SOBRAL, L.2, SOUZA, C.E.G.3 1CETEM – Centre for Mineral Technology/Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, [email protected] 2CETEM – Centre for Mineral Technology/Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, [email protected] 3CETEM – Centre for Mineral Technology/Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ABSTRACT The production of steel in electric arc furnace (EAF) generates a by-product called EAF dusts. These steelmaking flue dusts are classified in most industrialized countries as hazardous residues because the heavy metals contained in them, tend to leach under slightly acidic rainfall conditions. However, and at the same time they contain zinc species which can be use as a source to obtain valuable by-products. The present investigation shows results on the processing of a steelwork flue dust using oxidative leaching processes that release in the bulk chlorine gas in charge of dissolving the base metals, copper and zinc in particular. The leachate-bearing copper and zinc ionic species, and other metal species, such as iron, out of the aforementioned oxidative processes, is treated for producing quite important chemicals, such as copper chloride, starting point for producing copper oxi-chloride CuCl2.3Cu(OH)2, a very used fungicide in agriculture, zinc sulphate (ZnSO4), from where zinc oxide can be produced, and goethite (FeOOH) quite used in the ceramic, paint, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industrial sectors. KEYWORDS: electric arc furnace; base metals; steelworks flue dust.
    [Show full text]
  • Finishers' Think Tank
    Finishers’Finishers’ ThinkThink TankTank Stephen F. Rudy, CEF • Enequist Chemical Co. 100 Varick Avenue • Brooklyn, NY 11237 • 718/497-1200 • E-mail: [email protected] 2001: A Plating & Surface Finishing Odyssey The Journey Continues, Part 3 As the P&SF Express pulled out of Bath Constituents—Low-Cyanide Bath Orlando in February, we reviewed some of the features and applications Constituent Range Opt. Range Opt. of zinc plating in this column’s travel oz/gal oz/gal g/L g/L brochure. With great anticipation, the Zinc metal 1.0-2.0 1.3 7.0-15.0 10.0 Express sped along the orange groves * Zinc oxide 1.2-2.5 1.7 9.0-19.0 12.5 to our fi rst stop. * Zinc cyanide 1.8-3.6 2.3 13.5-27.0 20.2 Welcome to Zincmalia. This is per- Sodium cyanide 1.5-4.0 2.4 11.0-30.0 18.0 haps the most densely packed land of Sodium carbonate 8.5-12.0 10.2 63.8-90.0 76.5 zinc plating. Its geographical bound- Caustic soda 10.7-12.0 11.3 80.0-90.0 85.0 aries include these industrious states: * Optional to add either zinc oxide or zinc cyanide Acid, Alkaline, Cyanide, Alloy, and Ratio of sodium cyanide to zinc metal: Range (1.5-2.2) optimum = 1.8 Galvanize. Our initial border crossover into Zincmalia enlightened us as to the Bath Constituents—Medium-Cyanide Bath region’s continued strength and pros- perity: cheapest metal to electroplate Constituent Range Opt.
    [Show full text]