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Skills Handbook ...... XXX SkillBuilder Handbook...... 708 Historical Documents ...... XXX Standardized Test Practice...... 726 Primary Source Library...... XXX Primary Sources Library ...... 736 Gazetteer ...... 783 Suggested Readings...... 748 Glossary ...... 791 Glossary ...... 750 Spanish Glossary ...... 799 Spanish Glossary ...... 756 Index...... 808 Gazetteer ...... 763 Acknowledgments ...... 827 Index ...... 772

Acknowledgements ...... 792

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An appendix is the additional material you often find at the end of books. The following information will help you learn how to use the Appendix in Journey Across Time: The Early Ages.

SkillBuilder Handbook important to bilingual students, or those The SkillBuilder Handbook offers you Spanish-speaking students who are learning information and practice using critical thinking the English language. and social studies skills. Mastering these skills will help you in all your courses. Gazetteer The Gazetteer (GA•zuh•TIHR) is a geographical Standardized Test Preparation dictionary. It lists some of the largest countries, The skills you need to do well on standardized cities, and several important geographic features. tests are practiced in the Standardized Test Each entry also includes a page number telling Practice section of this Appendix. where this place is talked about in your textbook.

Index Primary Sources Library The Index is an alphabetical listing that includes The Primary Sources Library provides additional the subjects of the book and the page numbers first-person accounts of historical events. Primary where those subjects can be found. The index in sources are often narratives by a person who this book also lets you know that certain pages actually experienced what is being described. contain maps, graphs, photos, or paintings about the subject. Suggested Readings The Suggested Readings list suggests the titles Acknowledgements and Photo Credits of fiction and non-fiction books you might be This section lists photo credits and/or literary interested in reading. These books deal with the credits for the book. You can look at this section same topics that are covered in each chapter. to find out where the publisher obtained the permission to use a photograph or to use excerpts Glossary from other books. The Glossary is a list of important or difficult terms found in a textbook. Since words sometimes have other meanings, you may wish to consult a dictionary to find other uses for the term. The glossary gives a definition Find the answers to these questions by using of each term as it is used in the book. The the Appendix on the following pages. glossary also includes page numbers telling 1. What does dynasty mean? you where in the textbook the term is used. 2. What is the topic of the first Unit 3 Primary Source reading? The Spanish Glossary 3. On what page can I find out about Julius Caesar? The Spanish Glossary contains everything that 4. Where exactly is Rome located? an English glossary does, but it is written in 5. What is one of the Suggested Readings for Unit 3? Spanish. A Spanish glossary is especially

APPENDIXAppendix 707707 CORBIS 708-725 EM-SBHB-824133 3/31/04 12:31 PM Page 708

Finding the Main Idea ...... 709 Taking Notes and Outlining ...... 710 Reading a Time Line ...... 711 Sequencing and Categorizing Information ...... 712 Recognizing Point of View ...... 713 Distinguishing Fact From Opinion ...... 714 Analyzing Library and Research Resources ...... 715 Analyzing Primary Source Documents . . .716 Building a Database ...... 717 Summarizing ...... 718 Evaluating a Web Site ...... 719 Understanding Cause and Effect ...... 720 Making Comparisons ...... 721 Making Predictions ...... 722 Drawing Inferences and Conclusions . . . .723 Recognizing Economic Indicators ...... 724 Interpreting Political Cartoons ...... 725

708 SkillBuilder Handbook SkillBuilder Handbook 709 detail detail main idea SkillBuilder Handbook detail Bring a newspaper or magazine Cultural diffusion as a has increased What is the main idea of this paragraph? is the main idea of this paragraph? What some details that support are that What main idea? paragraphs three reading the skill by Practice their main and identifying textbook in your ideas. with the main idea or disagree agree Do you Explain. above? presented 1. 2. 3. 4. identify the a partner, to class. With articles. different main ideas in three Then describe how other sentences or paragraphs in the article support the main idea. result of technology. Cultural diffusion is its a culture spreads which by the process area to one and skills from knowledge another. ago, Years people trade—the way ideas—resulted in cultur- shared goods and al diffusion. technol- communication Today ogy, television and the Internet, such as the world. links people throughout Finding the Main Idea the Finding Read the paragraph in the next col- Understanding the main idea allows Understanding to Follow these steps when trying Keep the main idea clearly in your Keep the main idea clearly in mind as you read. Identify details that support the main Identify details that support the ideas. Read the material and ask, “Why was Read the material and ask, “Why this written? What is its purpose?” first para- Read the first sentence of the is graph. The main idea of a paragraph The often found in the topic sentence. section of text is main idea of a large often found in a topic paragraph. umn that describes how the culture of the world is changing. Answer the ques- tions, and then complete the activity that follows. If you have trouble, use the graphic organizer to help you. • • • • you to grasp the whole picture and get you to grasp the of what you an overall understanding details, such as are reading. Historical events, are easier to names, dates, and they are connected to a remember when main idea. find the main idea: Why Learn This Skill? This Skill? Learn Why 708-725 EM-SBHB-824133 6/30/05 7:14 PM Page 709 Page PM 7:14 6/30/05 EM-SBHB-824133 708-725 708-725 EM-SBHB-824133 3/31/04 12:33 PM Page 710

Taking Notes and Outlining

You also may find it helpful to use an Why Learn This Skill? outline when writing notes. Outlining can If you asked someone for his or her help you organize your notes in a clear phone number or e-mail address, how SkillBuilder Handbook and orderly way. would you best remember it? Most peo- First read the material to identify the ple would write it down. Making a note main ideas. In this textbook, section head- of it helps you remember. The same is ings and subheadings provide clues to the true for remembering what you read in a main ideas. Supporting details can then textbook. be placed under each heading. Each level of an outline must contain at least two items. The basic pattern for outlines is as follows: Taking notes as you read your text- book will help you remember the infor- Main Topic mation. As you read, identify and sum- I. First idea or item marize the main ideas and details and II. Second idea or item write them in your notes. Do not copy A. first detail material directly from the text. B. second detail Using note cards—that you can 1. subdetail reorder later—can also help. First write 2. subdetail the main topic or main idea at the top of III. Third idea or item the note card. Then write the details that A. first detail support or describe that topic. Number B. second detail the cards to help you keep them in order.

3 Schools in the Middle Ages Look back at Chapter 2, Section 1. • Catholic church set up Outline the main ideas of the section as cathedral schools. shown above.

• Only sons of nobles could go to these schools. Use the outline that you created in step 2 to write a paragraph with a main idea and at least three supporting details.

710 SkillBuilder Handbook 708-725 EM-SBHB-875047 10/2/06 9:32 AM Page 711 SkillBuilder Handbook Reading a Time Line Why Learn This Skill? Have you ever had to remember events and their dates in the order in Examine the time line below. It which they happened? A time line is an shows major events in the history of easy way to make sense of the flow of early Egypt. Then answer the questions dates and events. It is a simple diagram and complete the activity that follows. that shows how dates and events relate to one another. On most time lines, years are evenly spaced. Events on time lines 1. When does the time line begin? When does are placed beside the date they occurred. it end? 2. What major event happened around 1550 B.C.? 3. How long did the Hyksos rule Egypt? To read a time line, follow these steps: 4. What happened to Egypt around 1670 B.C.? • Find the dates on the opposite ends of the time line. They show the period of time that the time line covers. • Note the equal spacing between dates on the time line. List 10 key events found in Unit 1 and • Study the order of events. the dates on which these events took • Look to see how the events relate to place. Write the events in the order in each other. which they occurred on a time line.

Ancient Egypt Great Pyramid of Khufu built Upper and c. 2540 B.C. The Hyksos are Lower Egypt unite overthrown 3100 B.C. c. 1550 B.C. Egypt 3000 B.C. 2500 B.C. 2000 B.C. 1500 B.C. 1000 B.C. 500 B.C. A.D. 1 A.D. 500 A.D. 1000 A.D. 1500 The Hyksos Egypt is conquered conquer Egypt by Assyrians 1670 B.C. 670 B.C.

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Sequencing and Categorizing Information Why Learn This Skill? Sequencing means placing facts in the order in which they happened. Read the paragraph below and then SkillBuilder Handbook Categorizing means organizing informa- answer the questions that follow. tion into groups of related facts and ideas. Both actions help you deal with Buddhism started in India about 500 B.C. large quantities of information in an but was mostly driven out by 300 B.C. The understandable way. religion of Islam also influenced India’s his- tory. In the A.D. 700s, Muslims from south- west Asia brought Islam to India. In the 1500s, they founded the Mogul empire and Follow these steps to learn sequenc- ruled India for the next 200 years. ing and categorizing skills: • Look for dates or clue words that pro- vide you with a chronological order: in 1. What information can be organized by 2004, the late 1990s, first, then, finally, sequencing? after the Great Depression, and so on. 2. What categories can you use to organize the information? What facts could be placed • Sequencing can be seen in unit and under each category? chapter time lines or on graphs where information covers several years. • If the sequence of events is not impor- tant, you may want to categorize the information instead. To categorize infor- mation, look for topics and facts that Look at the Geographic Dictionary on are grouped together or have similar pages GH14 and GH15. Record any terms characteristics. If the information is that would fit into the category “bodies of about farming, one category might be water.” Also, find two newspaper or mag- tools of farming. azine articles about an important local issue. Sequence or categorize the informa- • List these categories, or characteristics, tion on note cards or in a chart. as the headings on a chart. • As you read, look for details. Fill in these details under the proper cate- gories on the chart.

712 SkillBuilder Handbook 708-725 EM-SBHB-824133 3/31/04 12:35 PM Page 713 SkillBuilder Handbook Recognizing Point of View Why Learn This Skill? If you say, “Cats make better pets than dogs,” you are expressing a point of Read the following statement about view. You are giving your personal opin- wildlife in Africa, and answer the ques- ion. Knowing when someone is giving tions below. you his or her personal point of view can help you judge the truth of what is Mountain gorillas live in the misty being said. mountain forests of East Africa. Logging and mining, however, are destroying the forests. Unless the forests are protected, all of the gorillas will lose their homes and dis- Most people have feelings and ideas appear forever. As a concerned African nat- that affect their point of view. A person’s uralist, I must emphasize that this will be point of view is often influenced by one of the worst events in Africa’s history. his or her age, background, or position in a situation. To recognize point of view, follow 1. What problem is the speaker addressing? these steps: 2. What reasons does the speaker give for the loss of the forests? • Identify the speaker or writer and examine his or her views on an issue. 3. What is the speaker’s point of view about Think about his or her position in life the problem facing the gorillas in East and relationship to the issue. Africa? • Look for language that shows an emo- tion or an opinion. Look for words such as all, never, best, worst, might, or should. • Examine the speech or writing for imbalances. Does it have only one view- Choose a “Letter to the Editor” from a point? Does it fail to provide equal cov- newspaper. Summarize the issue being erage of other viewpoints? discussed and the writer’s point of view about that issue. State what an opposing • Identify statements of fact. Factual point of view to the issue might be. statements usually answer the Who? Describe who might hold this other view- What? When? and Where? questions. point in terms of their age, occupation, • Determine how the person’s point of and background. view is reflected in his or her state- ments or writing.

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Distinguishing Fact From Opinion Why Learn This Skill? Suppose a friend says, “Our school’s basketball team is awesome. That’s a Read each statement below. Tell SkillBuilder Handbook fact.” Actually, it is not a fact; it is an whether each is a fact or an opinion, and opinion. Knowing how to tell the differ- explain how you arrived at your answer. ence between a fact and an opinion can help you analyze the accuracy of politi- (1) The Han dynasty ruled China from cal claims, advertisements, and many 202 B.C. to A.D. 220. other kinds of statements. (2) The Han dynasty was a much better dynasty than the Qin dynasty. (3) The Han divided the country into dis- A fact answers a specific question tricts to be better able to manage such such as: What happened? Who did it? a large area. When and where did it happen? Why did (4) The government should not have it happen? Statements of fact can be encouraged support for arts and checked for accuracy and proven. inventions. An opinion, on the other hand, expresses beliefs, feelings, and judgments. (5) The Han kept very good records of It may reflect someone’s thoughts, but it everything they did, which helps his- cannot be proven. An opinion often torians today learn about them. begins with a phrase such as I believe, (6) Han rulers chose government officials I think, probably, it seems to me, or in my on the basis of merit rather than birth. opinion. (7) No other ruling family in the world To distinguish between facts and can compare with the Han dynasty of opinions, ask yourself these questions: China. • Does this statement give specific infor- (8) Han rulers should have defended the mation about an event? poor farmers against the harsh actions of wealthy landowners. • Can I check the accuracy of this statement? • Does this statement express someone’s feelings, beliefs, or judgment? • Does it include phrases such as I believe, superlatives, or judgment words? Read one newspaper article that describes a political event. Find three statements of fact and three opinions expressed in the article.

714 SkillBuilder Handbook 708-725 EM-SBHB-824133 6/30/05 7:16 PM Page 715 SkillBuilder Handbook Analyzing Library and Research Resources

Why Learn This Skill? (1) A travel guide to Italy today Imagine that your teacher has sent (2) A guide to early Roman art and you to the library to write a report on the history of ancient Rome. Knowing how architecture to choose good sources for your research (3) A children’s storybook about ancient will help you save time in the library Europe and write a better report. (4) A history of ancient Greece (5) A study of the rise and fall of the Roman Empire Not all sources will be useful for your (6) A book on modern republican ideas report on Rome. Even some sources that (7) A biographical dictionary of ancient involve topics about Rome will not always rulers of the world provide the information you want. In ana- lyzing sources for your research project, (8) An atlas of the world choose items that are nonfiction and that contain the most information about your topic. When choosing research resources ask these questions: Go to your local library or use the Internet to create a bibliography of • Is the information up-to-date? sources you might use to write a report • Does the index have several pages on the history of ancient Rome. List at listed for the topic? least five sources. • Is the resource written in a way that is easy to understand? • Are there helpful illustrations and photos?

Look at the following list of sources. Which would be most helpful in writing a report on the history of ancient Rome? Explain your choices.

Roman mosaic showing gladiators in battle

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Analyzing Primary Source Documents

Why Learn This Skill? Once upon a time, the different parts Historians determine what happened of the human body were not all in agree- in the past by combing through bits of SkillBuilder Handbook ment....And it seemed very unfair to the evidence to reconstruct events. These other parts of the body that they should types of evidence—both written and worry and sweat away to look after the illustrated—are called primary sources. belly. After all, the belly just sat there . . . Examining primary sources can help doing nothing, enjoying all the nice things you understand history. that came along. So they hatched a plot. The hands weren’t going to take food to the mouth; even if they did, the mouth wasn’t going to accept it....They went Primary sources are sources that were into a sulk and waited for the belly to cry created in the historical era being studied. for help. But while they waited, one by They can include letters, diaries, photo- one all the parts of the body got weaker graphs and pictures, news articles, legal and weaker. The moral of this story? The documents, stories, literature, and belly too has its job to do. It has to be fed, artwork. but it also does feeding of its own. To analyze primary sources, ask Excerpt from Stories of Rome, yourself the following questions: Livy, c. 20 B.C. • What is the item?

• Who created it? 1. What is the main topic? • Where did it come from? 2. Who did the hands and mouth think was • When was it created? lazy? 3. What did the hands and mouth do about it? • What does it reveal about the topic I am studying? 4. What was the moral—or lesson—of the story?

The primary source that follows comes from Stories of Rome by Livy. Livy was a Roman historian who lived Find a primary source from your from 59 B.C. to A.D. 17. Here he has writ- past—a photo or newspaper clipping. ten a story with a moral, or lesson to be Explain to the class what it shows about learned. Read the story, and then answer that time in your life. the questions that follow.

716 SkillBuilder Handbook 708-725 EM-SBHB-824133 3/31/04 12:38 PM Page 717 SkillBuilder Handbook Building a Database Why Learn This Skill? A database is a collection of informa- tion stored in a computer or on diskette On a separate sheet of paper, answer files. It runs on software that organizes the following questions referring to the large amounts of information in a way database on this page. that makes it easy to search and make any changes. It often takes the form of a 1. What type of information does the database chart or table. You might build databases contain? to store information related to a class at school or your weekly schedule. 2. What related fields of information does it show? 3. The author learns that Canada also exports clothing, beverages, and art to the United States. Is it necessary to create a new data- To create a database using word- base? Explain. processing software, follow these steps: • Enter a title identifying the type of information in your document and file names. • Determine the set of specific points of Build a database to help you keep information you wish to include. As track of your school assignments. Work the database example on this page with four fields: Subject, Assignment shows, you might want to record data Description, Due Date, and Completed on the imports and exports of specific Assignments. Be sure to keep your data- countries. base up-to-date. • Enter the information categories along

with country names as headings in a U.S. International Commerce columned chart. Each column makes up Country Japan United Kingdom Canada Dairy products, Engines, rubber Wheat, minerals, Exports beverages, a field, which is the basic unit for infor- goods, cars, paper, mining to U.S. petroleum trucks, buses mation stored in a database. products, art machines

Value of • Enter data you have collected into the Exports $128 billion $35.2 billion $232.6 billion cells, or individual spaces, on your to U.S.

Imports Meat, fish, Fruit, tobacco, chart. Fish, sugar, from sugar, tobacco, electrical metals, clothing • Use your computer’s sorting feature to U.S. coffee equipment Value of organize the data. For example, you Imports from $67.3 billion $42.8 billion $199.6 billion might alphabetize by country name. U.S. • Add, delete, or update information as needed. Database software automatical- ly adjusts the cells in the chart.

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Summarizing Why Learn This Skill? Imagine you have been assigned a long chapter to read. How can you To practice the skill, read the para- SkillBuilder Handbook remember the important information? graph below. Then answer the questions Summarizing information—reducing that follow. large amounts of information to a few key phrases—can help you remember The Ming dynasty that followed the the main ideas and important facts. Mongols tried to rid the country of Mongol influence. The Ming leaders believed that China could become a great empire. They expanded Chinese control over parts of To summarize information, follow East Asia, including Korea, Vietnam, and these guidelines when you read: Myanmar (Burma). To re-establish the importance of Chinese culture, they • Separate the main ideas from the sup- encouraged the practices of older Chinese porting details. Use the main ideas in a traditions, especially in the arts. Chinese lit- summary. erature during the Ming era followed the • Use your own words to describe the styles of ancient Chinese writers. Some of main ideas. Do not copy the selection the finest Chinese paintings and pottery word for word. were created during this period. Ming rulers also built the Forbidden City. • If the summary is almost as long as the reading selection, you are including too much information. The summary 1. What are the main ideas of this paragraph? should be very short. 2. What are the supporting details? 3. Write a brief summary of two or three sen- tences that will help you remember what the paragraph is about.

Read a newspaper or short magazine article. Summarize the article in one or two sentences.

718 SkillBuilder Handbook 708-725 EM-SBHB-824133 7/15/04 12:06 AM Page 719 SkillBuilder Handbook Evaluating a Web Site Why Learn This Skill? The Internet has grown to become a necessary household and business tool To practice the skill, find three Web as more people use it. With so many sites on the shoguns or samurai of Japan. Web sites available, how do you know Follow these steps and write your which one will be the most helpful to explanation. you? You must look at the details, so you do not waste valuable time in Web 1. Evaluate how useful these sites would be if searches. you were writing a report on the topic. 2. Choose which one is the most helpful. 3. Explain why you chose that site. The Internet is a valuable research tool. It is easy to use, and it often pro- vides fast, up-to-date information. The most common use of the Internet by stu- dents is in doing research. However, some If your school had a Web site, what Web site information is not really accurate kind of information would be on it? Write or reliable. a paragraph describing this site. When using the Internet to do research, you must evaluate the informa- tion very carefully. When evaluating the Web site, ask yourself the following questions:

• Do the facts on the site seem accurate? • Who is the author or sponsor of the site, and what is that person’s or organiza- tion’s reason for maintaining it? • Does the site information explore a subject in-depth? • Does the site contain links to other useful resources? • Is the information easy to read and access? A Japanese samurai warrior

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Understanding Cause and Effect Why Learn This Skill? You know if you watch television instead of completing your homework, SkillBuilder Handbook As you read the following passage, you probably will not get a good grade. record cause-and-effect connections in a The cause—not doing homework—leads chart or graphic organizer. to the effect—not getting a good grade.

Around 200 B.C., Mesopotamians were among the first in the world to blend copper and tin to make bronze. A cause is any person, event, or condi- Bronze brought many changes to life in tion that makes something happen. What Mesopotamia. For one thing, bronze was happens as a result is known as an effect. much harder than the copper products that were used until that time. Because it was These guidelines will help you harder, bronze made better tools and sharp- identify cause and effect. er weapons. This improvement in technolo- • Identify two or more events. gy was a help to farmers, craftworkers, and • Ask questions about why events occur. soldiers alike. Molten [melted] bronze was also easier • Look for “clue words” that alert you to to pour than the metals used earlier. cause and effect, such as because, led to, Craftworkers were able to make finer brought about, produced, and therefore. arrows, ax-heads, statues, bowls, and other • Identify the outcome of events. objects.

Look again at the chapter you are currently reading. Choose a major event that is described and list its causes.

