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Download PDF (98.7 Foreword What we normally associate the Holocaust with is genocide� The destruction of the Jewish nation has enshrouded the anguishes, sufferings, and humiliations the Jews experienced before being annihilated� Anti-Jewish riots tend to be neglected by authors of general studies concerning the history of the Second World War; similarly, they are not to be found in the works describing the Shoah� Likewise, not much would be found in the publications about the pogroms witnessed after 22nd June 1941 by Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, and Moldavia�1 Studies authored by historians from the countries where these occurrences took place tend to pass them over in silence for one more reason� To embark on this subject, a sore point as it really is, calls for courage as it implies that infa- mous and ignominious, or viciously brutal deeds could have been perpetrated not only by the Germans but also by the researcher’s compatriots� It is true that anti-Jewish disturbances – incidents, excesses, riots – sometimes turning into pogroms in which the Jews were getting beaten and in many cases killed, were not infrequently inspired by the German occupiers� It is, however, no less true that such incidents tended to occur here and there on the initiative of the local population – before the Germans entered� It should be borne in mind that the Germans might afterwards have persuaded or encouraged local people to take part in the persecutions or extermination of their Jewish neighbours, but as a rule they did not force them to do so� Let us make a fair point: it was not the Germans who originally invented po- groms; pogroms did not first occur during the Second World War, or even in the twentieth century� The anti-Jewish disturbances and excesses of the 1930s rank among the black chapters in Polish history� According to Jolanta Żyndul’s findings, in 1935–1937 alone, about a hundred fairly remarkable anti-Jewish in- cidents took place in Poland, with some 2,000 victims beaten and a dozen-or-so 1 What I have in mind are books such as: R� Hilberg, The Destruction of European Jews, London 1961 (and its numerous subsequent British and U�S� editions; French ed�: idem, La destruction des Juifs d’Europe, Paris 1988); idem, Täter, Opfer, Zuschauer: Die Vernichtung der Juden 1933–1945, Frankfurt am Main 1992; M� Gilbert, The Holocaust. A history of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War, New York 1985; a re- edition of the latter: idem, The Holocaust. The Jewish Tragedy, Glasgow 1987; L� Yahil, Überlebenskampf und Vernichtung der europäischen Juden, Munich 1998� 7 Tomasz Szarota - 9783653996821 Downloaded from PubFactory at 09/27/2021 02:22:20AM via free access killed�2 Fatalities – appallingly – occurred in Poland after the war as well, just to recall the pogrom of Kielce of 4th July 1946�3 As the title of this book clearly suggests, I will not deal with anti-Jewish oc- currences in countries allied with the Third Reich, Slovakia being one of them�4 Having focused on countries occupied by the Third Reich, I have decided to take a closer look at Warsaw, Paris, The Hague and Amsterdam, Antwerp, as well as Kaunas� My choice was based on the existing literature as well as on the possibility for me to get to the sources, such as police reports, press releases or articles, and eyewitness accounts� It is for this particular reason that I have quit, having consid- ered the gathered resources unsatisfactory, the idea of writing a separate chapter on the anti-Jewish incidents in Prague in March and May 1939�5 The same is true for Lwów/Lvov, where a bloody pogrom occurred twice in July 1941�6 Since I have 2 J� Żyndul, Zajścia antyżydowskie w Polsce w latach 1935–1937, Warsaw 1994, pp� 42, 54� 3 Cf� B� Szaynok, Pogrom Żydów w Kielcach 4 lipca 1946, Warsaw 1992; K� Kersten, Polacy, Żydzi. Komunizm: anatomia półprawd 1938–68, Warsaw 1992 (esp�, the essay Pogrom Żydów w Kielcach – znaki zapytania, pp� 89–142); Antyżydowskie wydarzenia kieleckie 4 lipca 1946 roku. Dokumenty i materiały, vol� I, ed� by S, Meducki and Z� Wrona, Kielce 1992; vol� 2�, ed� by S� Meducki, Kielce 1994� 4 Allow me here to mention a book on anti-Semitic incidents in Slovakia: E� Nižnansky, Židovská komunita na Slovensku medzi ćeskoslovenskou parlamentnou demokraciou a slovenským štátom v stredoeurópskom kontexte, Prešov 1999, of which I have learned, and received copies of its excerpts, from Mr� Jerzy Tomaszewski� Apart from the po- groms committed in the summer of 1941 in Moldavia, the conscience of Romanians is charged with the killing of some 35,000 Jews in Odessa on 23rd–25th October 1941; cf� D� Litani, “The Destruction of the Jews of Odessa in the Light of Romanian Docu- ments”, Yad Vashem Studies, vol� 6, 1967, pp� 135–154� 5 20th March 1939 saw