The Royal Banner of Ur

720 SkillBuilder Handbook Michael Holford 708-725 EM-SBHB-875047 9/25/06 4:53 PM Page 721 SkillBuilder Handbook Making Comparisons

• Determine which characteristics you Why Learn This Skill? will use to compare them. Suppose you want to buy a portable CD player, and you must choose among • Identify similarities and differences in three models. To make this decision, you these characteristics. would probably compare various fea- tures of the three models, such as price, sound quality, size, and so on. By mak- ing comparisons, you will figure out which model is best for you. In the study To practice the skill, analyze the of world history, you often compare peo- information on the chart at the bottom of ple or events from one time period with this page. Then answer these questions. those from a different time period. 1. What items are being compared? 2. What characteristics are being used to compare them? 3. In what ways were the Phoenicians and When making comparisons, you Israelites similar? In what ways were they examine and identify two or more groups, different? situations, events, or documents. Then 4. Suppose you wanted to compare the two you identify any similarities (ways they peoples in more detail. What are some of are alike) and differences (ways they are the characteristics you might use? different). For example, the chart on this page compares the characteristics of two ancient civilizations. When making comparisons, apply the following steps: Think about two sports that are • Decide what items will be compared. played at your school. Make a chart Clue words such as also, as well as, like, comparing such things as: where the same as, and similar to can help you games are played, who plays them, what identify things that are being compared. equipment is used, and other details.

Phoenician and Israelite Civilizations Cultural Characteristic Phoenicians Israelites Homeland Canaan Canaan Political Organization city-states 12 tribes; later, kingdom Method of Rule kings/merchant councils kings/council of elders Main Occupations artisans, traders, shippers herders, farmers, traders Religion belief in many gods and goddesses belief in one, all-powerful God Main Contribution spread of an alphabet principles of social justice

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Making Predictions Why Learn This Skill? In history you read about people making difficult decisions based on what To practice the skill, read the follow- SkillBuilder Handbook they think might happen. By making ing paragraph about the Aztec Empire. predictions yourself, you can get a better Then answer the questions. understanding of the choices people make. The Aztec of ancient Mexico built the strongest empire of any Native American group. They mined gold, silver, and other As you read a paragraph or section in goods for trade. In building their empire, your book, think about what might come they conquered many other Native American next. What you think will happen is your groups. The Aztec fought their enemies prediction. A prediction does not have a using wooden weapons with stone blades. correct or incorrect answer. Making pre- In the 1500s, a Spanish army seeking dictions helps you to carefully consider gold heard about the Aztec and their riches. what you are reading. Led by Hernán Cortés, the Spaniards were To make a prediction, ask yourself: helped by enemies of the Aztec. Armed with steel swords, muskets, and cannons, the • What happened in this paragraph or Spaniards moved towards the Aztec capital. section? • What prior knowledge do I have about the events in the text? 1. Choose the outcome below that is most likely to occur between the Aztec and Spaniards. • What similar situations do I know of? a.The Spaniards will avoid the Aztec • What do I think might happen next? altogether. • Test your prediction: read further to see b.The two groups will become friends. if you were correct. c.The Spaniards will conquer the Aztec. d.The Aztec will conquer the Spaniards. 2. Explain why you chose the answer you did.

Watch a television show or a movie. Halfway through the show, write your prediction of how it will end on a piece of paper. At the end of the show, check your prediction. Aztec shield

722 SkillBuilder Handbook Museum of Ethnology, Vienna 708-725 EM-SBHB-875047 9/25/06 4:54 PM Page 723 SkillBuilder Handbook Drawing Inferences and Conclusions Why Learn This Skill? Suppose your teacher brought an artifact to class and a classmate Read the passage below and answer exclaimed, “That came from Greece, the questions. didn’t it?” You might infer that your classmate had an interest in Greece. Many Greek temples were decorated with sculpture. Greek sculpture, like Greek architecture, was used to express Greek ideas. The favorite subject of Greek artists To infer means to evaluate information was the human body. Greek sculptors did and arrive at a conclusion. Social studies not copy their subjects exactly, flaws and writers do not always spell out every- all. Instead, they tried to show their ideal thing in the text. When you make infer- version of perfection and beauty. ences you “read between the lines.” You must then use the available facts and your own knowledge of social studies to draw 1. What topic is the writer describing? a conclusion. 2. What facts are given? Use the following steps to help draw 3. What can you infer about Greek cities from inferences and make conclusions: the information? • Read carefully for stated facts and 4. What conclusions can you draw about how ideas. the Greeks felt about sculptures? • Summarize the information and list the important facts. • Apply related information that you may already know to make inferences. Read one of the biographies in this • Use your knowledge and insight to text. What can you infer about the life of develop some conclusions about these the person described? Draw a conclusion facts. about whether or not you would like to meet this person.

Ancient Greek sculptures of Socrates (far left), Plato (middle), and Aristotle (right)

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Recognizing Economic Indicators Why Learn This Skill? Every day, business and government leaders are faced with the challenge of SkillBuilder Handbook trying to predict what will happen to the economy in the coming months and years. To help these leaders in making decisions, economists, or scientists who study the economy, have developed ways to meas- ure an economy’s performance. These ways are called economic indicators.

Prices on the stock market often rise or fall Economic indicators are statistics, or based on changes in economic indicators. numbers, that tell how well the economy is doing and how well the economy is going to do in the future. They include the number of jobless, the rate at which prices rise over a period of time, and the amount of goods and services that are Start an Economics Handbook. Using produced and sold. Each month, the U.S. a dictionary, look up each economic term Department of Commerce gathers data listed on this chart. Write a definition for for 78 economic indicators covering all each term in your Economics Handbook. aspects of the state of the United States economy. The chart below lists some com- mon terms for economic indicators that you may read about. Think about one of the countries you Economic Indicators have read about in this text that has grown to be wealthy. Using the terms that Term Definition Saving you just defined, write a paragraph Income describing that country’s wealth. Expenditure Consumption Inflation Debt Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Interest Rates Credit Export Import

724 SkillBuilder Handbook Tim Flach/Getty Images 708-725 EM-SBHB-824133 3/31/04 12:45 PM Page 725 SkillBuilder Handbook Interpreting Political Cartoons

• Identify the cartoonist’s purpose. What Why Learn This Skill? statement or idea is he or she trying to Political cartoonists use art to express get across? Decide if the cartoonist political opinions. Their work appears wants to persuade, criticize, or just in newspapers, magazines, books, and make people think. on the Internet. Political cartoons are drawings that express an opinion. They usually focus on public figures, political events, or economic or social conditions. A political cartoon can give you a sum- On a separate sheet of paper, answer mary of an event or circumstance and these questions about the political car- the artist’s opinion in a quick and enter- toon below. taining manner. 1. What is the subject of the cartoon? 2. What words give clues as to the meaning of the cartoon? To interpret a political cartoon, fol- low these steps: 3. What item seems out of place? 4. What message do you think the cartoonist is • Read the title, caption, or conversation trying to send? balloons. Most cartoons will carry at least one of these elements. They help you identify the subject of the cartoon. • Identify the characters or people shown. They may be caricatures, or unrealistic Bring a news magazine to class. With a drawings that exaggerate the characters’ partner, analyze the message in each physical features. political cartoon that you find. • Identify any symbols shown. Symbols are things that stand for something else. An example is the American flag that is a symbol of our coun- try. Commonly recognized symbols may not be labeled. Unusual symbolism will be labeled. • Examine the actions in the cartoon—what is happening and why?

SkillBuilder Handbook 725 Jerry Barnett 726-735 EM STP-824133 3/28/04 8:32 AM Page 726

Standardized tests are one way educators measure what you have learned. This handbook is designed to help you prepare for standardized tests in social studies. On the pages that follow, you will find a review of the major social studies critical thinking skills that you will need to master to be successful when taking tests.

Interpreting a Map ...... 727

Interpreting a Political Map ...... 728

Interpreting Charts ...... 729

Making Comparisons ...... 730

Interpreting Primary Sources ...... 731

Interpreting a Political Cartoon ...... 732

Interpreting a Circle Graph ...... 733

Drawing Inferences and Conclusions . . . . .734

Comparing Data ...... 735

726 Standardized Test Practice 726-735 EM STP-824133 6/30/05 7:35 PM Page 727

Interpreting a Map The Columbian Exchange

60° Standardized Test Practice

N E Before 1492, people living in CL CIR ARCTIC Europe in the Eastern Hemisphere EUROPE

30° had no idea that the continents of T

N H North America and South America in s se

E a the Western Hemisphere existed. That ise C te, D orn, Beans, Chocola s s, se was the year Christopher Columbus A se ea or is H D M , , le at first reached the Americas. His voyage TRO tt e PIC a h E O C F CA W AFRICA of exploration paved the way for other NCER 0 R ° N European voyages to the Western I C W ple Hemisphere. The voyages of the E A Enslaved Peo S R S ATO early explorers brought together two EQU 0° worlds. Previously these parts of the 90°W 60°W 30°W globe had no contact with each other. Trade between the hemispheres changed life for people on both 5. What did the Americas acquire from sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The trade Europe? between the peoples of the Eastern Hemi- sphere and the Western Hemisphere is 6. What people were brought from Africa referred to as the Columbian Exchange. to the Americas? 7. In what direction is Europe from the Skills Practice Americas? Although globes are the best, most accu- rate way to show places on the round earth, people can more easily use maps to represent places. A map is made by taking data from a round globe and placing it on a flat surface. Standardized To read a map, first read the title to determine Test Practice the subject of the map. Then read the map key DIRECTIONS: Use the map and your or the labels on the map to find out what the knowledge of social studies to answer colors and symbols on the map mean. Use the the following question on a separate compass rose to identify the four cardinal sheet of paper. directions of north, south, east, and west. 1. Which of the following statements about Study the map of the Columbian Exchange the Columbian Exchange is true? and answer the questions that follow on a A Food products were traded only separate sheet of paper. between Africa and the Americas. B Europeans acquired cattle from the 1. What is the subject of the map? Americas. 2. What do the arrows represent? C Europeans introduced corn, tomatoes, and beans to Native Americans. 3. What continents are shown on the map? D Enslaved Africans were brought to the 4. What foods did Europeans acquire Americas. from the Americas?

Standardized Test Practice 727 726-735 EMSTP-8241333/28/048:37AMPage728 Standardized Test Practice 728 Skills Practice Interpreting aPolitical Map the map.Lookatmapkeyforadditional Identify thecoloniesorotherpoliticalunitson geographic area andtimeperioditcovers. map, read themaptitletodeterminewhat between politicalareas. To interpret apolitical boundaries. Linesrepresent theboundaries other politicalunits.Thesedivisionsare called territories suchasnations,states,colonies,or colonists. the American rulers living3,000milesawaymadelawsfor Parliament ofGreat Britain.Thatmeantthat in America were ruled bythemonarchy and rulers inanotherplace.TheBritishcolonists ple livinginoneplacewhoare governedby colonyisagroup ofpeo- North America. A century, there were 13Britishcoloniesin 0 projection Lambert Equal-Area 0 Political mapsillustratedivisionsbetween By 1750,orthemiddleofeighteenth 200 kilometers

Savannah L Charles Town a

200 miles k

GA. e E r

Standardized TestPractice i e S.C. Colonies The Thirteen St. Mary's Philadelphia 60 Ontario Lake ° N.C. VA. W New Haven PA. Hartford Jamestown N.Y. MD. DEL. Boston New York City N.J. 1750 Middle Colonies New EnglandColonies Southern Colonies Town orCity N.H.

30 (part of CONN. Mass.) ATLaNTIC W ° ME.

N R.I.

N Salem OCEaN Plymouth

S

E MASS. 70 40 ° ° W N sheet ofpaper. answer thequestionsthatfollowonaseparate information. Studythemaponthispageand 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 3. 2. 1. Where wasCharlesTown located? the easternborder ofthecolonies. Name thebodyofwaterthatformed British colony? Which wasthesouthernmostearly Pennsylvania tothenorth? Which MiddleColonybordered Which were theMiddleColonies? List theNewEnglandColonies. D C B A The settlementofPlymouth was located J H G F the present-day stateof The MiddleColony northernmost is D C B A largest landarea was The New EnglandColony thatcovered the sheet ofpaper. the following questionsonaseparate knowledge ofsocialstudiestoanswer Usethemapandyour DIRECTIONS: in Virginia. in theSouthernColonies. in Massachusetts. near Jamestown. Pennsylvania. Massachusetts. New York. Maryland. New Hampshire. Massachusetts. Pennsylvania. Virginia. Standardized Test Practice 726-735 EM STP-824133 3/28/04 8:40 AM Page 729

Interpreting Charts

Government is a necessary part of every Skills Practice Standardized Test Practice nation. It gives citizens stability and pro- Charts are visual graphics that categorize vides services that many of us take for information. When reading a chart, be sure to granted. However, governments can some- look at all the headings and labels. Study the times have too much power. charts on this page and answer the questions The United States was founded on the that follow on a separate sheet of paper. principle of limited government. Limited 1. What do the charts compare? governments require all people to follow the laws. Even the rulers must obey rules set for 2. Which political systems are forms of the society. A democracy is a form of limited limited government? government. Not all forms of government 3. Which form of government often uses have limits. In unlimited governments, military rule? power belongs to the ruler. No laws exist to limit what the ruler may do. A dictatorship 4. In which political system does the king is an example of an unlimited government. or queen have complete power?

LimitedLimited GovernmentsGovernments Standardized Representative Constitutional Test Practice Democracy Monarchy DIRECTIONS: Use the charts and your knowledge of social studies to answer People elect leaders King or queen’s the following questions on a separate to rule power is limited sheet of paper. Individual rights Individual rights 1. important important Information found in the charts shows that the most restrictive form of govern- More than one More than one ment is a political party political party A dictatorship. People give consent People elect B representative democracy. to be governed governing body C absolute monarchy. D constitutional monarchy. UnlimitedUnlimited GovernmentsGovernments 2. Under which type of government do citi- zens have the most power? Dictatorship Absolute F unlimited government Monarchy G limited government One person or King or queen H absolute monarchy small group rules inherits power J dictatorship Few personal Usually some 3. An example of an unlimited government is freedoms freedoms A the United States in the 1960s. Rule by force, Officials are appointed B Libya in the 1970s. often military by king or queen C the United Kingdom in the 1980s. Ruler does not Monarch has D Mexico in the 1990s. have to obey rules complete authority

Standardized Test Practice 729 726-735 EMSTP-8241333/28/048:42AMPage730 Standardized Test Practice 730 Making Comparisons bers willbechosen. house willbeorganized andhowitsmem- the U.S.Constitutiondescribeshoweach the HouseofRepresentatives. Article Iof the UnitedStatesincludesSenateand bicameral. ThebicameralCongress of bodies withtwohousesare saidtobe bers, oftheU.S.Congress. Legislative the nation.There are twohouses,orcham- function ofCongress istomakelawsfor representatives toCongress. Themajor islature, orlawmakingbody, in America. House ofBurgesses. Thisbecamethefirstleg- Virginia were chosenasrepresentatives tothe to dealwiththeseproblems. Citizensof Later, colonistsformedtheHouseofBurgesses As thecolonydeveloped,problems arose. colony ofJamestowninpresent-day Virginia. nial times.In1607Englishsettlersfoundedthe the UnitedStatescanbetracedbacktocolo- Two-year terms Terms ofOffice: state population per stateisbasedon number of representatives 435 totalrepresentatives; Representatives: Number of they represent Must live inthestate for 7+years Must beU.S. citizen Must be25years old Qualifications: Today citizensoftheUnitedStateselect The roots ofrepresentative democracyin Representatives House of The U.S. Congress The U.S. Congress Standardized TestPractice they represent Must live inthestate for 9+years Must beU.S. citizen Must be30years old Qualifications: Six-year terms Terms ofOffice: of statepopulation from stateregardless each two senators elected 100 totalsenators; Representatives: Number of Senate Skills Practice that followonaseparatesheetofpaper. chart onthispageandanswerthequestions items. Studytheinformationpresented onthe any similaritiesanddifferences betweenthe tions, events,ordocuments.Thenyouidentify tify andexaminetwoormore groups, situa- 3. 2. 1. When youmakeacomparison,iden- 2. 1. probably more experienced?Why? The membersofwhichhouseare house oftheU.S.Congress similar? How are thequalificationsforeach What twothingsdoes J H G F information isthat shown onthechart One inference thatcanbemadefrom D C B A reflects information shown inthechart? Which ofthefollowing statementsbest sheet ofpaper. the following questionsonaseparate knowledge ofsocialstudiestoanswer andyour Usethechart DIRECTIONS: Rhode Island. Texas electsfewer Housemembers than Island. Texas electsfewer senators thanRhode Rhode Island. Texas electsmore House members than Island. Texas electsmore senators thanRhode number ofsenators. A state’s populationdeterminesits their statesfor atleast9years. House members must beresidents of elected totwo-year terms. Representatives totheHouseare House ofRepresentatives. The Senatehasmore members thanthe Standardized Test Practice the chartcompare? 726-735 EM STP-824133 6/30/05 7:38 PM Page 731

Interpreting Primary Sources

When Thomas Jefferson wrote the 3. Which right allows citizens to publish a Standardized Test Practice Declaration of Independence, he used the pamphlet that is critical of the president? term “unalienable rights.” Jefferson was 4. What is the Bill of Rights? referring to the natural rights that belong to humans. He and the other Founders of our nation believed that government could not Rights Protected by take away the rights of the people. the First Amendment Skills Practice Primary sources are records of events made by the people who witnessed them. A Freedom of Religion historical document such as the Declaration Every person can worship freely. of Independence is an example of a primary No national religion will be established. source. Read the passage below and answer Freedom of Speech People may speak their opinions without the questions that follow on a separate fear of punishment by the government. sheet of paper. Freedom of the Press Americans can express themselves in printed publications without government interference.

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men Freedom of Assembly Citizens can meet in groups as long as are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator the meetings are peaceful and lawful. with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Right to Petition Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness . . .” Americans can make requests that express their ideas to the government. —Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776

1. What does the document say about the equality of men? 2. List the three natural, or unalienable, rights to which the document refers. Standardized After gaining independence, American leaders wrote the U.S. Constitution in Test Practice 1787. The Bill of Rights includes the DIRECTIONS: Use the chart and your first 10 amendments, or additions, to the knowledge of social studies to answer the following question on a separate Constitution. The First Amendment pro- sheet of paper. tects five basic rights of all American citi- zens. Study the chart on this page and 1. Which First Amendment right protects cit- izens who are staging a protest outside a answer the questions that follow. government building? 1. Which right allows Americans to A freedom of speech express themselves without fear of B freedom of the press punishment by the government? C freedom of assembly D freedom of religion 2. Which right allows people to worship as they please?

Standardized Test Practice 731 726-735 EMSTP-8241338/3/046:47PMPage732 Standardized Test Practice Sidney Harris 732 Interpreting aPolitical Cartoon Skills Practice statements that hurt another’s reputation. statements thathurtanother’s include allowingapersontomakefalse For example,thefreedom ofspeechdoesnot from interferingwiththerightsofanother. be restricted toprevent oneperson’srights moral standards ofacommunity. Rightscan rights toprotect thehealth,safety, security, or ernment canestablishlawstolimitcertain order inasocietyofsomanypeople.Thegov- ers. Limitsonfreedoms are necessarytokeep do whatevertheypleasewithoutregard tooth- ment wasnotintendedtoallow Americans to Americans alsohavelimits.TheFirst Amend- is limitedinitspowers,freedoms extendedto message ofthecartoonist. Analyze these and captionsthatprovide cluesaboutthe a politicalcartoon,lookforsymbols,labels, the publicaboutacertaintopic.To interpret toonists are tryingtoinformandinfluence on politicalissues.Sometimesthesecar- often usehumortoexpress theiropinions Just asthegovernmentofUnitedStates The artistswhocreate politicalcartoons Standardized TestPractice a separatesheetofpaper. and answerthequestionsthatfollowon Study thepoliticalcartoononthispage elements anddrawsomeconclusions. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 2. 1. rights limited? Amendment rights?Whyare these What limitsare placedonFirst government? involved inplanningthenewnation’s gest aboutthetaskfacedbythose What dothesubject’sthoughtssug- What isthepersondoing? represent? Whom doesthepersonincartoon meaning ofthecartoon? What words provide cluesastothe What isthesubjectofcartoon? J H G F following? United Statescomefrom which ofthe The sources ofourrights ascitizensofthe D C B A is cartoon The mostappropriate titlefor the arate sheetofpaper. answer thefollowing questionsonasep- and your knowledge ofsocialstudiesto Usethepoliticalcartoon DIRECTIONS: the UnitedNationscharter unwritten customsandtraditions the willofpresident Constitution the U.S. the Declaration ofIndependenceand Unlimited Government. Limiting Rights. Parliament at Work. Limits onGovernment. Standardized Test Practice Standardized Test Practice 733 Standardized Test Practice Test Standardized Test Practice Test Standardized Standardized African American African White American/Inuit Native Other American African than the It is greater population. It is the smallest segment of the United States population. African It is less than half the size of the population. American African less than the It is slightly population. American DIRECTIONS: and your Use the graph studies to answer of social knowledge on a separate questions the following sheet of paper. population is about three group’s Which Asians? of than the number times greater A B C D population compare does the Hispanic How population of the American African to the United States? F G H J 1. 2. U.S. Ethnic Groups Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000. Bureau, Census U.S. Source: African American American African 12.1% Asian 3.6% American/Inuit Native 0.7% Other 1.9% 12.5% Hispanic 69.2% White The smallest ethnic group has lived in The smallest ethnic group the United States the longest. What is this ethnic group? What information does this circle What information does this circle graph present? includes the largest Which ethnic group Americans? of percentage less than 1 per- represent Which groups cent of the people in the United States? of the United States What percentage African by population is represented Americans? A of a total graph shows percentages circle “E pluribus unum” is a “E pluribus unum” of people who Groups 5. 3. 4. 1. 2. quantity. Each part, or slice, of the graph rep- Each part, or slice, of quantity. a read To quantity. a part of the total resents the title. Then study the graph, first read circle represents. labels to find out what each part slices. Study circle the sizes of the Compare the questions that graph and answer the circle follow on a separate sheet of paper. Latin phrase found on Latin phrase found It United States coins. one.” many, means “Out of is some- The United States of times called a “nation you are immigrants.” Unless your American, a Native America to ancestors came within the last 500 years. lan- a common culture, share referred guage, or history are American to as ethnic groups. ethnic different include many neighborhoods graph on this page shows The circle groups. in the United States. the major ethnic groups Skills Practice Interpreting a Interpreting Graph Circle 726-735 EM STP-824133 6/30/05 7:41 PM Page 733 Page PM 7:41 6/30/05 STP-824133 EM 726-735 726-735 EMSTP-8241333/28/048:56AMPage734 Standardized Test Practice 734 Skills Practice and Conclusions Drawing Inferences quantities ofarelated topic.To analyzealine more thanoneline.Thelinesshowdifferent changes overtime.Sometimesagraphhas bers visually. Theyare oftenusedtocompare judgment oropinionaboutthematerial. own knowledgeofsocialstudiestoforma You mustusetheavailablefactsandyour inferences, you“read betweenthelines.” and arriveataconclusion.Whenyoumake was noteasyfortheseimmigrants. seeking newopportunities.Life,however, Germany andIreland traveledto America People from European countriessuchas immigration totheUnitedStatesincreased. U.S. Immigration, 1820–1860 U.S. Immigration, 1820–1860

Number of immigrants Line graphsare awayofshowingnum- To infermeanstoevaluateinformation During themid-nineteenthcentury, 230,000 130,000 150,000 190,000 210,000 170,000 110,000 30,000 50,000 90,000 70,000 10,000

Source: 1820 HistoricalStatisticsoftheUnitedStates:Colonial Times to1970. 1825 Standardized TestPractice

1830 Germany Ireland Great Britain Germany Ireland Great Britain 1835

Year 1840

1845

1850

1855

1860 that followonaseparatesheetofpaper. graph onthispageandanswerthequestions information todrawconclusions.Studythe the horizontalandverticalaxes.Usethis graph read thetitleandinformationon 4. 3. 2. 1. 3. 2. 1. came totheUnitedStates? Why doyouthinktheseimmigrants vertical axis? What informationisshownonthe horizontal axis? What informationisshownonthe What isthesubjectoflinegraph? D C B A increased inthemid-1800sbecauseof Irish migration totheUnitedStates J H G F reach apeak? German immigrants totheUnitedStates In aboutwhat year didthenumber of D C B A years 1820and1860was grants totheUnitedStatesbetween the The countrythatprovided themostimmi- separate sheetofpaper. answer thefollowing questionsona your knowledge ofsocialstudiesto Usethelinegraph and DIRECTIONS: jobs. the availability oflow-paying factory the nativistmovement. 1848. the failure ofaGermanrevolution in a terrible potatofamine inIreland. 1860 1855 1852 1845 France. Germany. Ireland. Great Britain. Standardized Test Practice 726-735 EM STP-824133 3/28/04 8:59 AM Page 735

Comparing Data Population of Five Largest U.S. Cities, 1790 The world’s earliest civilizations developed City Number of People Standardized Test Practice more than 6,000 years ago. The discovery of farming led to the rise of ancient cities in New York City 33,131 Philadelphia 28,522 Mesopotamia and the Nile River valley. These Boston 18,320 early cities shared one important characteris- Charleston 16,359 tic—they each arose near waterways. Since Baltimore 13,503 water was the easiest way to transport goods, the settlements became centers of trade. Since then cities have grown all over Population of Five Largest the world. Every 10 years, the United States U.S. Cities, 2000* Census Bureau collects data to determine City Number of People the population of the United States. (A New York City 8,008,278 census is an official count of people living Los Angeles 3,694,820 in an area.) The first census was conducted Chicago 2,896,016 in 1790. At that time, there were 3.9 million Houston 1,953,631 people in the 13 original states. The most Philadelphia 1,517,550

recent census occurred in 2000. The results *Numbers do not include metropolitan areas. of that census showed that more than 280 million people reside in the 50 states that make up our nation. Standardized Skills Practice Test Practice The charts on this page show popula- DIRECTIONS: Use the charts and your tions of the five most populous cities in the knowledge of social studies to answer United States during different time periods. the following questions on a separate When comparing information on charts be sheet of paper. sure to read the titles and headings to define 1. One inference that can be made from the the data being compared. Study the charts charts is that the most populous cities in and answer the questions below on a sepa- the United States rate sheet of paper. A have good weather. B were founded early in our nation’s 1. Which U.S. city had the greatest popu- history. lation in 1790? C are port cities. 2. Which U.S. city had the greatest popu- D are in the eastern United States. lation in 2000? 2. In 1790 the major cities of the United States were all 3. What was the population of Philadelphia F larger than 20,000 people. in 1790? G located in the East. 4. What was Philadelphia’s population H Northern cities. in 2000? J founded for religious reasons. 5. Which cities are on both lists?

Standardized Test Practice 735 736-747 EM-PSL-8241336/30/058:18PMPage736 S primary sources andsecondarysources. would drawupontwotypesofinformation— information youneedtobeginwriting? You histories are secondarysources. a secondarysource. Textbooks, biographies,and per, andthenyouwriteaboutit,are creating if youread aboutthefire orstorminthenewspa- riences thefire orstormand tellsyouaboutit,or hand accounts.Forinstance,ifyourfriendexpe- primary sources. graphs, andeyewitnessreports are examplesof ing aprimarysource. Diaries, journals,photo- then writeaboutyourexperiences,youare creat- if youseeafire orlivethrough agreat stormand through whatisbeingdescribed. Inotherwords, accounts bysomeonewhoactuallysaworlived Definitions Primary sources the past25years.Where wouldyougetthe report onchangesinyourcommunityover uppose thatyouhavebeenaskedtowritea eodr sources Secondary are oftenfirst-person Primary Sources Working With are second- remember themaswewanted themtooccur. exactly astheyhappened,thefactisweoften Although weliketothinkremember things gaps witheventsthatnevertookplace. passes, peopleoftenforget detailsandfillin account, thelessreliable the accountis. As time longer thetimespanbetweeneventand mary source waswritten. Chances are the sider howlongaftertheeventoccurred thepri- depending onthefollowingfactors. sources, butbothcanbereliable orunreliable, usually prefer primarysources tosecondary if theyare dependableorreliable. Historians sources, youshouldanalyzethemtofigure out truthful? Istheaccountconvincing? much doesheorsheknow?Isthewriterbeing knows aboutwhatheorsheiswriting.How reliability. First,trytodeterminehowthis person primary source isthewriter's background and Time Span Checking Your Sources Reliability With primarysources, itisimportanttocon- When youread primaryorsecondary Another factortoconsiderwhenevaluatinga Opinions primary source, you should alsodecide whether theaccount has beeninfluenced by emotion,opinion, or exaggeration.Writ- ers canhavereasons to distortthetruth to The Roman Colosseum When evaluatinga

Getty Images 736-747 EM-PSL-824133 3/31/04 12:26 PM Page 737

blockade–compromise suit their personal purposes. Ask yourself: Why • Reread the document. did the person write the account? Do any key Difficult ideas are not always easily under- words or expressions reveal the author’s emo- stood on the first reading. tions or opinions? Compare the account with • Use a variety of resources. one written by another witness to the event. If Form the habit of using the dictionary, the they differ, ask yourself why they differ and encyclopedia, and maps. These resources are which is more accurate. tools to help you discover new ideas and

knowledge and double-check other sources. Primary Sources Library Interpreting Primary Sources To help you analyze a primary source, use the following steps: King Tut’s • Examine the origins of the document. Mask You need to determine if it is a primary source. • Find the main ideas. Read the document and summarize the main ideas in your own words. These ideas may be fairly easy to identify in newspapers and journals, for example, but are much more difficult to find in poetry.

Classifying Primary Sources Primary sources fall into different categories:

Printed publications include books such as Oral histories are chronicles, memoirs, myths, autobiographies. Printed publications also and legends that are passed along from one include newspapers and magazines. generation to another by word of mouth. Inter- views are another form of oral history.

Songs and poems include works that express the personal thoughts and feelings or political Personal records are accounts of events kept by or religious beliefs of the writer, often using an individual who is a participant in, or witness rhyming and rhythmic language. to, these events. Personal records include diaries, journals, and letters.

Visual materials include a wide range of forms: original paintings, drawings, sculptures, photo- Artifacts are objects such as tools or ornaments. graphs, film, and maps. Artifacts present information about a particular culture or a stage of technological development.

Primary Sources Library 737 Egyptian National Museum, Cairo/SuperStock 736-747 EM-PSL-8241333/31/0412:28PMPage738 Primary Sources Library Scala/Art Resource, NY 738 Canaan: reproach: steppe: Humbaba: Bull ofHeaven: Syrian Desert Enkidu travel forest throughwhichGilgameshand the godstokillGilgameshandEnkidu were learned. of societywhere valuesandjustice today, thefamilywasbasicunit sense ofjusticeandsetsvalues.As formed societies.Thesesocietieshada The peopleofearlycivilizations Gilgamesh language inwhichthe writing,the with cuneiform This Sumerian tabletiscovered Civilizations wide, rolling, grassy plain wide, rolling,grassy an ancientlandthatlayalongthe Reader’s Dictionary fault evil spiritwhoguardsthecedar Primary Sources Library For usewithUnit1 Early mythical creature sentby mythical was written. Epic of T never againtomove? Me, shallInotliedownlikehim, The friendIlovedhasturnedtoclay. Enkidu,the How canIkeepstill?besilent? On alongjourneyIwanderthe On aremote pathIroam thewilderness.Thecase In fearofdeathIroam the wilderness.Thecaseof Then Iwasafraid. until awormfelloutofhisnose. Six daysandsevennightsIweptoverhim The fateofmankindovertookhim. my friendwhomIlovedearlyunderwentwith entering themountaingatesweslewlions; brought captured the We overcame everything:climbedthemountain, journeys withhisbestfriend,Enkidu. this passage,Gilgameshdescribeshisadventures and friend Ilove,hasturnedtoclay. of myfriendEnkiduliesheavyinme. my friendliesheavyinme. me allhardships. cedar forest; is oneofthemostwell-knownancienttales.In he The Epic ofGilgamesh— Humbaba Bull ofHeaven Epic ofGilgamesh Epic to grief,wholivesinthe written c.2500 and killedhim, steppe. B . C .— Primary Sources Library 739 SuperStock Primary Sources Library Sources Primary An ancient scroll An the Jewish from Torah Ancient Israelites Ancient uch of the history of the ancient Israelites is uch of the history Bible. The Hebrew in the Hebrew recorded When Abraham arrived in Canaan, the When Abraham arrived in Canaan, The Lord said to [Abraham], ‘Leave your said to [Abraham], The Lord had [Abraham] . . . set out as the Lord Bible tells about a man named Abraham and his Bible tells about a wife Sarah: and your father’s your kin, own country, a country that I will show house, and go to nation; I you. I shall make you into a great shall bless you. . . .’ [Sarah], bidden him. . . . He took his wife his brother’s son Lot, and all the possessions . . . and they departed for they had gathered Canaan. says that God made a covenant, or Bible Hebrew by with him. It is considered special agreement, of their the Jewish people to be the beginning history. [Abraham] went on When they arrived there, Lord . . . When the as far as the sanctuary. to him and said, ‘I am giving this appeared built land to your descendants,’ [Abraham] who to the Lord an altar there to him. had appeared M Justice is Does any part of the Egyptian for sons or father’s advice have value today daughters? Be specific and support your answer. to do, and why? According to the Hebrew tell Abraham Bible, what did the Lord What is shown on the Sumerian tablet? What happened to the friend of Gilgamesh? 1. 2. 3. 4. reproach. . C . B Advice to His Son His to Advice An Egyptian Father’s An Egyptian pper-class Egyptians enjoyed collecting pper-class Egyptians for lead- guidance wise sayings to provide If you have, as leader, to decide on the con- If you have, as leader, If you are a wise man, bring up a son who If you are knowledge powerful, respect If you are duct of a great number of men, seek the most duct of a great own perfect manner of doing so that your conduct may be without ing an upright and successful life. This excerpt ing an upright and Ptah-hotep dates from Vizier of instructions from 2450 around great, invariable, and assured; it has not been and assured; invariable, great, . . disturbed since the age of Ptah. . his shall be pleasing to Ptah. If he conforms himself conduct to your way and occupies as is right, do to him all the with your affairs attached good you can; he is your son, a person begotten. to you whom your own self has him. . . . Separate not your heart from only and calmness of language. Command evil. into to be absolute is to run to direct; let it neither Let not your heart be haughty, be mean. . . . U 736-747 EM-PSL-875047 9/25/06 5:01 PM Page 739 Page PM 5:01 9/25/06 EM-PSL-875047 736-747 736-747 EM-PSL-8241333/31/042:12PMPage740 Primary Sources Library Vanni/Art Resource, NY 740 palpable: immortal: nurture: regulations: refinements: The AncientWorld ideas are timeless. ideas westillexpress today. These phers andreligious leadersformed ancient world.Importantphiloso- modern civilizationcamefrom the Some ofthegreatest thoughtsin upbringing Reader’s Dictionary obvious never dying rules Primary Sources Library improvements For usewithUnit2 A philosopher Confuciusinc.400 without beingfierce.” [proud]; theyare dignified at easewithoutbeing out beinggreedy; theyare resentful; theydesire with- working withoutbeing wasteful; theyare hard are generous withoutbeing Confucius said,“Goodpeople five refinements?” The pupilasked,“Whatare the Then youcanparticipateingovernment.” Confucius said,“Honorfive government?” ment: “Whatqualifiesonetoparticipatein certainpupilaskedConfuciusaboutgovern- A trustworthy, peoplewillnotdare tobedishonest.” will notdare tobe[ungovernable]. Ifleadersare dare tobedisrespectful. Ifleadersare just,people “If leadersare courteous,their peoplewillnot do that,thenstudyliterature.” near tohumanity. Ifyouhaveextraenergy asyou creet andtrustworthy, loveallpeople,anddraw “Be dutifulathome,brotherly inpublic;bedis- is calledamistake.” “If youmakeamistakeanddonotcorrect it,this The n analectisaselectedthoughtorsaying.The sayings belowwere writtenbytheChinese Statue ofConfucius Analects of Confucius refinements B . C . . Primary Sources Library 741 . Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Resource, NY & Victoria C . B Rig Veda goddess has filled the wide Primary Sources Library Sources Primary A representation of A representation deity Siva the Hindu palpable, The immortal he Vedas, written in ancient India, are the in ancient India, are written he Vedas, This the Hindu religion. oldest writings of The goddess Night has drawn near, looking has drawn near, The goddess Night The pushing aside The goddess has drawn near, we turned As you came near to us today, home People who live in villages have gone the she-wolf and off Ward Darkness— about on many sides with her eyes. She has about on many sides put on all her glories. She stems space, the depths and the heights. the tide of darkness with her light. too, will give her sister the twilight. Darkness, way. go to their home in as birds to rest, homeward a tree. animals with feet, and animals and to rest, with wings, even the ever- hawks. searching the thief. off the wolf; ward O night full of waves, be over. easy for us to cross black, and painted—has come upon me. O Dawn, banish it like a debt. song was written c. 1100 c. 1100 song was written T and nurture Who is the sister to the goddess Night in the last reading? What does the song say Dawn should do about Darkness? What are the five refinements according to Confucius? What does Plato think will help make men and women more equal? 1. 2. 3. 4. [as men]; . . . , Plato presents his ideas on a his ideas on , Plato presents regulations Republic The Rights of Women of The Rights No, he said, they share alike; the only dif- No, he said, they share animals for the But can you use different cannot. You to have the same duties Then, if women are What do you mean? form of a What I mean may be put into the Yes. Let us further suppose the birth and educa- Let us further suppose the birth and just society in the form of dialogues, or imagi- just society in the n the question, I said: Are dogs divided into hes and Are question, I said: equally in hunting shes, or do they both share duties of and in keeping watch and in the other to the males the dogs? [O]r do we entrust of the flocks, while we exclusive care and entire idea that leave the females at home, under the puppies is the bearing and [feeding of] their labour enough for them? them is that the males are between ference and the females weaker. stronger [raised] in the same purpose, unless they are same way? as men, they must have the same education? nary conversations, between Socrates and his nary conversations, Socrates has just fin- students. In this dialogue, his student about the type of ished questioning the best “watchdogs” of men who might make He surprises his student Athenian government. by turning to the subject of women. similar or tion of our women to be subject to nearly similar I 736-747 EM-PSL-875047 9/25/06 5:02 PM Page 741 Page PM 5:02 9/25/06 EM-PSL-875047 736-747 736-747 EM-PSL-8241333/14/051:33PMPage742 Primary Sources Library Scala/Art Resource, NY 742 incurred: allay: posterity: trifling: cognizant: continued toformnewideas. great leadersandheroes. Newfaiths that gavepeoplethechancetobe came great change.Eventsoccurred New Empires and church in theshapeofa the Byzantine Empire Incense from burner With thegrowth ofnewempires calm insignificant Reader’s Dictionary New Faiths brought upononeself future time aware Primary Sources Library For usewithUnit3 I pieces. brain andjudgementtheEmpire wouldgoto times toohewouldsayopenlythatwithouther her apartnerintheadministrationofaffairs, some- trifling fore inalldailybusinesshe didnothing,notevena actually leavethepalace[foraconvent]..There- ing thatifshebecame he hadconcealedthisdesign[plan]from her, fear- himself shouldtakethehelmofstate,butsofar over tohismotherAnnaDalassena. describing Alexius’s decisiontoturnthegovernment the storyofhisreign inabookcalled from invaders.Hisdaughter, AnnaComnena,retold he defendedtheByzantineEmpire againstattacks (uh captured Constantinople.AsEmperor AlexiusI, n 1081anablegeneralnamedAlexiusCommenus . shewasperhaps more devotedtoherson He really longedthathismotherratherthan • A Woman ontheThrone lehk thing, without her advice . . . and made . . . thing, withoutheradvice • than mostwomen. And soshewished to se ee • uhd) the Emperor, herson,andattimes help herson..Sheruled .with even tookthereins alone and . Shebeginsheraccountby drove thechariotofEmpire a kingdom. mind, capableofgoverning had inverytruth akingly without harmormishap. For besidesbeingclevershe cognizant of it,shemight h Alexiad The Primary Sources Library 743 Your wrath or Your incurred Primary Sources Library Sources Primary The Quran The Quran he Quran is the holy book of Islam. The verses he Quran is the holy book of Islam. The Chapter 1, verses 2–7. below come from . . . A. . . for on the ground was spread sheet Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, of the Worlds, the Lord Allah, Praise be to The Compassionate, the Merciful, Master of the Day of Judgement, You do we worship, and only You Only for help. do we implore Lead us to the right path, have favoured You The path of those Not those who have have gone astray. T for the buildings were now shaking with vio- now shaking were for the buildings . be swaying. . . and seemed to lent shocks, he repeatedly to lie down, and him [uncle] to drink. Then the flames asked for cold water which gave warning of and smell of sulphur the others to take drove fire the approaching . . . and then suddenly col- flight. . . . He stood because the dense fumes lapsed, I imagine When daylight . . . choked his breathing. days after the last on the 26th—two returned body was found. . . . day he had seen—his ; . . . the fears of posterity Why did Alexius conceal his plans to turn the government over to his mother? Why did Pliny the Elder sail to Mt. Vesuvius? his uncle a hero? Why or why not? consider Does Pliny the Younger praising? Who is the quote from the Quran allay 1. 2. 3. 4. my uncle’s death so that you can liny the Elder—a Roman admiral and well- liny the Elder—a scientist—died attempt- known author and As he was leaving the house he was sheets broad Meanwhile on Mount Vesuvius Thank you for asking me to send you a Thank you for asking me to send A Heroic Rescue Attempt Rescue A Heroic handed a message from Rectina, . . . whose handed a message from so that house was at the foot of the mountain, boat. She escape was impossible except by her was terrified by the danger threatening Ashes . . . her. him to rescue and implored falling, hotter and thicker as the already were my uncle . . . For a moment near. ships drew whether to turn back, but when the wondered telling him helmsman advised this he refused, . . . This that Fortune stood by the courageous. and he wind was . . . in my uncle’s favour, was able to bring his ship in. and leaping flames blazed at several of fire points. . . . My uncle tried to his companions. . . . They debated whether to stay indoors or take their chance in the open, ing to rescue people trapped at the foot of people trapped ing to rescue it erupted. His nephew, when Mt. Vesuvius in death his uncle’s recorded Pliny the Younger, a Roman historian named a letter written to an eyewitness account The letter forms Tacitus. Roman views of of the eruption and expresses courage and duty. leave an accurate account of it for description of P 736-747 EM-PSL-824133 3/31/04 12:42 PM Page 743 Page PM 12:42 3/31/04 EM-PSL-824133 736-747 736-747 EM-PSL-8241333/31/0412:43PMPage744 Primary Sources Library Giraudon/Art Resource, NY 744 abject: heirs: mitqal: score: ebony: Drawing ofMansa Musa status andhowtheywouldlive. cially startedtohaveavoiceintheir demand theirrights.Women espe- when thecommonpeoplebeganto good, somebad.Butitbecameatime There were stillstrong leaders—some we knowtheminmoderntimes. tions begantodevelopbemore as The MiddleAges During theMiddleAges,civiliza- descendants twenty low a hard,heavywood an ancientunitofmeasure Reader’s Dictionary Primary Sources Library For usewithUnit4 A as Mansa Musainthe1330s.Herefers toMansaMusa has aseatof palace onagreat balconycalled fine garmentsandmakinghiscitiesintocapitals. clothing. Heismuchconcernedwithgivingthem which thekingprovides themwithhorsesand fifty thousand among thegreatest ofthemreceive asmuch guard receive giftsoflandandpresents. Some having neitherhorsesnoranyothermounts.. horse-mounted cavalry:theothersare infantry men ofwhomthere are abouttenthousand way. Theirarmynumbersonehundred thousand this country, whospendconsiderablesumsinthis to ride. saddled andbridledhorsesincaseheshouldwish spread behindhim.Before himtheykeeptwo this, andmakehimlaugh.Two bannersare Others dancebefore their sovereign, whoenjoys them sitthechiefcommandersofhiscavalry. . rows, onetotherightand onetotheleft;beyond officers are seatedinacircle abouthim,intwo pages whichare boughtfor himinCairo. .His there standabouta a kindwhichhealonemaywear. Behindhim trousers madeofabouttwenty pieces[ofstuff] of lance, quiver, bowandarrows. Hewearswide arms standnearhim,beingallofgold,saber, by elephanttusksturnedtowards eachother. His large andtallperson:oneithersideitisflanked The sultanofthiskingdompresides inhis The officers ofthisking,hissoldiersand Arab horsesare brought forsaletothekingsof sultan n ArabscholarnamedIbnFadlAllahalOmari describes theWest Africancourtandarmyof , theArabwordfor“king.” The Sultan of Mali ebony mitqals score that islikeathrone fitfora of goldayear, besides of Turkish orother bembe where he Primary Sources Library 745 Mary Evans Picture Library . 1010. D Murasaki Shikibu Murasaki . A positions; while abject is the story of a young man is the story of a young Primary Sources Library Sources Primary The Tale of Genji The Tale he Tale of Genji he Tale of life. It was for the meaning searching [Genji said] “It will not always be so easy to [Genji said] “It will not always be written by Murasaki Shikibu in written by Murasaki Genji’s friend described three classes of women: friend described three Genji’s and birth whose weak points those of high rank class; and those concealed; those of the middle are reply. This is part of Genji’s of the lower class. classes a woman know into which of the three of high ought to be put. For sometimes people rank sink to the most others of common birth rise to . . . think them- others of common birth rise to . . we to deal selves as good as anyone. How are with such cases?” T What conclusions can about Mansa Musa’s power? you draw Why do you think Mansa Musa treated his soldiers so well? According to the Magna Carta, when can a man be imprisoned? What does Genji seem to realize about the social classes that his friend does not? for ever, all the for ever, 1. 2. 3. 4. heirs The Magna Carta The Magna he Magna Carta, signed in England in 1215, he Magna Carta, common people some for the first time gave liberties written out below. . . . liberties written out below. to No widow shall be compelled [forced] with- so long as she wishes to remain marry, out a husband. . . . man shall be a free For a trivial offence, of his to the degree fined only in proportion . . . offence. other person shall or official, royal No sheriff, any free from take horses or carts for transport man, without his consent. . . . shall be seized or imprisoned . . . man No free the lawful or outlawed or exiled . . . except by law of the judgement of his equals or by the land. deny or no one will we sell, to no one To delay right or justice. may enter or leave England All merchants and may stay or unharmed and without fear, for purposes travel within it, by land or water, of trade. . . . All these customs and liberties that we have granted shall be observed in our kingdom. freedoms and protections. It also limited the It also limited and protections. freedoms power of King John. we have also men of our kingdom all free To our granted, for us and T 736-747 EM-PSL-824133 6/30/05 8:21 PM Page 745 Page PM 8:21 6/30/05 EM-PSL-824133 736-747 736-747 EM-PSL-8241333/17/052:02PMPage746 Primary Sources Library Biblioteca Colombina,Sevilla, Spain 746 Aztec andSpanishAztec soldiersinbattle scorn: stench: plunder: installed: finery: living inexplored lands,however. did notalwaysbenefitthepeoplealready undiscovered riches.Thisexploration among European countriestoclaim quer. There wasgreat competition countries lookedfornewlandstocon- World explorationexpandedas anger fancier clothesandjewelry a verybadsmell Reader’s Dictionary A Changing stolen goods,usuallyduringwar placed in Primary Sources Library For usewithUnit5 World A have comehere tositonyour throne. ..” the earth. You havecometo yourcity, Mexico. You ney hastired you,butnow youhavearrivedon these words: “Ourlord, youare weary. Thejour- ward, bowedhisheadlow andaddressed himin Then hestooduptowelcomeCortés;camefor- Are tezuma]? each one,Cortésaskedhim:“Are you[Mon- gifts ofwelcome. their necksandgavethempresents ofeverysortas preparing togooutmeetthem.. they hadreached theirgoal. Tenochititlan. Thatwastheendoftheirmarch, for Cortés. selection describesthemeetingofMontezumaand edited andtranslatedbyMiguelLeon-Portilla.This When theSpaniards were And thekingsaid:“Yes, Iam When . Thenhehungthegoldnecklacesaround [Montezuma] nowarrayedhimselfinhis The Spaniards arrived.neartheentranceto Arrival of theSpaniards in 1519are recorded in ztec accountsoftheSpanishconquestMexico were merely astroke ofgood luck. they were theirown,asifthis king. .Theyseizedthesetreasures asif finery—everything thatbelongedtothe bells, theroyal crowns andalltheroyal with large stones,ankleringswithlittlegold were brought out:finebracelets,necklaces adise. . All of ures, itwasasiftheyhadarrivedinPar- closely andthendemandedgold. city’s resources. .Theyquestionedhim palace, theyasked . Whentheyentered thehalloftreas- [Montezuma] [Montezuma] you theking?..” [Montezuma’s] guided themtoit.. had givennecklacesto [Montezuma] The Broken Spears installed [Montezuma].” possessions plunder about the in the finery, , Primary Sources Library 747 that . . . any scorn (l)Art Resource, NY, (r)National Portrait Gallery, London/SuperStock (r)National Portrait Gallery, (l)Art Resource, NY, Primary Sources Library Sources Primary To Her Troops Her To Let tyrants fear: I have so behaved myself Let tyrants fear: I n 1588, a Spanish fleet, known as the Spanish n 1588, a Spanish to invade England. Queen Armada, was sent Queen Elizabeth’s Speech Elizabeth’s Queen Elizabeth the battle. before I spoke to her troops chiefest that under God I have placed my in the loyal hearts and and safeguard strength I am goodwill of my subjects. Wherefore you all, to come . . . to live and die amongst kingdom lay down for my God and for my my blood and for my people mine honor and body but even in the dust. I know I have the I have the of a weak and feeble woman, but a king of heart and stomach of a king and England too—and take foul prince of Europe should dare to invade the should dare prince of Europe my realm. of borders I Queen Elizabeth I Elizabeth Queen What gifts did Montezuma give to Cortés? Why do you think Montezuma took Cortés to see his personal treasury? How from Africa did Equiano travel to the Americas? troops? her or discouraging In her speech, is Queen Elizabeth I encouraging Explain. 1. 2. 3. 4. far away,” another man far away,” Equiano and my crying I was so sick and very stench The Life of Olaudah The Life laudah Equiano was kidnapped from West kidnapped from laudah Equiano was as a slave. In to America Africa and brought The first thing I saw was a vast ocean, and The first thing I saw was a vast ocean, took me down below decks, into The crew That first day, among the poor chained men among the poor chained That first day, they going to do to us?” I asked. “What are taking us away to work for “They are Benin explained. them,” a man from I asked, “in “And do they only live here,” this hollow place, the ship?” the “They have a white people’s country,” man explained, “but it is far away.” our “How can it be,” I asked, “that in of whole country nobody ever heard them?” “They live explained. 1789 he wrote an account of this frightening jour- an account of 1789 he wrote trip. he describes the first part of that Here ney. a ship, riding at anchor, waiting for its cargo. a ship, riding at anchor, with aston- The ocean and the ship filled me I was taken ishment that soon turned to fear. . . . to the ship and carried on board! the horribleness the ship’s stinking hold. With of the low that I couldn’t eat. I wanted to die. . . . low that I couldn’t eat. I wanted to of Benin. in the hold, I found some people O Drawing of a slave ship Drawing of a slave 736-747 EM-PSL-824133 7/15/04 12:10 AM Page 747 Page AM 12:10 7/15/04 EM-PSL-824133 736-747 748-749_EM-SR-824133 6/30/05 8:26 PM Page 748