a fire set in a synagogue, whereas 25th and 26th May witnessed anti- Jewish street riots organised in Prague by two fascist organisations: Vlajka (The Flag), run by Jan Rys-Rozsévac, and Národní obec fašistická (National Fascist Community) led by Gen� Radola Gajda� A biography of the latter, by A� Klimek and P� Hofman, titled Vítěz, který prohrál: generál Radola Gajda (Prague and Litomysl 1995), mentions this episode in one sentence (p� 277)� I thank Messrs� Witold Nawrocki and Jiří Kořalka for their guidance in gathering materials regarding this unwritten chapter� 6 The first pogrom took place on 30th June and lasted until 3rd July 1941, killing approx� 4,000 Jews� The second, referred to as “the Petlura Days”, entailed some 2,000 Jewish casualties; cf� F� Friedman, Zagłada Żydów lwowskich, Lodz 1945; English ed�: idem, “The Destruction of the Jews of Lwow 1941–1944”, [in:] idem,Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust, New York 1980, pp� 244–321; reprinted in: M�R� Marrus (ed�), The Nazi Holocaust. The “Final Solution” Outside Germany, vol� 2, Westport and London 1989, pp� 659–736; also, cf� Enzyklopädie des Holocaust, Bd� II, Berlin 1993, pp� 851–3� 8 Tomasz Szarota - 9783653996821 Downloaded from PubFactory at 09/27/2021 02:22:20AM via free access found it impossible to complement the information given by Andrzej Żbikowski in his U genezy Jedwabnego. Żydzi na kresach północno-wschodnich II Rzeczypo- spolitej, wrzesień 1939 – lipiec 1941 (Warsaw 2006), the reader is kindly referred to this study, which discusses the occurrences taking place between September 1939 and July 1941 in the Eastern Borderland of what was the Second Republic of Poland (it was found that Jews were killed in thirty-one localities of the region)� In spite of my endeavours, I have not managed to learn the details of the anti-Jewish incidents in Oslo in July 19417, or in Copenhagen in December 1941�8 I initially intended to deal in the introductory section with the events of Kristallnacht witnessed by the Third Reich in November 1938� Having become acquainted with a considerable portion of relevant publications,9 I have discard- ed the idea, as it would have gone beyond the framework of this study� However, I have found my acquaintanceship with the course of the events in Germany quite useful as it has allowed me to determine the extent to which those occur- rences were viewed elsewhere as a model to follow – just to mention here the 7 I have found a single mention of these incidents in the microfilmed files of the British Public Record Office (materials prepared based on the analysis of censored letters, of which I availed myself at the Institut für Zeitgeschichte in Munich (ref� no� MA 1492/17))� 8 As Leni Yahil tells us, the Danish fascists first attempted to destroy the monument of Jewish writer Meïr Aaron Goldschmidt and afterwards, on 20th December 1941, set fire to a Copenhagen synagogue� In response to New Year’s wishes he received from Dr Marcus Melchior, a rabbi, King Christian X wrote: “… it is with regret that I have learnt of the fire of the synagogue, but I am glad that the damages caused have proved not overly significant�” Let us add that the perpetrators were caught and sentenced on 3rd February 1942 to three years in prison; The Rescue of Danish Jewry. Test of a Democracy, Philadelphia 1969, pp� 48, 63� 9 I should, first of all, mention in this context the following books: �WH� Pehle (ed�), Der Judenpogrom 1938. Von der “Reichskristallnacht” zum Völkermord, Frankfurt am Main 1988; K� Pätzold and I� Runge, “Kristallnacht”. Zum Pogrom 1938, Cologne 1988; D� Obst, “Reichskristallnacht”. Ursachen und Verlauf des antisemitischen Pogroms vom November 1938, Frankfurt am Main 1991; W�-A� Kropat, “Reichskristallnacht”. Der Judenpogrom vom 7. Bis 10. November 1938 – Urheber, Täter, Hintergründe, Wiesbaden 1997 (a study that throws new light on the occurrences, showing that they were not limited to one night); H� Graml, Reichskristallnacht. Antisemitismus und Judenverfol- gung im Dritten Reich, Munich 1998 – being the third edition of this classic study; ‘Zeitschrift für Geschichtwissenschaft’ – a special issue entitled Novemberpogrom 1938. Reaktionen und Wirkungen, 1988, no� 11� A study by Karol Jonca, „Noc kryształowa“ i casus Herschela Grynszpana, 2nd ed�, Wroclaw 1998, can be deemed an achievement in Polish historiography� 9 Tomasz Szarota - 9783653996821 Downloaded from PubFactory at 09/27/2021 02:22:20AM via free access breaking of windows in Jewish shops, the devastation and arson of synagogues, or the guidelines to protect nearby “Aryan” establishments and houses� The comparative approach proposed in this book has proven to be successful as it enables us to discern the similarities, sometimes quite astonishing, among the occurrences
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