If you are interested in reading more about people and events in world history, the following list will help you. The book titles listed for each unit are fiction and nonfiction books you can read to learn more about that time period.

Unit 1: Wetwood, Jennifer. Gilgamesh, and Other Arnold, Caroline. Stone Age Farmers Beside the Babylonian Tales. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Sea. Clarion Books, 1997. A photo-essay describing 1970. Retells ancient tales of Sumer and Babylon. the prehistoric village of Skara Brae. Bunting, Eve. I Am the Mummy Heb-Nefert. Unit 2: Harcourt Brace, 1997. Fictional story of a mummy Chang, Richard F. Chinese Mythical Stories. Yale recalling her past life as the wife of the pharaoh’s Far Eastern Publications, 1990. Legends and myths brother. of China. Courlander, Harold. The King’s Drum, and Other Craft, Charlotte. King Midas and the Golden Touch. African Tales. Harcourt, 1962. Folktales taken from Morrow, 1999. The myth of King Midas and his Africa south of the Sahara. greed for gold. Deem, James M. Bodies from the Bog. Houghton Evslin, Bernard. Heroes and Monsters of Greek Mifflin, 1998. A photo-essay that looks at Myth. Scholastic, 1988. A collection of Greek myths. information from the well-preserved bodies found in a Danish bog. Fleischman, Paul. Dateline: Troy. Candlewick Press, 1996. Author uses modern wars (Persian Gulf, Gregory, Kristiana. Cleopatra VII: Daughter of the Vietnam) to better understand the Trojan War. Nile. Scholastic Inc., 1999. A fictional diary written by Cleopatra. Ganeri, Anita. Buddhism. NTC Publishing Group, 1997. Overview of Buddhist history and beliefs. Herrmann, Siegfried. A History of Israel in Old Testament Times. Fortress Press, 1975. The Old Ganeri, Anita. Hinduism. NTC Publishing Group, Testament as a history of early Israel, with 1996. Overview of Hindu history and beliefs. evidence from sources other than the Bible. Hamilton, Edith. The Greek Way. Norton, 1983. The Lattimore, Deborah Nourse. Winged Cat: A Tale of story of the Greek spirit and mind told by great Ancient Egypt. HarperCollins, 1995. A tale of a writers. servant girl and a High Priest using the Book of the Harris, Nathaniel. Alexander the Great and the Dead to investigate the death of the girl’s sacred cat. Greeks. Bookwright Press, 1986. Contributions Maltz, Fran. Keeping Faith in the Dust. Alef Design Alexander made to the Greeks. Group, 1998. Fictional account of a 16-year-old girl Homer and Geraldine McCaughrean. The Odyssey. whose family is forced to flee their home near the Oxford, 1999. Illustrated retelling of The Odyssey Dead Sea to the fortress of Masada, where Roman using modern language. forces are held off by the Jews for seven years. Ross, Stewart. The Original Olympic Games. NTC Morley, Jacquelin. Mark Bergin, and John James. Publishing Group, 1999. A history of the Olympics. An Egyptian Pyramid. Peter Bedrick, 1991. Explains how the pyramids were built and their purpose. Theule, Frederic. Alexander and His Times. Henry Holt and Co., 1996. A pictorial and historic account Perl, Lila. Mummies, Tombs, and Treasure: Secrets of the life of Alexander the Great. of Ancient Egypt. Clarion Books, 1990. An account of what ancient Egyptians believed about death and the afterlife. Unit 3: Travis, Lucille. Tirzah. Herald Press, 1991. Fictional Boyd, Anne. Life in a 15th-Century Monastery (A story of a 12-year-old boy who flees from Egypt Cambridge Topic Book). Lerner Publications, 1979. with Moses during the Exodus. An account of the daily life of monks in the monastery at Durham, England. Trumble, Kelly. Cat Mummies. Clarion Books, 1996. Reasons and background examining why Browning, Robert. The Byzantine Empire. Charles ancient Egyptians mummified thousands and Scribner’s Sons, 1980. The Byzantine world from thousands of cats. A.D. 500 to fall of Constantinople in 1453.

748 Suggested Readings 748-749_EM-SR-824133 3/24/04 4:46 AM Page 749

Burrell, Roy. The Romans: Rebuilding the Past. Scott, Sir Walter. Ivanhoe. Longmans, Green, and Oxford University Press, 1991. A historical outline Co., 1897. A twelfth-century story of hidden of ancient Rome. identity, intrigue, and romance among the English nobility. Comte, Fernand. Sacred Writings of World Religions. Chambers, 1992. The history, beliefs, Wisniewski, David. Sundiata: Lion King of Mali. and major figures of more than 20 religions, Houghton Mifflin, 1999. Story about the ancient among them Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. king of Mali and how he defeated his enemies to become the ruler. Dillon, Eilis. Rome Under the Emperors. Tomas Nelson, 1975. Views of Roman society and family life in the time of Trajan, as seen by young people of four different families and social classes. Unit 5: Powell, Anton. The Rise of Islam. Warwick Press, Cowie, Leonard W. Martin Luther: Leader of the 1980. An overview of Islamic culture. Reformation (A Pathfinder Biography). Frederick Praeger, 1969. A detailed biography of Luther.

Tingay, Graham. Julius Caesar. Cambridge Suggested Readings University Press, 1991. An account of the life and Davis, Burke. Black Heroes of the American achievements of Julius Caesar. Revolution. Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1991. Highlights achievements of African Americans during the Revolution. Unit 4: Hibbard, Howard. Michelangelo. Giles, Frances and Joseph. Life in a Medieval Westview Press, 1985. Biography of Michelangelo told through his Village. Harper Perennial, 1990. An illustrated look paintings, poems, and personal letters. at the way most medieval people passed their lives. Hooks, William H. The Legend of White Doe. Haugaard, Erik Christian. The Revenge of the Forty- Macmillan, 1998. Tale about Virginia Dare, the first Seven Samurai. Houghton Mifflin, 1995. The tale of child of English settlers born in the Americas. Jiro, a young boy who must aid 47 samurai who are attempting to avenge the unjust death of their Lomask, Milton. Exploration: Great Lives. lord. This historical novel provides a detailed look Scribners, 1988. Biographies of explorers. at Japanese feudal society. Mee, Charles L. Daily Life in the Renaissance. Heer, Friedrich. Charlemagne and His World. American Heritage, 1975. Works of art showing Macmillan, 1975. Large, lavishly illustrated people in their daily lives. description of the period. O’Dell, Scott. The Hawk that Dare Not Hunt by McKendrick, Meveena. Ferdinand and Isabella. Day. Houghton Mifflin, 1975. Novel about a boy American Heritage, 1968. Photographs and who helps the reformer Tyndale smuggle his contemporary paintings help re-create the period. translation of the Bible into England. Sanders, Tao Tao Liu. Dragons, Gods, and Spirits Stuart, Gene S. America’s Ancient Cities. National from Chinese Mythology. NTC, 1997. Collection of Geographic Society, 1988. An illustrated collection myths, legends, and folktales providing insight of essays on cultures of North America and into the culture and historic development of China. Mesoamerica.

Suggested Readings 749 750-755_EM_Gloss_875047 9/26/06 12:11 PM Page 750

absolutism • conquistador

Buddhism religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, A the Buddha; taught that the way to find truth was to give up all desires (p. 205) absolutism system of rule in which monarchs held bureaucracy a group of appointed officials who are total power and claimed to rule by the will of responsible for different areas of government God (p. 686) (p. 229) acupuncture Chinese practice of easing pain by sticking thin needles into patients’ skin (p. 246) C adobe sun-dried mud brick (p. 591) caliph important Muslim political and religious agora in early Greek city-states, an open area that leader (p. 380) served as both a market and a meeting place calligraphy beautiful handwriting (p. 421); the art of (p. 122) producing beautiful handwriting (p. 501) alphabet group of letters that stand for sounds (p. 85) caravan group of traveling merchants and animals anatomy the study of body structure (p. 305) (pp. 30, 373) caste animism belief that all natural things are alive and social group that a person is born into and have their own spirits (p. 490) cannot change (p. 199) cataract steep rapids formed by cliffs and boulders annul to cancel (p. 648) in a river (p. 39) anthropologist scientist who studies the physical census a count of the number of people (p. 432) characteristics and cultures of humans and their ancestors (p. 9) city-state independent state made up of a city and the surrounding land and villages (p. 19) anti-Semitism hatred of Jews (p. 548) civilization complex society with cities, organized apostle early Christian leader who had been chosen government, art, religion, class divisions, and a by Jesus to spread his message (p. 348) writing system (p. 17) aqueduct human-made channel built to carry water clan group of families related by blood or marriage (p. 291) (pp. 461, 487) archaeologist scientist who learns about past human clergy religious officials, such as priests, given life by studying fossils and artifacts (p. 9) authority to conduct religious services aristocrat noble whose wealth came from land (pp. 355, 538) ownership (p. 227) colony settlement in a new territory that keeps close artifact weapon, tool, or other item made by ties with its homeland (pp. 121, 666) humans (p. 9) comedy form of drama in which the story has a artisan skilled craftsperson (p. 20) happy ending (p. 161) astronomer person who studies stars, planets, and commerce the buying and selling of goods in large other heavenly bodies (pp. 30, 185) amounts over long distances (p. 666) concordat agreement between the pope and the ruler of a country (p. 521) B confederation a loose union of several groups or states (p. 592) barbarian uncivilized person (p. 435) Confucianism system of beliefs introduced by the Chinese thinker Confucius; taught that people barter to exchange goods without using money needed to have a sense of duty to their family (p. 319) and community in order to bring peace to bazaar marketplace (p. 389) society (p. 236) Brahman in Hinduism, the universal spirit of which conquistador Spanish conqueror or soldier in the all deities are different parts (p. 203) Americas (p. 595)

750 Glossary 750-755_EM_Gloss_875047 9/25/06 5:08 PM Page 751

constitution • glacier

constitution written plan of government (pp. 488, 694) dynasty line of rulers from the same family (pp. 44, 210, 226) consul one of the two top government officials in ancient Rome (p. 270) covenant agreement (p. 82) E

crier announcer who calls Muslim believers to economy organized way in which people produce, prayer five times a day (p. 394) sell, and buy goods and services (p. 410) cuneiform Sumerian system of writing made up of embalming process developed by the ancient wedge-shaped markings (p. 20) Egyptians of preserving a person’s body after currency system of money (p. 294) death (p. 49) empire group of territories or nations under a single D ruler or government (pp. 23, 89) epic long poem that tells about legendary or heroic daimyo powerful military lord in feudal Japan (p. 496) deeds (p. 157) Dao the proper way Chinese kings were expected Epicureanism philosophy founded by Epicurus in to rule under the Mandate of Heaven (p. 230) Hellenistic Athens; taught that happiness Daoism Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of through the pursuit of pleasure was the goal of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature life (p. 184) and give up their worldly concerns (p. 238) excommunicate to declare that a person or group no deism religious belief based on reason (p. 685) longer belongs to a church (pp. 361, 521) deity god or goddess (p. 49) exile period of forced absence from one’s country or Glossary home (p. 94) delta area of fertile soil at the mouth of a river (p. 39) export to sell to another country (p. 666) democracy government in which all citizens share in running the government (p. 126) extended family family group including several generations as well as other relatives (p. 469) denomination an organized branch of Christianity (p. 636) dharma in Hinduism, the divine law that requires F people to perform the duties of their caste (p. 204) fable short tale that teaches a lesson (p. 158) dhow an Arab sailboat (p. 452) feudalism political system based on bonds of loyalty Diaspora refers to the scattering of communities of between lords and vassals (pp. 497, 523) Jews outside their homeland after the Babylonian captivity (p. 96) fief under feudalism, the land a lord granted to a vassal in exchange for military service and dictator in ancient Rome, a person who ruled with loyalty (p. 524) complete power temporarily during emergencies (p. 271) filial piety children’s respect for their parents and older relatives, an important part of Confucian diplomacy the art of negotiating with other countries beliefs (p. 234) (p. 615) fjord steep-sided valley that is an inlet of the sea direct democracy system of government in which (p. 518) people gather at mass meetings to decide on government matters (p. 139) Forum open space in Rome that served as a marketplace and public square (p. 306) disciple close follower of Jesus (p. 344) fossil the trace or imprint of a plant or animal that doctrine official church teaching (p. 355) has been preserved in rock (p. 9) domesticate to tame animals and plants for human use (p. 13) G drama story told by actors who pretend to be characters in the story (p. 160) glacier huge sheet of ice (p. 573)

Glossary 751 750-755_EM_Gloss_875047 9/26/06 6:07 AM Page 752

gladiator • meditation

gladiator in ancient Rome, person who fought import to buy from another country (p. 666) animals and other people as public incense material burned for its pleasant smell (p. 62) entertainment (p. 306) indulgence reduced the Church’s punishment for a gospel (“good news”) one of the four accounts of sin (p. 634) Jesus’ life, teachings, and resurrection (p. 355) inflation period of rapidly increasing prices (p. 319) grand jury group that decides whether there is enough evidence to accuse a person of a crime invest to put money into a project (p. 667) (p. 537) irrigation method of bringing water to a field from griot storyteller (p. 449) another place to water crops (p. 18) guild medieval business group formed by craftspeople and merchants (pp. 503, 530) K guru religious teacher and spiritual guide in Hinduism (p. 201) karma in Hinduism, the good or bad energy a person builds up based upon whether he or she H lives a good or bad life (p. 204) knight in the Middle Ages, a noble warrior who Hellenistic Era period when the Greek language and fought on horseback (p. 524) Greek ideas spread to the non-Greek peoples of southwest Asia (p. 178) helot person who was conquered and enslaved by L the ancient Spartans (p. 126) laity church members who are not clergy (p. 355) heresy belief that differs from or contradicts the latifundia large farming estates in ancient Rome accepted teachings of a religion (pp. 547, 643) (p. 278) hierarchy organization with different levels of legacy what a person leaves behind when he or she Glossary authority (p. 355) dies (p. 178) hieroglyphics system of writing made up of Legalism Chinese philosophy developed by thousands of picture symbols developed by the Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil ancient Egyptians (p. 42) and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws Hinduism system of religion that grew out of the (p. 239) religion of the Aryans in ancient India (p. 203) legion smaller unit of the Roman army made up of historian person who studies and writes about the about 6,000 soldiers (p. 266) human past (p. 9) limited government idea that a government may only humanism Renaissance movement based on the use the powers given to it by the people (p. 700) values of the ancient Greeks and Romans, such as that individuals and human society were important (p. 619) M

hypothesis proposed explanation of the facts (p. 679) mandate formal order (p. 230) I martial arts sports, such as judo and karate, that involve combat and self-defense (p. 499) icon Christian religious image or picture (p. 359) martyr person willing to die rather than give up his iconoclast person who opposed the use of icons in or her beliefs (p. 353) Byzantine churches, saying that icons mass Catholic worship service (p. 546) encouraged the worship of idols (p. 360) matrilineal refers to a group that traces descent ideograph a character that joins two or more through mothers rather than fathers (p. 469) pictographs to represent an idea (p. 228) meditation practice of quiet reflection to clear the igloo dome-shaped home built by the Inuit (p. 590) mind and find inner peace (p. 499)

752 Glossary 750-755_EM_Gloss_875047 9/25/06 5:14 PM Page 753

mercantilism • praetor

mercantilism the idea that a country gains power by building up its supply of gold and silver (p. 666) P messiah in Judaism, a deliverer sent by God papyrus reed plant of the Nile Valley, used to make (pp. 101, 344) a form of paper (p. 42) minaret tower of a mosque from which the crier parable story that used events from everyday life to calls believers to prayer five times a day (p. 394) express spiritual ideas (p. 345) missionary person who travels to carry the ideas of a paterfamilias (“father of the family”) name for the religion to others (pp. 363, 520) father as head of the household in ancient Rome monastery religious community where monks live (p. 307) and work (pp. 362, 413) patrician wealthy landowner and member of the monopoly control of all (or almost all) trade or ruling class in ancient Rome (p. 269) production of a certain good (p. 576) Pax Romana (“Roman Peace”) long era of peace and monotheism the belief in one God (p. 81) safety in the Roman Empire (p. 287) monsoon in South Asia, a strong wind that blows peninsula body of land with water on three sides one direction in winter and the opposite (p. 117) direction in summer (p. 195) persecute to mistreat a person because of his or her mosaic picture made from many bits of colored beliefs or differences (p. 353) glass, tile, or stone (p. 333) pharaoh all-powerful king in ancient Egypt (p. 48) mosque Muslim house of worship (p. 389) philosopher thinker who seeks wisdom and ponders mummy body that has been embalmed and questions about life (pp. 140, 169) Glossary wrapped in linen (p. 50) philosophy study of the nature and meaning of life; myth traditional story describing gods or heroes or comes from the Greek word for “love of explaining natural events (p. 155) wisdom” (p. 169) pictograph a character that stands for an object (p. 228) N pilgrim person who travels to go to a religious shrine or site (p. 213) natural law law that applies to everyone and can be understood by reason (p. 681) plague disease that spreads quickly and kills many people (pp. 319, 554) nirvana in Buddhism, a state of wisdom and freedom from the cycle of rebirth (p. 205) plane geometry branch of mathematics that shows how points, lines, angles, and surfaces relate to nomad person who regularly moves from place to one another (p. 185) place (p. 10) plateau area of high flat land (p. 446) novel long fictional story (p. 432) plebeian member of the common people in ancient O Rome (p. 269) polis the early Greek city-state, made up of a city oasis green area in a desert fed by underground and the surrounding countryside and run like water (p. 373) an independent country (p. 122) ode poem that expresses strong emotions about life pope the bishop of Rome, later the head of the (p. 304) Roman Catholic Church (p. 356) oligarchy government in which a small group of popular sovereignty idea that a government receives people holds power (p. 126) its power from the people (p. 700) oracle sacred shrine where a priest or priestess porcelain type of ceramic ware that is made of fine spoke for a god or goddess (p. 156) clay and baked at high temperatures (p. 418) oral history the stories passed down from praetor important government official in ancient generation to generation (p. 470) Rome (p. 270)

Glossary 753 750-755_EM_Gloss_875047 9/25/06 5:15 PM Page 754

predestination • social class

predestination belief that no matter what a person does, the outcome of his or her life is already S planned by God (p. 640) Sabbath weekly day of worship and rest for Jews prophet person believed to be instructed by God to (p. 94) share God’s words (p. 87) saint Christian holy person (p. 333) proverb wise saying (p. 89) salvation the act of being saved from sin and province political district (p. 28) allowed to enter heaven (p. 350) pyramid huge stone structure built by the ancient samurai class of warriors in feudal Japan who Egyptians to serve as a tomb (p. 50) pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land (p. 494) Q Sanskrit written language developed by the Aryans (p. 199) quipu rope with knotted cords of different lengths and colors (p. 588) satire work that pokes fun at human weaknesses (p. 304) Quran holy book of Islam (p. 377) satrap official who ruled a state in the Persian Empire under Darius (p. 133) R satrapies the 20 states into which Darius divided the rabbi Jewish leader and teacher of the Torah (p. 101) Persian Empire (p. 133) raja prince who led an Aryan tribe in India (p. 199) savanna grassy plain (p. 69) rationalism the belief that reason is the chief source schism separation (p. 361) of knowledge (p. 678) scholasticism medieval way of thinking that tried to Reconquista (“reconquest”) Christian struggle to bring together reason and faith in studies of religion (p. 550) Glossary take back the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims (p. 558) scientific method orderly way of collecting and reform change that tries to bring about an analyzing evidence (p. 679) improvement (pp. 320, 411) scribe record keeper (p. 20) Reformation movement to reform the Catholic sect a smaller group with distinct beliefs within a Church; led to the creation of Protestantism larger religious group (p. 499) (p. 634) secular interested in worldly rather than religious regent person who acts as a temporary ruler (p. 334) matters (p. 609) reincarnation rebirth of the soul or spirit in different seminary school for training and educating priests bodies over time (p. 204) and ministers (p. 643) Renaissance (“rebirth”) period of renewed interest in separation of powers equal division of power among art and learning in Europe (p. 609) the branches of government (p. 682) representative democracy system of government in serf peasant laborer bound by law to the lands of a which citizens choose a smaller group to make noble (p. 524) laws and governmental decisions on their behalf (p. 139) sheikh leader of an Arab tribe (p. 373) representative government system of government in Shiite Muslim group that accepts only the which people elect leaders to make laws (p. 694) descendants of Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali as rightful rulers of Muslims (p. 382) republic form of government in which the leader is not a king or queen but a person elected by shogun military ruler of feudal Japan (p. 495) citizens (p. 265) shrine holy place (p. 490) resurrection the act of rising from the dead (p. 347) social class group of people who share a similar rhetoric public speaking (p. 307) position in society (p. 233)

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social contract • Zoroastrianism

social contract agreement between rulers and the theory an explanation of how or why something people upon which a government is based happens (p. 671) (p. 682) Torah the laws that, according to the Bible, Moses Socratic method way of teaching developed by received from God on Mount Sinai; these laws Socrates that used a question-and-answer later became the first part of the Hebrew Bible format to force students to use their reason to (p. 82) see things for themselves (p. 170) tragedy form of drama in which a person struggles solid geometry branch of mathematics that studies to overcome difficulties but meets an unhappy spheres and cylinders (p. 186) end (p. 160) Sophist professional teacher in ancient Greece; treason disloyalty to the government (pp. 431, 599) believed that people should use knowledge to trial jury group that decided whether an accused improve themselves and developed the art of person was innocent or guilty (p. 537) public speaking and debate (p. 169) tribe group of related families (pp. 81, 424) specialization the development of different kinds of jobs (p. 15) tribute payment made by one group or nation to another to show obedience or to obtain peace or steppe wide, rolling, grassy plain (p. 424) protection (pp. 60, 89) Stoicism philosophy founded by Zeno in Hellenistic triumvirate in ancient Rome, a three-person ruling Athens; taught that happiness came not from group (p. 280) following emotions, but from following reason and doing one’s duty (p. 184) tyrant person who takes power by force and rules with total authority (p. 125) stupa Buddhist shrine that is shaped like a dome or Glossary mound (p. 211) subcontinent large landmass that is part of a V continent but distinct from it (p. 195) vassal in feudalism, a noble who held land from sultan military and political leader with absolute and served a higher-ranking lord, and in return authority over a Muslim country (pp. 383, 467) was given protection (pp. 496, 523) Sunni Muslim group that accepts descendants of the vault curved structure of stone or concrete forming Umayyads as rightful rulers of Muslims (p. 382) a ceiling or roof (p. 303) Swahili refers to the culture and language of East vernacular everyday language used in a country or Africa (p. 467) region (pp. 552, 620) synagogue Jewish house of worship (p. 94) veto to reject (p. 270)

T W tanka Japan’s oldest form of poetry; an unrhymed poem of five lines (p. 501) warlord military leader who runs a government (p. 409) technology tools and methods used to help humans perform tasks (p. 11) terror violent actions that are meant to scare people Z into surrendering (p. 426) Zoroastrianism Persian religion founded by theocracy government headed by religious leaders Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom (p. 208) to choose between right and wrong, and that theology the study of religion and God (pp. 550, 640) goodness would triumph in the end (p. 133)

Glossary 755 756-762 EM-Span Gloss-875047 9/25/06 11:26 PM Page 756

absolutism / absolutismo • colony / colonia

A B

absolutism / absolutismo sistema de gobierno en que barbarian / bárbaro persona incivilizada (pág. 435) los monarcas tiene poder absoluto y alegan barter / trueque intercambiar bienes sin utilizar gobernar según decreto divino (pág. 686) dinero (pág. 319) acupuncture / acupuntura práctica china para aliviar el bazaar / bazar mercado (pág. 389) dolor clavando la piel de los pacientes con agujas delgadas (pág. 246) Brahman / Brahman en el hinduismo, el espíritu universal del que todos los deidades son partes adobe / adobe ladrillo de barro secado al sol diferentes (pág. 203) (pág. 591) Buddhism / budismo religión fundada por Siddhartha agora / ágora en las primeras ciudades-estado Gautama, Buda; enseñó que la manera de hallar griegas, un área abierta que servía tanto de la verdad era renunciar a todo deseo (pág. 205) mercado como de lugar de reunión bureaucracy / burocracia grupo de funcionarios (pág. 122) designados que son responsables de diferentes alphabet / alfabeto grupo de letras que representan áreas del gobierno (pág. 229) sonidos (pág. 85) anatomy / anatomía estudio de la estructura corporal C (pág. 305) caliph / califa importante líder político y religioso animism / animismo creencia de que todas las cosas musulmán (pág. 380) naturales están vivas y tienen sus propios calligraphy / caligrafía hermosa escritura a mano espíritus (pág. 490) (pág. 421); el arte de producir tal hermosa annul / anular el acto de invalidar (pág. 648) escritura (pág. 501) anthropologist / antropólogo científico que estudia las caravan / caravana grupo itinerante de mercaderes y características físicas y las culturas de los seres animales (págs. 30, 373) humanos y sus antepasados (pág. 9) caste / casta grupo social en el que una persona nace y que no puede cambiar (pág. 199) anti-Semitism / antisemitismo odio hacia los judíos (pág. 548) cataract / catarata rápidos empinados formados por precipicios y rocas erosionadas en un río (pág. 39) apostle / apóstol antiguo líder cristíano que fue elegido por Jesús para difundir su mensaje census / censo conteo del número de personas (pág. 348) (pág. 432) aqueduct / acueducto canal construido por el hombre city-state / ciudad-estado estado independiente para transportar agua (pág. 291) compuesto por una ciudad y la tierra y aldeas circundantes (pág. 19) archaeologist / arqueólogo científico que aprende acerca de la vida humana en el pasado civilization / civilización sociedad compleja, con estudiando fósiles y artefactos (pág. 9) ciudades, un gobierno organizado, arte, religión, divisiones de clase y un sistema de escritura aristocrat / aristócrata noble cuya riqueza provenía (pág. 17) de la propiedad de la tierra (pág. 227) clan / clan grupo de familias relacionadas por sangre artifact / artefacto arma, herramienta u otro artículo o casamiento (págs. 461, 487) hecho por humanos (pág. 9) clergy / clero funcionarios religiosos, como los artisan / artesano persona hábil artísticamente sacerdotes, con autoridad concedida para llevar (pág. 20) a cabo servicios religiosos (págs. 355, 538) astronomer / astrónomo persona que estudia las colony / colonia asentamiento en un territorio nuevo estrellas, a los planetas y a otros cuerpos que mantiene lazos cercanos con su tierra natal celestiales (págs. 30, 185) (págs. 121, 666)

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comedy / comedia • excommunicate / excomulgar

comedy / comedia forma de drama en el que la denomination / denominación rama organizada del historia tiene un final feliz (pág. 161) cristianismo (pág. 636) commerce / comercio compra y venta de bienes en dharma / dharma en el hinduismo, la ley divina que cantidades grandes y a través de largas llama a las personas a realizar los deberes de su distancias (pág. 666) casta (pág. 204) concordat / concordato acuerdo entre el Papa y el dhow / dhow velero árabe (pág. 452) gobernante de un país (pág. 521) Diaspora / diáspora se refiere al esparcimiento de las confederation / confederación unión libre de varios comunidades de judíos fuera de su tierra natal grupos o estados (pág. 592) después del cautiverio babilónico (pág. 96) Confucianism / confucianismo sistema de creencias dictator / dictador en la Roma antigua, una persona introducidas por el pensador chino Confucio; que gobernaba temporalmente con poder enseñó que las personas necesitaban tener un absoluto durante emergencias (pág. 271) sentido del deber hacia su familia y la comunidad para llevar paz a la sociedad (pág. 236) diplomacy / diplomacia el arte de negociar con otros países (pág. 615) conquistador / conquistador soldado español en las Américas (pág. 595) direct democracy / democracia directa sistema de gobierno en el que las personas se congregan en constitution / constitución plan de gobierno (págs. 488, reuniones masivas para decidir sobre asuntos de 694) gobierno (pág. 139) consul / cónsul uno de los dos altos funcionarios en la Roma antigua (pág. 270) disciple / discípulo seguidor de Jesucristo (pág. 344) covenant / pacto acuerdo (pág. 82) doctrine / doctrina enseñanza oficial de la iglesia (pág. 355) crier / almuecín anunciador que llama a los creyentes musulmanes a orar cinco veces al día (pág. 394) domesticate / domesticar domar animales y plantas para uso humano (pág. 13) Spanish Glossary cuneiform / cuneiforme sistema sumerio de escritura compuesto de símbolos con forma de cuña drama / drama historia contada por actores que (pág. 20) pretenden ser personajes en la misma (pág. 160) currency / moneda sistema monetario (pág. 294) dynasty / dinastía línea de gobernantes de la misma familia (págs. 44, 210, 226)

D E daimyo / daimyo poderoso señor militar en el Japón economy / economía manera organizada en la que las feudal (pág. 496) personas producen, venden y compran bienes y Dao / Dao manera apropiada en la que se esperaba servicios (pág. 410) que los reyes chinos gobernaran bajo el Mandato embalming / embalsamado proceso desarrollado por los del Cielo (pág. 230) antiguos egipcios para la conservación del cuerpo Daoism / daoísmo filosofía china basada en las de una persona después de muerta (pág. 49) enseñanzas de Laozi; enseñó que las personas empire / imperio grupo de territorios o naciones bajo debían volverse a la naturaleza y renunciar a sus un mismo mandatario o gobierno (págs. 23, 89) preocupaciones terrenales (pág. 238) epic / epopeya poema largo que cuenta acerca de deism / deísmo doctrina religiosa basada en la razón actos legendarios o heroicos (pág. 157) (pág. 685) Epicureanism / epicureísmo filosofía fundada por deity / deidad dios o diosa (pág. 49) Epicuro en la Atenas helenista; enseñó que la delta / delta área de tierra fértil en la boca de un río felicidad a través de la persecución del placer (pág. 39) era la meta de la vida (pág. 184) democracy / democracia forma de gobierno en la que excommunicate / excomulgar declarar que una todos los ciudadanos participan en la persona o grupo no pertenece más a la iglesia administración del gobierno (pág. 126) (págs. 361, 521)

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exile / exilio • invest / invertir

exile / exilio período de ausencia forzada de una persona de su país u hogar (pág. 94) H export / exportar vender a otro país (pág. 666) Hellenistic Era / Era helenista período cuando el idioma y las ideas griegas se esparcieron a los habitantes extended family / familia extendida grupo familiar que no griegos del suroeste de Asia (pág. 178) incluye a varias generaciones así como a otros parientes (pág. 469) helot / ilota persona conquistada y esclavizada por los espartanos antiguos (pág. 126) F heresy / herejía creencia que difiere de las enseñanzas aceptadas de una religión o que las fable / fábula cuento corto que enseña una lección contradice (págs. 547, 643) (pág. 158) hierarchy / jerarquía organización con diferentes niveles de autoridad (pág. 355) feudalism / feudalismo sistema político basado en lazos de lealtad entre señores y vasallos hieroglyphics / jeroglíficos sistema de escritura (págs. 497, 523) compuesto por miles de símbolos gráficos desarrollados por los antiguos egipcios (pág. 42) fief / feudo bajo el feudalismo, la tierra que un señor otorgaba a un vasallo a cambio de su servicio Hinduism / hinduismo sistema religioso que se originó militar y lealtad (pág. 524) a partir de la religión de los arios en la antigua India (pág. 203) filial piety / piedad filial el respeto de los niños para sus padres y parientes mayores, una parte historian / historiador persona que estudia y escribe importante de las creencias confucianas acerca del pasado humano (pág. 9) (pág. 234) humanism / humanismo movimiento del renacimiento basado en las ideas y los valores de los antiguos fjord / fiordo valle de paredes abruptas que es una romanos y griegos, de tal manera que los bahía del mar (pág. 518) individuos y la sociedad humana eran Forum / Foro espacio abierto en Roma que servía importantes (pág. 619) como mercado y plaza pública (pág. 306) hypothesis / hipótesis explicación que se propone de fossil / fósil huella o impresión de una planta o los hechos (pág. 679) animal que se ha conservado en piedra (pág. 9) I

G icon / icono imagen o retrato religioso cristiano (pág. 359) glacier / glaciar masa inmensa de hielo (pág. 573) iconoclast / iconoclasta persona que se oponía al uso Spanish Glossary gladiator / gladiador en la Roma antigua, persona que de ídolos en las iglesias bizantinas, aludiendo peleaba contra animales y otras personas como que los iconos alentaban el culto de ídolos entretenimiento público (pág. 306) (pág. 360) gospel / evangelio (“buena nueva”) uno de los cuatro ideograph / ideografía un carácter que une dos o más relatos sobre la vida, enseñanzas y resurrección pictografías para representar una idea (pág. 228) de Jesucristo (pág. 355) igloo / iglú casa con forma de domo construida por los inuitas (pág. 590) grand jury / gran jurado grupo que decide si hay suficiente evidencia para acusar a una persona import / importar comprar de otro país (pág. 666) de un delito (pág. 537) incense / incienso material que al quemarse despide griot / griot narrador en poblados africanos un olor agradable (pág. 62) (pág. 449) indulgence / indulgencia reducía la penitencia de la guild / gremio grupo medieval de negocios formado Iglesia por un pecado (pág. 634) por artesanos y mercaderes (págs. 503, 530) inflation / inflación período de incremento rápido de precios (pág. 319) guru / gurú maestro religioso y guía espiritual en el hinduismo (pág. 201) invest / invertir poner dinero en un proyecto (pág. 667)

758 Spanish Glossary 756-765 EM-Span Gloss-824133 7/16/04 9:30 PM Page 759

irrigation / irrigación • oligarchy / oligarquía

irrigation / irrigación método para llevar agua de otro messiah / mesías en el judaísmo, un salvador lugar a un campo para regar las cosechas (pág. 18) mandado por Dios (págs. 101, 344) minaret / minarete torre de una mezquita desde K donde el almuecín llama a los creyentes a la oración cinco veces al día (pág. 394) karma / karma en el hinduismo, la energía buena o missionary / misionero persona que viaja para llevar mala que una persona desarrolla según si vive las ideas de una religión a otros (págs. 363, 520) una vida buena o mala (pág. 204) monastery / monasterio comunidad religiosa donde knight / caballero en la Edad Media, un guerrero los monjes viven y trabajan (págs. 362, 413) noble que peleaba a caballo (pág. 524) monopoly / monopolio el control de todo (o casi todo) el comercio o la producción de ciertos bienes L (pág. 576) laity / laicado miembros de iglesia que no monotheism / monoteísmo la creencia en un solo dios constituyen el clero (pág. 355) (pág. 81) latifundia / latifundios grandes propiedades agrícolas monsoon / monzón en la Asia del sur, un viento en la Roma antigua (pág. 278) fuerte que sopla en una dirección en el invierno y en la dirección opuesta en el verano (pág. 195) legacy / legado lo que una persona deja cuando muere (pág. 178) mosaic / mosaico figura hecha con muchos trozos de vidrios de colores, azulejo o piedra (pág. 333) Legalism / legalismo filosofía china desarrollada por Hanfeizi; enseñó que los humanos son mosque / mezquita casa de culto musulmana naturalmente malos y por lo tanto necesitaban (pág. 389) ser gobernados por leyes duras (pág. 239) mummy / momia cuerpo que se ha embalsamado y legion / legión unidad más pequeña del ejército envuelto en lino (pág. 50) Spanish Glossary romano, compuesta por aproximadamente 6,000 myth / mito cuento tradicional que describe dioses o soldados (pág. 266) a héroes o explica eventos naturales (pág. 155) limited government / gobierno limitado idea de que un gobierno sólo puede usar los poderes cedidos por los ciudadanos (pág. 700) N natural law / ley natural ley que se aplica a todos y la M cual puede entenderse por razonamiento (pág. 681) mandate / mandato orden formal (pág. 230) nirvana / nirvana en el budismo, un estado de martial arts / artes marciales deportes, como el judo y sabiduría y libertad del ciclo del renacimiento el karate, que involucran combate y defensa (pág. 205) personal (pág. 499) nomad / nómada persona que regularmente se martyr / mártir persona dispuesta a morir antes que mueve de un lugar a otro (pág. 10) renunciar a sus creencias (pág. 353) novel / novela historia ficticia larga (pág. 432) mass / misa servicio de culto Católico (pág. 546) matrilineal / matrilineal se refiere a un grupo de O personas que busca su ascendencia a través de las madres más que de los padres (pág. 469) oasis / oasis área verde en un desierto, alimentada por agua subterránea (pág. 373) meditation / meditación práctica de reflexión silenciosa para aclarar la mente y encontrar la ode / oda poema que expresa emociones fuertes paz interior (pág. 499) acerca de la vida (pág. 304) mercantilism / mercantilismo doctrina según la oligarchy / oligarquía gobierno en el que un grupo cual un país obtiene poder al amasar un pequeño de personas mantiene el poder abastecimiento de oro y plata (pág. 666) (pág. 126)

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oracle / oráculo • Reformation / Reforma

oracle / oráculo templo sagrado en donde un polis / polis antigua ciudad-estado griega, sacerdote o sacerdotisa hablaban a nombre de compuesta de una ciudad y las áreas un dios o diosa (pág. 156) circundantes y gobernada como un país independiente (pág. 122) oral history / historia oral historias transmitidas de generación en generación (pág. 470) pope / Papa el obispo de Roma, posteriormente, la cabeza de la iglesia católica romana (pág. 356) P popular sovereignty / soberanía popular idea de que un gobierno recibe su poder de los ciudadanos papyrus / papiro planta de juncos del Valle de Nilo, (pág. 700) empleada para hacer un tipo de papel (pág. 42) porcelain / porcelana tipo de artículo de cerámica parable / parábola historia que usa acontecimientos hecho de arcilla fina y horneado a altas de la vida diaria para expresar ideas espirituales temperaturas (pág. 418) (pág. 345) praetor / pretor importante funcionario de gobierno paterfamilias / paterfamilias (“padre de la familia”) en la Roma antigua (pág. 270) nombre dado al padre como cabeza de la casa en predestination / predestinación creencia de que sea lo la Roma antigua (pág. 307) que sea que haga una persona, el resultado de patrician / patricio hacendado poderoso y miembro su vida ya ha sido planificado por Dios de la clase gobernante en la Roma antigua (pág. 640) (pág. 269) prophet / profeta persona de quien se cree haber sido Pax Romana / Paz Romana era prolongada de paz y instruida por Dios para compartir Sus palabras seguridad en el Imperio Romano (pág. 287) (pág. 87) peninsula / península extensión territorial rodeada de proverb / proverbio dicho sabio (pág. 89) agua en tres lados (pág. 117) province / provincia distrito político (pág. 28) persecute / perseguir maltratar a una persona a causa pyramid / pirámide inmensa estructura de piedra de sus creencias o diferencias (pág. 353) construida por los antiguos egipcios para pharaoh / faraón rey todopoderoso en el antiguo utilizarse como una tumba (pág. 50) Egipto (pág. 48) philosopher / filósofo pensador que busca la Q sabiduría y formula preguntas acerca de la vida (págs. 140, 169) quipu / quipu lazo con cuerdas anudadas de philosophy / filosofía estudio de la naturaleza y longitudes y colores diferentes (pág. 588) significando de la vida; viene de la palabra Quran / Corán libro sagrado del Islam (pág. 377)

Spanish Glossary griega que significa “amor a la sabiduría” (pág. 169) R pictograph / pictografía carácter que representa a un objeto (pág. 228) rabbi / rabino líder judío y maestro del Torá (pág. 101) pilgrim / peregrino persona que viaja para ir a un raja / rajá príncipe que dirigió a una tribu aria en la relicario o sitio religioso (pág. 213) India (pág. 199) plague / peste enfermedad que se esparce rationalism / racionalismo la creencia de que la razón rápidamente y mata a muchas personas es la fuente principal del conocimiento (pág. 678) (págs. 319, 554) Reconquista (“reconquest”) / Reconquista lucha plane geometry / geometría plana rama de las cristiana para recuperar la península Ibérica de matemáticas que muestra cómo se relacionan los los musulmanes (pág. 558) puntos, las líneas, los ángulos y las superficies reform / reforma cambio que intenta producir una (pág. 185) mejora (págs. 320, 411) plateau / meseta área de tierra alta y plana (pág. 446) Reformation / Reforma movimiento para reformar la plebeian / plebeyo miembro de las personas comunes iglesia católica; condujo a la creación del en la Roma antigua (pág. 269) protestantismo (pág. 634)

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regent / regente • specialization / especialización

regent / regente persona que opera como un scholasticism / escolasticismo forma de pensamiento gobernante temporal (pág. 334) medieval que trató de unir a la razón y a la fe en estudios religiosos (pág. 550) reincarnation / reencarnación renacimiento del alma o el espíritu en cuerpos diferentes a través del scientific method / método científico manera organizada tiempo (pág. 204) de recoger y analizar pruebas (pág. 679) Renaissance / Renacimiento (”nacer de nuevo”) scribe / escriba conservador de registros (pág. 20) período en que se renovó el interés en las artes y sect / secta un grupo más pequeño con creencias el conocimiento en Europa (pág. 609) distintas dentro de un grupo religioso más representative democracy / democracia representativa grande (pág. 499) sistema de gobierno en el que los ciudadanos secular / secular que se interesa en bienes materiales escogen a un grupo más pequeño para en lugar de asuntos religiosos (pág. 609) promulgar leyes y tomar decisiones gubernamentales en su nombre (pág. 139) seminary / seminario escuela en donde se entrenan y se educan a los sacerdotes y los ministros representative government / gobierno representativo (pág. 643) sistema de gobierno en que los ciudadanos separation of powers / separación de poderes eligen a sus líderes para promulgar leyes división (pág. 694) equitativa de los poderes entre las ramas del gobierno (pág. 682) republic / república forma de gobierno en la que el serf / siervo trabajador campesino atado por ley a líder no es un rey ni una reina sino una persona las tierras de un noble (pág. 524) elegida por los ciudadanos (pág. 265) sheikh / jeque líder de una tribu árabe (pág. 373) resurrection / resurrección acto de volver a la vida (pág. 347) Shiite / chiíta grupo musulmán que acepta sólo a los descendientes de Ali, el hijo político de rhetoric / retórica hablar en público (pág. 307) Mahoma, como auténticos líderes de los musulmanes (pág. 382) Spanish Glossary S shogun / shogun gobernante militar del Japón feudal (pág. 495) Sabbath / sabbat día semanal de culto y descanso para los judíos (pág. 94) shrine / santuario lugar sagrado (pág. 490) saint / santo persona cristiana santificada social class / clase social grupo de personas que (pág. 333) comparten una posición semejante en la sociedad (pág. 233) salvation / salvación acto de ser salvado del pecado y aceptado para entrar al cielo (pág. 350) social contract / contrato social acuerdo entre mandatarios y ciudadanos sobre el cual se basa samurai / samurai clase de guerreros en el Japón un gobierno (pág. 682) feudal que prometía lealtad a un noble a cambio Socratic method / método socrático de tierra (pág. 494) método de enseñanza desarrollado por Sócrates que emplea Sanskrit / Sánscrito idioma escrito desarrollado por un formato de pregunta y respuesta para forzar los arios (pág. 199) a los estudiantes a utilizar su raciocinio para ver satire / sátira obra que hace burla de las debilidades las cosas por sí mismos (pág. 170) humanas (pág. 304) solid geometry / geometría sólida rama de las satrap / sátrapas funcionario que gobernaba un matemáticas que estudia a las esferas y los estado en el Imperio pérsico durante la época de cilindros (pág. 186) Darío (pág. 133) Sophist / Sofista maestro profesional en Grecia antigua; creían que las personas deben utilizar el satrapies / satrapies los 20 estados en los cuales Darío conocimiento para mejorarse a sí mismas y dividió al Imperio pérsico (pág. 133) desarrollaron el arte de hablar en público y el savanna / sabana llanura cubierta de hierba debate (pág. 169) (pág. 69) specialization / especialización desarrollo de diferentes schism / cisma separación (pág. 361) tipos de trabajos (pág. 15)

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steppe / estepa • Zoroastrianism / zoroastrismo

steppe / estepa ancha planicie ondeada cubierta de tragedy / tragedia forma de drama en la que una hierba (pág. 424) persona se esfuerza para vencer dificultades pero encuentra un final infeliz (pág. 160) Stoicism / estoicismo filosofía fundada por Zeno en la Atenas Helenista; enseñaba que la felicidad treason / traición deslealtad al gobierno provenía no de seguir a las emociones, sino a la (págs. 431, 599) razón y de cumplir con nuestro deber (pág. 184) trial jury / jurado grupo que decide si una persona stupa / estupa templo budista con forma de cúpula o acusada es inocente o culpable (pág. 537) montículo (pág. 211) tribe / tribu grupo de familias relacionadas subcontinent / subcontinente gran masa de tierra que (págs. 81, 424) forma parte de un continente pero está separada tribute / tributo pago realizado por un grupo o de él (pág. 195) nación a otra para mostrar obediencia o para sultan / sultán líder político y militar con autoridad obtener paz o protección (págs. 60, 89) absoluta sobre un país musulmán (págs. 383, 467) triumvirate / triunvirato en la Roma antigua, un grupo gobernante de tres personas (pág. 280) Sunni / sunita grupo musulmán que sólo acepta a descendientes de los omeyas como auténticos tyrant / tirano persona que toma el poder por la fuerza gobernantes de los musulmanes (pág. 382) y gobierna con autoridad total (pág. 125) Swahili / suajili se refiere a la cultura e idioma de África Oriental (pág. 467) V synagogue / sinagoga casa de culto judía (pág. 94) vassal / vasallo en el feudalismo, un noble que ocupaba la tierra de un señor de más alto rango T y lo servía, y a cambio le daba protección (págs. 496, 523) tanka / tanka forma más antigua de poesía en Japón; vault / bóveda estructura curva de piedra o cemento poema sin rima de cinco líneas (pág. 501) que forma un techo (pág. 303) technology / tecnología instrumentos y métodos vernacular / vernáculo idioma cotidiano empleado en utilizados para ayudar a los humanos a realizar un país o región (págs. 552, 620) tareas (pág. 11) veto / veto rechazar (pág. 270) terror / terror acciones violentas para atemorizar personas para que rendirse (pág. 426) W theocracy / teocracia gobierno dirigido por líderes religiosos (pág. 208) warlord / caudillo líder militar que dirige un Spanish Glossary theology / teología el estudio de la religión y de Dios gobierno (pág. 409) (págs. 550, 640) theory / teoría explicación de cómo o por qué ocurre Z algo (pág. 671) Zoroastrianism / zoroastrismo religión persa fundada Torah / Torá las leyes que, según la Biblia, Moisés por Zoroastro; enseñaba que los humanos tenían recibió de Dios en el monte Sinaí; estas leyes se la libertad de escoger entre lo correcto y lo convirtieron después en la primera parte de la incorrecto, y que la bondad triunfaría al final Biblia hebrea (pág. 82) (pág. 133)

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Aachen • Athens

A Gazetteer (GA•zuh•TIHR) is a geographic index or dictionary. It shows latitude and longitude for cities and certain other places. Latitude and longitude are shown in this way: 48°N 2°E, or 48 degrees north latitude and two degrees east longitude. This Gazetteer lists most of the world’s largest independent countries, their capitals, and several important geographic features. The page numbers tell where each entry can be found on a map in this book. As an aid to pronunciation, most entries are spelled phonetically.

Albany Capital city of New York. 42°N Arabia Desert peninsula of southwestern A 73°W (p. 694) Asia across the Red Sea to Africa. Alexandria [A•lihg•ZAN•dree•uh] City and 27°N 32°E (pp. R18, R19, 17, 70, 109, Aachen [AH•kuhn] City in Germany near major seaport in northern Egypt in 246, 329, 380, 385, 425, 433, 554) the Belgian and Dutch borders; cap- the Nile River delta. 31°N 29°E (pp. Arabian Desert Arid region in eastern ital of Charlemagne’s Frankish 176, 179, 182, 189, 246, 293, 323, 329, Egypt; also called the Eastern empire. 50°N 6°E (pp. 512, 516) 352, 361, 367, 374) Desert. 22°N 45°E (pp. R18, R19, 17, Actium [AK•shee•uhm] Cape on the west- Algeria [al•JIHR•ee•uh] Country in North 28, 39, 75) ern coast of Greece. 37°N 23°E (p. 297) Africa. 29°N 1°E (pp. R2, R3) Arabian Peninsula Great desert peninsula Aden Port city of the Red Sea in south- Algiers [al•JIHRZ] Capital city of Algeria, in extreme southwestern Asia. ern Yemen. 12°N 45°E (p. 433) largest Mediterranean port of north- 28°N 40°E (pp. R5, R18, R19, 374, 445, 448, 452) Aden, Gulf of Western arm of the Arabian western Africa. 36°N 2°E (pp. R3, 385) Arabian Sea Portion of the Indian Ocean Sea, between Yemen, Somalia, and Alps Mountain system of south central Djibouti. 11°N 45°E (p. 445) Europe. 46°N 9°E (pp. 263, 269, 274, between the Arabian Peninsula and 513, 514, 609, 653) the subcontinent of India. 16°N 65°E Adrianople [AY•dree•uh•NOH•puhl] Ancient (pp. R3, R5, R19, 109, 176, 193, 195, Altay Mountains Mountain range in Asia. city in northwestern Turkey, now 198, 210, 213, 219, 246, 374, 380, 409, 49°N 87°E (pp. R5, 225) called Edirne. 41°N 26°E (p. 323) 425, 433, 452, 554, 565) Adriatic [AY•dree•A•tihk] Sea Arm of Medi- Altun Mountains Range of mountains Aragon Region and former kingdom in terranean Sea between Italy and the that are a part of the Kunlun Shan in northeastern Spain. 42°N 1°W (p. 538) Balkan Peninsula. 44°N 14°E (pp. China. 35°N 83°E (p. 225) Aral [AR•uhl] Sea Large saltwater lake, or 144, 263, 269, 274, 293, 516, 548, 609, Amazon River River in northern South inland sea, in central Asia. 45°N 653, 688) America, largely in Brazil, second- 60°E (pp. R3, R5, 132, 198, 246, 380, Aegean [ih•JEE•uhn] Sea Gulf of the longest river in the world. 2°S 53°W 383, 397, 424, 425, 554) Mediterranean Sea between Greece (pp. R2, R4, 473, 565, 577) Arctic Ocean Smallest of the earth’s and Asia Minor, north of Crete. 39°N Amsterdam Capital of the Netherlands. four oceans. 85°N 170°E (pp. R2, R3, 24°E (pp. 117, 134, 144, 149, 176, 548) 52°N 4°E (p. 548) 573, 590) Afghanistan [af•GA•nuh•STAN] Central Asian Amu Darya [AH•moo DAHR•yuh] Largest Argentina [AHR•juhn•TEE•nuh] South Ameri- country west of Pakistan. 33°N 63°E river of central Asia. 38°N 64°E can country east of Chile. 36°S 67°W (pp. R3, R19, 176, 198) (p. 198) (pp. R2, R14) Africa Second-largest continent, south of Andes [AN•deez] Mountain range along Arkansas River River in the western Europe between the Atlantic and the western edge of South America. United States, a major tributary of Indian Oceans. 10°N 22°E (pp. R2, 13°S 75°W (pp. R4, R15, 577) the Mississippi River. 38°N 100°W R3, R4, R5, R20, R21, 33, 109, 262, Angola [ang•GOH•luh] Southern African (pp. R11, 663) 263, 269, 274, 293, 297, 352, 358, 361, country north of Namibia. 14°S 16°E Asia Largest of the earth’s seven conti- 367, 380, 385, 433, 444, 446, 449, 460, (p. R3) nents. 50°N 100°E (pp. R22, R23, 13, 17, 33, 409, 424, 439, 518, 565, 573, 662) 463, 468, 469, 473, 479, 518, 554, 565, Antarctica Fifth-largest of the earth’s 573, 658, 662, 668) seven continents; it surrounds the Asia Minor Region of the ancient world, Agincourt [A•juhn•KOHRT] Village in north- South Pole. 80°S 127°E (pp. R3, R5) roughly corresponding to present-day Turkey. 38°N 31°E (pp. R22, 17, 28, ern France. 52°N 6°E (pp. 557, 561) Antioch [AN•tee•AHK] Ancient capital of 117, 121, 132, 176, 179, 189, 269, 274, Agra [AH•gruh] Syria, now a city in southern Turkey. City in northern India, site 277, 292, 293, 297, 323, 327, 329, 342, of the Taj Mahal. 27°N 78°E (p. 394) 36°N 36°E (pp. 246, 352, 361, 367, 542) 352, 358, 361, 367, 374, 380, 385, 542) Ahaggar [uh•HAH•guhr] Mountains Arid, Antwerp [ANT•WUHRP] City in northern Assyria [uh•SIHR•ee•uh] Ancient country rocky, upland region in southern Belgium. 51°N 4°E (p. 548) in Asia that included the Tigris Algeria in the center of the Sahara. Anyang [AHN•YAHNG] City in northern River valley in Mesopotamia. 35°N 25°N 6°E (p. 445) China, was China’s first capital. 42°E (p. 28) Alaska Largest state in the United States, 36°N 114°E (pp. 224, 226, 251) Astrakhan [AS•truh•KAN] City in southern located in the extreme northwestern Apennines [A•puh•NYNZ] Mountain range European Russia on the Volga River region of North America. 65°N that runs through Italy. 43°N 11°E near the Caspian Sea. 46°N 48°E 150°W (pp. R2, R4) (pp. 263, 269, 609, 653) (p. 554) Albania [al•BAY•nee•uh] Country on the Appalachian Mountains Mountain system Athens Capital of Greece, an ancient city- Adriatic Sea, south of Yugoslavia. of eastern North America. 38°N state. 38°N 23°E (pp. 117, 121, 124, 125, 42°N 20°E (p. R3) 82°W (pp. R4, R11, 590, 694) 134, 138, 144, 149, 154, 176, 182, 293)

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Atlantic Ocean • Carpathian Mountains

Atlantic Ocean Second-largest body of Bay of Bengal Arm of the Indian Ocean Budapest [BOO•duh•PEHST] Capital of water in the world. 5°S 25°W (pp. between India and the Malay Hungary. 47°N 19°E (p. 703) R2–9, R11, R13–16, R20–22, 13, 121, Peninsula on the east. 17°N 87°E Bulgaria [BUHL•GAR•ee•uh] Country in 269, 293, 323, 329, 337, 352, 361, 385, (pp. R3, R5, R22, R23, 109, 193, 195, southeastern Europe on the Balkan 463, 469, 473, 479, 513, 514, 516, 518, 210, 213, 246, 409, 411, 425, 433, 439, Peninsula. 42°N 24°E (pp. R3, R17, 538, 542, 555, 557, 561, 565, 573, 577, 565, 667) 176) 590, 639, 645, 662, 663, 668, 691, 694, Beijing [BAY•JIHNG] Capital of China. Byblos [BIH•bluhs] Ancient city of 695, 703) 40°N 116°E (pp. R3, 409, 411, 423, Phoenicia on the Mediterranean Sea, Atlas Mountains Mountain range in 424, 425, 430, 431, 439, 554) near present-day Beirut, Lebanon. northwestern Africa on the northern Belgium [BEHL•juhm] Country in north- 34°N 35°E (pp. 17, 90, 105, 132) edge of the Sahara. 31°N 5°W (pp. western Europe. 51°N 5°E (pp. R3, Byzantine [BIH•zuhn•TEEN] Empire Eastern R20, R21, 445) R16, 703) part of the Roman Empire that sur- Australia Island continent southeast of Belgrade [BEHL•GRAYD] Capital of Yugo- vived after the breakup of the west- Asia. 25°S 135°W (pp. R3, R5, 13, slavia. 45°N 21°E (pp. 548, 555, 688) ern part of the empire in the A.D. 33, 662) Belize [buh•LEEZ] Central American 400s; Constantinople was its capital. 41°N 29°E (pp. 383, 518, 538, 542) Austria [AWS•tree•uh] Country in central country east of Guatemala. 18°N Byzantium [buh•ZAN•tee•uhm] Europe. 47°N 12°E (pp. R3, R16, 385, 89°W (pp. R2, R13, 583) Ancient city that became the capital of the 548, 639, 688) Bering Sea Part of the North Pacific Ocean, situated between the Aleutian Eastern Roman Empire; was later Axum [AHK•SOOM] Ancient kingdom in Islands on the south and the Bering renamed Constantinople and is now northeastern Africa. 14°N 38°E (p. 451) Strait, which connects it with the called Istanbul. 41°N 29°E (p. 293) Azores [AY•ZOHRZ] Group of nine islands Arctic Ocean, on the north. 55°N in the North Atlantic Ocean. 37°N 175°E (pp. R2, R3, R4, R5, R23, 573) C 29°W (pp. R2, R4, R20, R21) Bhutan [boo•TAHN] South Asian country northeast of India. 27°N 91°E (pp. Cahokia [kuh•HOH•kee•uh] City in south- B R3, R22, R23, 198) western Illinois on the Mississippi Bialystok [bee•AH•lih•STAWK] City in north- River near St. Louis; largest city of Babylon [BA•buh•luhn] Once the world’s eastern Poland. 53°N 23°E (p. 548) the Mississippian Mound Builders. largest and richest city, on the banks Black Sea Inland sea between southeast- 38°N 90°W (p. 572) of the Euphrates River in northern ern Europe and Asia Minor. 43°N Cairo [KY•roh] Capital of Egypt. 31°N Mesopotamia. 32°N 45°E (pp. 16, 17, 32°E (pp. R3, R5, R17, R18, 109, 121, 32°E (pp. R3, 380, 385, 452, 479) 26, 28, 86, 93, 132, 174, 176) 132, 144, 176, 179, 189, 246, 255, 269, Calcutta City in eastern India, now 274, 292, 293, 297, 323, 329, 352, 361, Baghdad [BAG•DAD] Capital city of Iraq. known as Kolkata. 22°N 88°E (p. R3) 33°N 44°E (pp. R3, 374, 379, 380, 383, 367, 374, 380, 383, 385, 397, 425, 513, Calicut Seaport on the Arabian Sea in 518, 538, 542, 554, 565, 639) 385, 397, 423, 425, 452, 554) southwestern India, now called Bohemia Historical region and former Bahamas [buh•HAH•muhz] Country made Kozhikode. 11°N 75°E (pp. 433, kingdom in what is now the Czech up of many islands between Cuba 662, 667) Republic. 49°N 13°E (pp. 639, 645, 688) and the United States. 23°N 74°W California State in the western United Bombay (pp. R2, R4, R13, 662) Port city in western India, now States. 36°N 120°W (pp. R6, R8) called Mumbai. 18°N 72°E (p. 667) Balkan [BAWL•kuhn] Peninsula Peninsula in Campania [kam•PAY•nyuh] Region in Bordeaux [bawr•DOH] City in southwest- southeastern Europe bounded on the southern Italy on the Tyrrhenian ern France. 44°N 0°W (pp. 557, 561) east by the Black and Aegean Seas, Sea. 41°N 14°E (p. 263) on the south by the Mediterranean Borneo Third-largest island in the world, Canada Country in North America north Sea, and on the west by the Adriatic located in the Malay Archipelago in of the United States. 50°N 100°W southeastern Asia. 0°N 112°E (pp. R3, Gazetteer and Ionian Seas. 42°N 20°E (pp. 117, (pp. R2, R6, R7) 246, 425, 433, 554, 667) 327, 329) Cannae [KA•nee] Ancient town in southern Boston Capital of Massachusetts. 42°N Baltic [BAWL•tihk] Sea Sea in northern Italy where Hannibal defeated the 71°W (pp. 691, 694, 695) Europe connected to the North Sea. Romans in 216 B.C. 41°N 16°E (p. 274) Brazil 55°N 17°E (pp. R3, R5, R16, R17, 513, Largest country in South Canterbury [KAN•tuhr•BEHR•ee] City in America. 9°S 53°W (pp. R2, 473) 518, 538, 548, 555, 645, 688, 703) Kent in southeastern England; site Britain Largest island in the British of an early Christian cathedral. 51°N Baltimore City in northern Maryland in Isles. 54°N 4°W (pp. R2–3, R4–5, 1°E (p. 645) the United States. 39°N 77°W (p. 694) R16, 286, 293, 297, 302, 317, 323, 352, Caribbean [KAR•uh•BEE•uhn] Sea Part of the Bangkok [BANG•KAHK] Capital of Thailand. 358, 361, 695) Atlantic Ocean bordered by the 14°N 100°E (pp. R3, 433) Bruges [BROOZH] City in northwestern West Indies, South America, and Bangladesh [BAHNG•gluh•DEHSH] South Belgium. 51°N 3°E (p. 522) Central America. 15°N 76°W (pp. Asian country bounded by Myanmar Buda [BOO•duh] Town in Hungary that R2, R4, 473, 565, 590, 662, 663, 691) and India. 24°N 90°E (pp. R3, 198) combined with Pest and Óbuda in Carpathian [kahr•PAY•thee•uhn] Mountains Barcelona City in northeastern Spain. 1873 to form Budapest. 47°N 19°E Mountain system in central and 41°N 2°E (p. 555) (p. 688) Eastern Europe. 49°N 20°E (p. 513)

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Carthage • England

Carthage [KAHR•thihj] Ancient city on the Cologne [KUH•LOHN] City in west central Dead Sea Salt lake in southwestern Asia, northern coast of Africa. 37°N 10°E Germany on the Rhine River. 50°N bounded by Israel, the West Bank, (pp. 263, 268, 269, 274, 292, 293, 297, 6°E (p. 542) and Jordan. 31°N 35°E (pp. R5, 17, 329, 337, 367, 514) Congo River River in Central Africa. 2°S 39, 75, 90, 105) Caspian [KAS•pee•uhn] Sea Saltwater lake 17°E (p. 469) Deccan Plateau Region in India. 19°N in southeastern Europe and south- Connecticut A state in the northeastern 76°E (pp. R5, 195, 198) western Asia, the largest inland United States. 41°N 73°W (p. 694) Delhi [DEH•lee] City in northern India. body of water in the world. 40°N Constantinople [KAHN•STAN•tuhn•OH•puhl] City 28°N 76°E (pp. R3, 379) 52°E (pp. R3, R5, R17, 17, 109, 132, built on the site of Byzantium, now Delos [DEE•LAHS] Greek island in the 176, 179, 198, 246, 255, 293, 297, 329, known as Istanbul in present-day southern Aegean Sea. 37°N 25°E 361, 374, 380, 383, 385, 397, 424, 425, Turkey. 41°N 29°E (pp. 246, 302, 317, (pp. 138, 144) 513, 518, 542, 554, 565) 323, 327, 329, 337, 351, 352, 358, 361, Delphi [DEHL•FY] Ancient Greek town Castile Former kingdom in Spain. 39°N 367, 374, 379, 380, 425, 518, 542, 555) and site of Temple of Apollo. 38°N 3°E (p. 538) Copan Ancient city of the Mayan people, 22°E (p. 117) Çatal Hüyük [chah•TAHL hoo•YOOK] Early in northwestern Honduras. 15°N Denmark Scandinavian country in Neolithic community in present-day 88°W (p. 575) Turkey. 38°N 35°E (p. 8) northwestern Europe. 56°N 8°E (pp. Córdoba [KAWR•duh•buh] City in southern R3, 639, 645, 688) Caucasus [KAW•kuh•suhs] Mountains Spain. 37°N 4°W (pp. 379, 380, 555) Range of mountains between the Corinth City of ancient Greece, south- Caspian and Black Seas. 43°N 42°E west of the modern city of Corinth. E (pp. R17, 374) 37°N 22°E (pp. 117, 144, 269, 274) Ceylon [sih•LAHN] Country in the Indian East Africa Region in east Central Africa Corsica Island in the Mediterranean Sea. Ocean south of India, now called Sri comprised of Burundi, Kenya, 42°N 8°E (pp. R5, R16, 121, 263, 269, Lanka. 8°N 82°E (pp. R22, 433, 667) Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania, and 274, 293, 329, 337, 538, 555, 609, 653) Chaco Canyon Center of Anasazi civiliza- Uganda. 5°N 35°E (pp. R3, R5, R20, Costa Rica [KAHS•tuh REE•kuh] Republic tion in present-day New Mexico. R21, 246) in southern Central America. 11°N 36°N 108°W (p. 578) East China Sea Arm of the northwestern 85°W (p. R2) Chaeronea [KEHR•uh•NEE•uh] Ancient town Pacific Ocean between the eastern Crécy [kray•SEE] in Greece near Thebes. 38°N 22°E Site in France of battle in coast of China and the Ryukyu (p. 176) which England defeated France in Islands, bounded by the Yellow 1346. 50°N 48°E (pp. 557, 561) Changan [CHAHNG•AHN] Capital of China Sea and Taiwan. 30°N 125°E (pp. Crete [KREET] during the Tang dynasty, now called Greek island southeast of R5, 225, 226, 230, 241, 251, 409, 411, Xian. 34°N 108°E (pp. 240, 241, 246, mainland in the southern Aegean 425, 439) 408, 409, 411, 416, 439) Sea. 35°N 24°E (pp. R17, 116, 117, Eastern Desert Arid region in eastern 121, 132, 134, 149, 179, 189, 269, 274, Egypt, also called the Arabian Chang Jiang [CHAHNG JYAHNG] River in 293, 329, 337, 385, 542, 548, 555) China, third-longest in the world; Desert. 22°N 45°E (pp. 39, 75) formerly called the Yangtze River. Crimea Peninsula in southeastern Ukraine. East Sea Arm of the Pacific Ocean, lying 30°N 117°E (pp. 225, 226, 230, 241, 45°N 33°E (p. 548) between Japan and the Asian main- 246, 409, 411, 424, 425, 431, 439) Cuba Island country in the West Indies. land; also called the Sea of Japan. Gazetteer Charles Town City in southeastern South 22°N 79°W (pp. R2, R4, 662) 40°N 132°E (pp. R5, 225, 485) Carolina, now called Charleston. Cuzco [KOOS•koh] City in southern Peru. Ebro River River in northeastern Spain, 33°N 80°W (pp. 694, 695) 13°S 71°W (pp. 572, 577, 582, 593, 603) emptying into the Mediterranean Chernigov [chehr•NEE•guhf] Principality in Cyprus [SY•pruhs] Island country in the Sea. 42°N 2°W (p. 516) the Kievan Rus. 51°N 31°E (p. 548) eastern Mediterranean Sea, south of Edinburgh Capital city of Scotland. 55°N Chichén Itzá [chee•CHEHN eet•SAH] Most Turkey. 35°N 31°E (pp. R3, R5, R17, 3°W (p. 555) important city of the Mayan peoples, 62, 90, 121, 132, 179, 189, 269, 274, Edo [EH•doh] Village in Japan where the located in the northern part of the 293, 329, 385, 542) Sumida River joins Tokyo Bay, site Yucatán Peninsula. 20°N 88°W (p. 575) of present-day Tokyo. 35°N 140°E China Country in East Asia, world’s D (pp. 485, 507) largest by population; now called Egypt Country in North Africa on the the People’s Republic of China. Damascus [duh•MAS•kuhs] Capital of Mediterranean Sea. 26°N 27°E (pp. 37°N 93°E (pp. R3, R5, R22–23, 109, Syria. 34°N 36°E (pp. 90, 105, 246, R3, 17, 28, 39, 62, 70, 75, 121, 132, 198, 225, 226, 230, 241, 246, 409, 411, 352, 361, 374, 380, 383, 385, 397) 176, 246, 286, 293, 297, 302, 317, 327, 416, 424, 425, 431, 433, 439, 554, 658, Danube [DAN•yoob] River Second-longest 329, 352, 361, 367, 374, 380, 383, 385, 662, 667) river in Europe. 43°N 24°E (pp. R5, 397, 448, 452, 479) Chittagong [CHIH•tuh•GAHNG] Port city in 176, 269, 274, 293, 297, 323, 329, England Part of the island of Great southeastern Bangladesh. 22°N 90°E 337, 383, 385, 397, 425, 513, 514, 516, Britain lying east of Wales and south (pp. 433, 554) 538, 555) of Scotland. 51°N 1°W (pp. R2–3, Clermont City in central France. 45°N Danzig City in northern Poland. 54°N R4–5, R16, 518, 522, 534, 538, 542, 3°E (pp. 534, 542, 544) 18°E (p. 555) 544, 639, 645, 662)

Gazetteer 765 763-771 EM-Gazeteer-824133 6/30/05 8:55 PM Page 766

English Channel • Hudson Bay

English Channel Narrow sea separating Guangzhou [GWAHNG•JOH] Port city in France and Great Britain. 49°N 3°W G southern China on the Chang Jiang. (p. 557) 23°N 113°W (pp. R3, 246, 409, 411, Equator An imaginary circle that divides Galilee [GA•luh•LEE] Region of ancient 425, 431, 439) the earth into the Northern Hemi- Palestine, now part of northern Gulf of Mexico Gulf on part of the southern sphere and the Southern Hemi- Israel, between the Jordan River and coast of the United States. 25°N 94°W sphere; latitude of any single point the Sea of Galilee. 32°N 35°E (pp. (pp. R2, R4, 565, 575, 590, 663, 691) on the Equator is 0°. (pp. R2, R3, R4, 352, 361, 367) R5, 33, 425, 433, 445, 452, 463, 469, Ganges [GAN•JEEZ] Plain Flat, fertile area H 479, 554, 565, 577, 667) around the Ganges River. 24°N 89°E Eridu [EHR•ih•DOO] Ancient settlement in (pp. 195, 198) Hadrian’s Wall Ancient Roman stone Mesopotamia. 31°N 46°E (p. 17) Ganges [GAN•JEEZ] River River in India wall built to protect the northern Estonia [eh•STOH•nee•uh] Republic in that flows from the Himalaya to the boundary of Roman Britain. 55°N northeastern Europe, one of the Bay of Bengal. 24°N 89°E (pp. R3, 3°W (pp. 293, 297) Baltic states. 59°N 25°E (p. 548) R5, R22, 193, 195, 198, 210, 213, 219, Hainan [HY•NAHN] Province in southeast- 246, 409, 424, 667) Ethiopia [EE•thee•OH•pee•uh] Country in ern China and island in the South East Africa north of Somalia and Gaugamela [GAW•guh•MEE•luh] Area near China Sea. 32°N 120°E (pp. R5, 225) Kenya. 8°N 38°E (pp. 452, 479) Babylon and the Tigris River, site of Hamburg City in north central Germany Etruria [ih•TRUR•ee•uh] Ancient region on famous battle in 331 B.C. 36°N 44°E near the North Sea. 53°N 10°E (p. 548) the Italian peninsula that was home (pp. 174, 176) Han [HAHN] Chinese state along Huang to the Etruscans; area is now called Gaul Ancient Roman name for the area Tuscany. 30°N 46°E (p. 263) He and Chang Jiang. 33°N 112°E now known as France. 45°N 3°E (pp. (p. 241) Euphrates [yu•FRAY•teez] River River in 274, 277, 286, 293, 297, 302, 317, 323, Hangzhou [HAHNG•JOH] Port city in south- southwestern Asia that flows 352, 358, 361) through Syria and Iraq and joins the eastern China, capital during the Geneva [juh•NEE•vuh] City in western Song dynasty. 30°N 120°E (pp. 246, Tigris River near the Persian Gulf. Switzerland. 46°N 6°E (p. 633) 36°N 40°E (pp. 17, 109, 121, 132, 176, 408, 409, 411, 416, 424, 425, 439, 554) Genoa City and seaport in northwestern 179, 189, 246, 255, 293, 297, 329, 374, Harappa [huh•RA•puh] Ancient city in the Italy. 44°N 9°E (pp. 542, 548, 555, 380, 383, 397) Indus River valley in present-day 608, 609, 639, 653) Europe One of the world’s seven conti- Pakistan. (pp. 194, 198, 219) Germany Western European country nents, sharing a landmass with Asia. Heian [HAY•ahn] Ancient capital city of 50°N 15°E (pp. R3, R5, R16–17, 13, south of Denmark. 51°N 10°E (pp. Japan, now called Kyoto. 35°N 28, 33, 109, 255, 473, 565, 573, 658, R3, 518) 135°E (pp. 485, 491, 498, 507) 662, 668, 695) Ghana [GAH•nuh] Country in West Africa Himalaya [HIH•muh•LAY•uh] Mountain sys- on the Gulf of Guinea. 8°N 2°W (pp. tem forming a barrier between India R2, 448, 451) and the rest of Asia. 29°N 85°E (pp. F Giza City in northern Egypt and site of R5, R22–23, 193, 195, 198, 213, 219, the Great Pyramid. 29°N 31°E (pp. 246, 409, 424, 425, 439) Fertile Crescent Region in the Middle East 17, 39, 47, 62, 75) that reaches from Israel to the Persian Hindu Kush Major mountain system in Gulf, including the Tigris and Gobi [GOH•bee] Vast desert covering central Asia. 35°N 68°E (pp. 109, 198, Euphrates Rivers. 34°N 45°E (p. 17) parts of Mongolia and China. 43°N 213, 219) 103°E (pp. R5, 109, 225, 246, 409, 411, Florence City in the Tuscany region of Hispaniola [HIHS•puh•NYOH•luh] Island in the 425, 431, 439) central Italy at the foot of the West Indies. 19°N 72°E (pp. R4, 662) Apennines. 43°N 11°E (pp. 555, 608, Gomel Port city in southeastern Belarus Hokkaido [hah•KY•doh] Second-largest 609, 639, 653, 670) on the Sozh River. 52°N 31°E (p. 548) island of Japan. 43°N 142°E (pp. R3, Gazetteer Florida State in the southeastern United Granada [gruh•NAH•duh] Province on the R5, 484, 485, 507) States bordered by Alabama, Georgia, southern coast of Spain. 37°N 3°W Holy Roman Empire Lands in western and the Atlantic Ocean, and the Gulf of (pp. 380, 394, 553) central Europe, empire founded by Mexico. 30°N 84°W (p. 691) Great Rift Valley Depression extending Charlemagne. 52°N 15°E (pp. 512, Formigny [FAWR•mee•NYUH] Site in north- from Syria to Mozambique. 5°S 35°E 522, 534, 538, 542, 544, 639) ern France of a French victory dur- (p. 445) Honshu [HAHN•shoo] Largest island of ing the Hundred Years’ War. 49°N Great Wall Wall built in the 200s B.C.to Japan, called the mainland. 36°N 0°W (pp. 557, 561) protect China’s northern border. 138°E (pp. R3, R5, 484, 485, 507) France Third-largest country in Europe, 338°N 109°E (p. 431) Huang He [HWAHNG HUH] Second-longest located south of Great Britain. 47°N 1°E Greece Country in southeastern Europe river in China, formerly called the (pp. R2–3, R4–5, R16, 380, 385, 518, 522, on the Balkan Peninsula. 39°N 21°E Yellow River. 35°N 113°E (pp. 225, 226, 534, 538, 542, 544, 548, 639, 645, 662) (pp. R3, R5, R17, 117, 121, 124, 132, 230, 241, 246, 409, 411, 424, 425, 439) Frankfurt Port city in west central 134, 138, 149, 154, 176, 263, 268, 269, Hudson Bay Large inland sea in Canada. Germany on the Main River. 50°N 274, 277, 286, 292, 293, 297, 302, 317, 60°N 85°W (pp. R2, R4, 565, 590, 8°E (pp. 555, 688, 703) 323, 351, 352, 358, 361, 367, 385) 662, 691)

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Hungary • Makkah

Hungary Eastern European country Japan Chain of islands in the northern Kunlun Shan Major mountain system in south of Slovakia. 46°N 17°E (pp. Pacific Ocean. 36°N 133°E (pp. R3, western China. 35°N 83°E (p. 225) R3, R16, 518, 538, 548, 639, 688, 703) R5, R23, 225, 409, 425, 484, 485, 491, Kush [KUHSH] Ancient region in present- 498, 507, 662) day Sudan, formerly called Nubia. I Java Island of the Malay Archipelago in 21°N 33°E (p. 70) southern Indonesia. 8°S 111°E (pp. Kyoto [kee•OH•toh] Ancient capital of R3, R5, R23, R24, 425, 554) India South Asian country south of Japan, formerly called Heian. 35°N China and Nepal. 23°N 77°E (pp. Jeddah City in western Saudi Arabia. 135°E (pp. 485, 491, 498, 507) R3, R5, R22, 109, 193, 194, 195, 198, 21°N 39°E (p. 433) Kyushu [kee•OO•shoo] One of the four 210, 213, 219, 246, 380, 383, 409, 425, Jericho Oldest Neolithic community, in major islands of Japan. 33°N 131°E 433, 435, 554, 662, 658, 667) the West Bank between Israel and (pp. R3, 484, 485, 507) Jordan. 25°N 27°E (p. 8) Indian Ocean Third-largest ocean. 10°S 70°E (pp. R3, R5, 13, 109, 195, 198, Jerusalem [juh•ROO•suh•luhm] Capital of L 210, 213, 425, 433, 452, 463, 469, 479, Israel and a holy city for Christians, 554, 565, 662) Jews, and Muslims. 31°N 35°E (pp. 17, 28, 80, 86, 90, 93, 105, 132, 329, Latium [LAY•shee•uhm] Region in west Indonesia [IHN•duh•NEE•zhuh] Island repub- 342, 351, 352, 358, 361, 367, 374, 380, central Italy. 42°N 12°E (p. 263) lic in Southeast Asia, consisting of 383, 385, 397, 534, 542, 544) Lebanon [LEH•buh•nuhn] Southwest most of the Malay Archipelago. 40°S Jordan River River flowing from Asian country on the eastern coast 118°E (pp. R3, R5, R23) Lebanon and Syria to the Dead Sea. of the Mediterranean Sea. 34°N 34°E Indus [IHN•duhs] River River in Asia that 30°N 38°E (pp. 17, 90, 105) (pp. R3, 176) begins in Tibet and flows through Judaea [ju•DEE•uh] Territory in southwest Leon Historic region and former king- Pakistan to the Arabian Sea. 27°N Asia and a region of historic Palestine. dom in Spain. 41°N 5°W (p. 538) 68°E (pp. R3, R5, 109, 176, 193, 195, 31°N 35°E (pp. 342, 352, 361, 367) Libya [LIH•bee•uh] North African country 198, 210, 213, 219, 246, 380, 383, 409, Judah [JOO•duh] west of Egypt. 28°N 15°E (pp. R3, 176) 424, 425, 565) Southern kingdom of ancient Hebrews in Canaan, Lisbon [LIHZ•buhn] Capital of Portugal. Ionian [eye•OH•nee•uhn] Sea Arm of the renamed Palestine. 25°N 49°E (pp. 39°N 9°W (p. 555) Mediterranean Sea separating Greece 90, 105) London Capital of the United Kingdom, and Albania from Italy and Sicily. on the Thames River in southeastern 38°N 18°E (pp. 117, 144, 149, 263) England. 52°N 0° (pp. R2, 518, Iran Southwest Asian country on the K 542, 553, 555, 557, 561, 633, 642, 670, eastern shore of the Persian Gulf, 680, 703) Kamakura [kah•MAH•kuh•RAH] City in formerly called Persia. 31°N 53°E Luoyang [luh•WOH•YAHNG] City in north- (pp. R3, R19, 176, 198) Japan, former location of the Shogun military government. 35°N ern China on the Huang He. 34°N Iraq Country in southwestern Asia at 139°E (pp. 485, 491) 112°E (pp. 224, 230, 246, 251, 409, 439) the northern tip of the Persian Gulf. 32°N 42°E (pp. R3, R18–19, R22, 176) Karakorum [KAR•uh•KOHR•uhm] Capital of the Mongol Empire during most of the M Ireland Island west of Great Britain 1200s. 47°N 102°E (pp. 423, 424, 425) occupied by the Republic of Ireland Kathmandu [KAT•MAN•DOO] Macao [muh•KOW] Capital of Nepal. Region on the south- Gazetteer and Northern Ireland. 54°N 8°W 27°N 85°E (p. 210) eastern coast of China. 22°N 113°E (pp. R2, R4, R16, 518, 538, 645) Khanbaliq [KAHN•buh•LEEK] Capital of Kublai (pp. 430, 667) Israel Southwest Asian country south Khan’s Mongol Empire, now called Macedonia [MA•suh•DOH•nee•uh] Country of Lebanon. 32°N 34°E (pp. R3, R18, Beijing. 40°N 116°E (pp. 423, 425) in southeastern Europe on the 1, 90, 105, 176) Khyber Pass Mountain pass in western Balkan Peninsula. 41°N 22°E (pp. Issus Ancient town of Asia Minor located Asia connecting Afghanistan and 117, 174, 176, 269, 274) north of the Syrian border. 37°N 36°E Pakistan. 34°N 71°E (p. 194) Machu Picchu [MAH•choo PEE•choo] Incan (p. 176) Kiev [KEE•EHF] Capital of Ukraine, on the settlement in the Andes northwest Italy Southern European country south Dnieper River. 50°N 30°E (pp. R3, of Cuzco, Peru. 13°S 72°W (p. 577) of Switzerland and east of France. 425, 534, 548, 555) Madagascar [MA•duh•GAS•kuhr] Island in 43°N 11°E (pp. R3, R5, R16, 121, 262, Kievan Rus State made of small territories the Indian Ocean off the southeast- 263, 268, 269, 274, 277, 286, 292, 293, around Kiev, destroyed by Mongols ern coast of Africa. 18°S 43°E (pp. 297, 302, 317, 323, 327, 329, 337, 342, in 1240. 50°N 30°E (p. 538) R3, R5, R21, 445, 479) 351, 352, 358, 361, 367, 385, 516, 518, Knossos [NAH•suhs] Madinah [mah•DEE•nuh] Holy Muslim 522, 542, 609, 645, 653, 688) Ancient city on Crete. 35°N 24°E (pp. 116, 117, 149) city in western Saudi Arabia. 24°N Korea Peninsula in eastern Asia, divided 39°E (pp. 372, 380, 383, 385, 397) J into the Democratic People’s Makkah [MAH•kuh] Holy city of Muslims, Republic of Korea (North Korea) and also known as Mecca, in western Jamestown First permanent English set- the Republic of Korea. 38°N 127°E Saudi Arabia. 21°N 39°E (pp. 372, tlement in North America, in south- (pp. R3, R5, R23, 225, 409, 411, 484, 374, 380, 383, 385, 397, 425, 433, 448, east Virginia. 37°N 77°W (p. 691) 491, 498) 452, 554)

Gazetteer 767 763-771 EM-Gazeteer-824133 7/16/04 11:41 PM Page 768

Mali • Ottoman Empire

Mali [MAH•lee] Republic in northwestern Moluccas [muh•LUH•kuhz] Group of Nile River World’s longest river flowing Africa. 15°N 0°W (p. 451) islands in Indonesia, formerly called north from the heart of Africa to the Marathon Village of ancient Greece the Spice Islands. 2°S 128°E (pp. R5, Mediterranean Sea. 27°N 31°E (pp. northeast of Athens. (p. 134) 662, 667) R3, R5, R20, R21, 38, 39, 47, 59, 62, Marseille [mahr•SAY] City in southern Mombasa City and seaport of Kenya. 4°S 68, 70, 75, 109, 121, 132, 176, 179, 189, France. 43°N 5°E (pp. 542, 555) 39°E (pp. 433, 452) 246, 269, 293, 297, 329, 374, 383, 385, 397, 425, 445, 452) Massachusetts State in the northeastern Mongolia [mahn•GOH•lee•uh] Country in United States. 42°N 72°W (p. 694) Asia between Russia and China. Nineveh [NIH•nuh•vuh] Ancient capital of 46°N 100°E (pp. R3, 225, 409, 425, Assyria, on the Tigris River. 26°N Massalia [muh•SAH•lee•uh] Ancient Greek 431, 439) 43°E (pp. 17, 26, 132) colony on the site of present-day Marseille. 44°N 3°E (p. 293) Morocco [muh•RAH•koh] North African Ningxia [NIHNG•shee•AH] Region in north- country on the Mediterranean Sea western China. 37°N 106°E (p. 424) Mediterranean Sea Inland sea of Europe, and the Atlantic Ocean. 32°N 7°W Asia, and Africa. 36°N 13°E (pp. R3, Normandy Region and former province (pp. R20, R21, 380, 473, 479) R5, 17, 28, 39, 62, 70, 75, 90, 105, 109, of France, bordering the English 117, 121, 132, 144, 149, 176, 179, 189, Moscow [MAHS•koh] Capital of Russia. Channel. 49°N 2°E (p. 518) 263, 269, 274, 292, 293, 297, 323, 329, 55°N 37°E (pp. R3, 425, 540) North America Continent in the northern 337, 352, 361, 367, 374, 380, 383, 385, Mount Everest Highest mountain in the part of the Western Hemisphere 397, 425, 445, 452, 463, 479, 513, 514, world, located in the Himalaya between the Atlantic and Pacific 518, 538, 542, 548, 555, 609, 639, 645, between Nepal and Tibet. 28°N 86°E Oceans. 45°N 100°W (pp. R2, R4, 653, 703) (pp. 193, 195) R6–11, 13, 565, 573, 590, 658, 662, Mekong [MAY•KAWNG] River River in Mount Fuji Highest mountain in Japan. 663, 668, 691) southeastern Asia that begins in 35°N 138°E (pp. 485, 507) North Sea Arm of the Atlantic Ocean Tibet and empties into the South Mount Olympus [uh•LIHM•puhs] Highest between Europe and the eastern China Sea. 18°N 104°E (pp. 246, 409, mountain in Greece on the border coast of Great Britain. 56°N 3°E (pp. 411, 424, 439, 667) between Thessaly and Macedonia. R16, 293, 513, 514, 518, 538, 542, 548, Memphis Ancient capital of Egypt. 29°N 41°N 23°E (p. 117) 555, 639, 645) 31°E (pp. 38, 39, 47, 59, 62, 70, 75, 80) Mount Sinai [SY•NY] Part of a rocky mass Norway Northern European country on Meroë [MEHR•oh•ee] Capital city of on the Sinai Peninsula of northeast- the Scandinavian peninsula. 63°N Kush. 7°N 93°E (pp. 68, 70, 452) ern Egypt. 29°N 33°E (p. 90) 11°E (pp. R3, R16, 538, 639, 645) Mesa Verde National park in southwest- Mycenae [MY•SEE•nee] Ancient city in Novgorod [NAHV•guh•RAHD] City in west- ern Colorado containing artifacts and Greece. 37°N 22°E (pp. 116, 117, 149) ern Russia. 58°N 31°E (p. 540) cliff dwellings from the Anasazi. Nubia [NOO•bee•uh] Region in present- 37°N 108°W (p. 578) N day Sudan on the Nile River, later Mesoamerica [MEH•zoh•uh•MEHR•ih•kuh] known as Kush. 21°N 33°E (p. 39) Ancient region including present- Nanjing [NAHN•JIHNG] City in eastern Nuremburg City in south central Germany. day Mexico and most of Central China, capital during the Ming 49°N 11°E (p. 555) America. 10°N 92°W (p. 575) dynasty. 32°N 118°E (pp. 430, 431, 433) Mesopotamia [MEH•suh•puh•TAY•mee•uh] Napata [NA•puh•tuh] Ancient capital of Early center of civilization, in the Kush. 18°N 32°E (pp. 68, 70) O area of modern Iraq and eastern Naples City in southern Italy. 40°N 14°E Oder River River in north central Syria between the Tigris and (pp. 555, 609, 639, 653) Euphrates Rivers. 34°N 13°E (pp. 17, Europe, emptying into the Baltic Nara The first permanent capital of Sea. 52°N 14°E (p. 513) 28, 132, 380) Japan, near Osaka. 34°N 135°E (pp. Olympia Site of the ancient Olympic Mexico North American country south 485, 491, 507) of the United States. 24°N 104°W Games in Greece. 38°N 22°E Gazetteer Navarre [nuh•VAHR] Former kingdom in (pp. 125, 154) (pp. R2, 575, 662) southern France and northern Oman [oh•MAHN] Country on the Mexico City Capital of Mexico. 19°N Spain. 42°N 1°W (p. 538) 99°W (pp. R2, 658, 662, 663) Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. Nazareth [NA•zuh•ruhth] Ancient town 20°N 57°E (pp. R3, R5, R19, 198) Milan City in northern Italy. 45°N 9°E near Galilee, now in northern Israel. (pp. 548, 555, 609, 639, 653, 688, 703) 32°N 35°E (pp. 352, 361, 367) Orléans [AWR•lay•AHN] City in north central France. 47°N 1°E (pp. 553, 557, 561) Mississippi River Large river system in Nepal [nuh•PAWL] Mountain country the United States that flows south- between India and China. 28°N 83°E Osaka [oh•SAH•kuh] City and port in ward into the Gulf of Mexico. 32°N (pp. R3, 198, 202) Japan. 34°N 135°E (pp. R3, 507) 92°W (pp. R2, R4, 590, 663) Netherlands [NEH•thuhr•luhnz] Country in Ostia [AHS•tee•uh] Ancient city of Italy in Mogadishu [MAH•guh•DIH•shoo] Capital of northwestern Europe. 53°N 3°E (pp. Latium at the mouth of the Tiber Somalia. 2°N 45°E (pp. R3, 433, 452, R2–3, R4–5, R16, 639, 645, 662) River. 44°N 10°E (p. 293) 460, 479) New Carthage City and seaport in south- Ottoman Empire Turkish empire from the Mohenjo-Daro [moh•HEHN•joh DAHR•oh] ern Spain on the Mediterranean Sea late 1200s in Asia Minor, spreading Ancient settlement in the Indus also called Cartagena. 38°N 1°W throughout the Middle East. 45°N Valley. 27°N 68°E (pp. 198, 219) (pp. 269, 274) 25°E (pp. 639, 645)

768 IndexGazetteer 763-771 EM-Gazeteer-875047 9/26/06 12:20 AM Page 769

Pacific Ocean • Scandinavia

Plymouth Town in eastern Massachusetts, Rocky Mountains Mountain system in P first successful English colony in New western North America. 50°N 114°W England. 42°N 71°W (pp. 663, 691) (pp. R4, 590) Pacific Ocean The largest and deepest of Poland Country in central Europe. 52°N Rome Capital of Italy. 41°N 12°E (pp. the world's four oceans, covering 17°E (pp. R3, R16–17, 538, 639, R3, 262, 263, 268, 269, 274, 277, 286, more than a third of the earth's sur- 645, 688) 292, 293, 297, 302, 317, 323, 327, 329, face. 0° 170°W (pp. R2–3, R4–5, Po River River in northern Italy, the 337, 342, 351, 352, 358, 361, 367, 514, R6–10, R12, R15, 13, 225, 409, 425, longest in the country. 45°N 11°E 516, 518, 522, 534, 542, 548, 555, 608, 426, 433, 485) (pp. 263, 274, 513, 514, 653, 688) 609, 633, 642, 645, 653, 670, 703) Pakistan [PA•kih•STAN] Officially the Islamic Portugal A long narrow country on Russia Independent republic in Eastern Republic of Pakistan, a republic in Atlantic Ocean, sharing the Iberian Europe and northern Asia, the South Asia, marking the area where Peninsula with Spain. 38°N 8°W world’s largest country by area. South Asia converges with southwest (pp. R2, 639, 645, 662) 61°N 60°E (pp. R3, R17, 645) Asia. 28°N 67°E (pp. R3, 176, 198) Posen City in western Poland. 52°N Palestine A historic region, situated on 17°E (p. 548) S the eastern coast of the Mediter- Prayagal City in central India, part of the ranean Sea. 31°N 35°E (pp. 286, 293, Mauryan empire, 321 B.C. 26°N 81°E Sahara [suh•HAR•uh] Desert region in 297, 302, 327, 383, 397, 534, 542) (p. 210) northern Africa that is the largest hot Papal States A territory in Italy formerly Prussia [PRUH•shuh] Former kingdom desert in the world. 23°N 1°W (pp. R5, under direct temporal rule of the and state of Germany. (p. 538) R20, R21, 70, 374, 445, 448, 449, 479) pope. 43°N 13°E (pp. 538, 639) Puteoli [pyu•TEE•uh•LY] Port city on the St. Augustine City in northeastern Florida Paris Capital of France. 49°N 2°E (pp. Bay of Naples. 42°N 14°E (p. 293) on the Atlantic coast; oldest perma- 516, 518, 542, 555, 557, 633, 642) Pyrenees Mountain range in southwest- nent existing European settlement in Pataliputra [PAH•tuh•lih•POO•truh] Capital of ern Europe, extending from the Bay North America. 30°N 81°W (p. 663) the Mauryan empire in India. 24°N of Biscay to the Mediterranean Sea. St. Petersburg Second-largest city and 86°E (pp. 209, 210, 246) 43°N 0°E (pp. 269, 274, 513, 514, 516) largest seaport in Russia, located in Peloponnesus [PEH•luh•puh•NEE•suhs] A the northwestern part of the coun- peninsula in southern Greece. 37°N Q try. 59°N 30°E (p. R3) 22°E (pp. 117, 124, 125, 144) Salamis [SA•luh•muhs] Island in eastern Pergamum [PUHR•guh•muhm] An ancient Qin [CHIHN] Chinese state along Huang He Greece in the Gulf of Saronikós. city of northwest Asia Minor in Mysia, and Chang Jiang. 33°N 112°E (p. 241) 37°N 23°E (p. 134) now Turkey. 39°N 28°E (pp. 179, 189) Quanzhou [chuh•WAHN•JOH] City in Salonica City and port in northeastern Persepolis Ancient capital of Persian southeastern China. 25°N 111°E (pp. Greece. 40°N 23°E (p. 548) empire, now in ruins. 30°N 53°E 431, 433) Samarkand Capital of Samarqand Oblast, (pp. 132, 176, 374) Quebec [kih•BEHK] Capital city of Quebec central Uzbekistan. 39°N 67°E (pp. Persia The conventional European des- Province, Canada, on the St. Lawrence 424, 425, 554) ignation of the country now known River. 47°N 71°W (pp. 663, 691) Samaria Ancient city and state in as Iran. 32°N 55°E (pp. 132, 144, 176, Palestine, located north of present- 246, 374, 380, 383, 385, 397, 425, 554) day Jerusalem east of the Mediter- Gazetteer Persian Gulf An arm of the Arabian Sea R ranean Sea. 32°N 35°E (pp. 86, 90, 105) in southwestern Asia, between the Red Sea Narrow, inland sea, separating Santa Fe Capital of New Mexico located Arabian Peninsula on the southwest the Arabian Peninsula, western Asia, in the north central part of the state. and Iran on the northeast. 27°N 50°E from northeastern Africa. 23°N 37°E 36°N 106°W (p. 663) (pp. R19, 17, 109, 132, 176, 374, 380, (pp. R3, R5, R18–19, R20, R21, 28, 70, Sardinia Island off western Italy, in the 383, 385, 397, 448, 452, 554, 565) 121, 132, 179, 246, 293, 329, 352, 361, Mediterranean Sea. 40°N 9°E (pp. Philadelphia City in eastern Pennsylvania 367, 374, 383, 385, 397, 425, 433, 445, R5, 263, 269, 274, 293, 329, 337, 538, on the Delaware River. 40°N 75°W 448, 554) 555, 609, 653) (pp. 690, 691, 694, 695) Rhine [RYN] River One of the principal Sardis Ancient city of Asia Minor, now Philippines [FIH•luh•PEENZ] Island country in rivers of Europe, rising in eastern in Turkey. 38°N 28°E (pp. 132, 134) the Pacific Ocean southeast of China. Switzerland. 50°N 7°E (pp. 293, 513, Saudi Arabia [SOW•dee uh•RAY•bee•uh] 14°N 125°E (pp. R3, R5, 662, 667) 514, 538, 542, 688) Monarchy in southwestern Asia, Pisa City in central Italy. 43°N 10°E (pp. Rhodes Island in the Aegean Sea. 36°N occupying most of the Arabian 542, 609, 653) 28°E (pp. 269, 274) Peninsula. 22°N 46°E (pp. R3, Plataea [pluh•TEE•uh] Ancient city of Rhône River River of southeastern R18–19, 176) Greece. 39°N 22°E (p. 134) France. 44°N 4°E (pp. 557, 561) Savoy Former duchy lying between Plateau of Tibet [tuh•BEHT] World’s high- Rio Grande [REE•oh GRAND] River that Italy and France. 43°N 21°E (p. 639) est plateau region, bordered by the forms part of the boundary between Scandinavia Consists of Norway, Himalaya, Pamirs, and Karakoram the United States and Mexico. 30°N Sweden, and Denmark in northern mountain ranges. (p. 225) 103°W (pp. R2, R4, 590, 663) Europe. 62°N 14°E (pp. 512, 544)

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Scotland • Ur

Scotland One of the four countries that Strait of Gibraltar Narrow passage con- Thebes [THEEBZ] Ancient city and former make up the United Kingdom, the necting the Mediterranean Sea with capital of Egypt. 25°N 32°E (pp. 28, mainland occupies the northern part the Atlantic Ocean. 35°N 5°W (pp. 39, 59, 62, 70, 75, 132, 479) of Great Britain. 57°N 5°W (pp. R16, R16, 380, 385) Thermopylae [thuhr•MAH•puh•lee] Mountain 518, 538, 639, 645) Strait of Magellan Channel between the pass in ancient Greece. 38°N 22°E (p. Sea of Japan Arm of the Pacific Ocean Atlantic and Pacific Oceans on the 134) lying between Japan and the Asian southern tip of South America. 52°S Tian [tee•AHN] Shan Mountain range in mainland; also called the East Sea. 68°W (pp. R2, R4, R14, R15, 662) central Asia. 45°N 85°E (p. 225) 40°N 132°E (pp. R5, R23, 225, 485) Strait of Messina Passage separating Tiber [TY•buhr] River River in north Italy. Seine [SAYN] River River in northern mainland Italy from the island of 42°N 12°E (pp. 263, 269, 274) France. 48°N 4°E (pp. 513, 514, 516, Sicily. 38°N 15°E (p. 263) Tibet [tuh•BEHT] Country in central Asia. 518, 557, 561) Strasbourg City in eastern France. 48°N 32°N 83°E (pp. 246, 409, 424, 425, Seleucia [suh•LOO•shee•uh] Kingdom 7°E (p. 548) 439, 554) extending eastward from Asia Sumatra Island in western Indonesia. Tigris River River in southeastern Turkey Minor into what is now Pakistan. 2°N 99°E (pp. R3, R5, R23, 425, 433, 36°N 36°E (pp. 179, 189) and Iraq that merges with the 554, 667) Euphrates River. 34°N 44°E (pp. 17, Shikoku [shih•KOH•koo] One of the four Susa Persian capital, in the region of 121, 132, 176, 179, 189, 246, 255, 293, largest islands of Japan. 33°N 133°E southern Mesopotamia between the 297, 329, 374, 380, 383, 397) (pp. 484, 485, 507) Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. 34°N Timbuktu [TIHM•BUHK•TOO] Trading city of Siberia Large region consisting of the 48°E (pp. 17, 132, 176) Muslim learning in West Africa. Asian portion of Russia as well as Sweden Northern European country on 16°N 3°W (pp. 444, 448, 451, 460, northern Kazakhstan. 57°N 97°E the eastern side of the Scandinavian 468, 473, 479) (pp. R5, R23, 425) peninsula. 60°N 14°E (pp. R3, R16, Tlaxcala [tlah•SKAH•luh] State in east cen- Sicily [SIH•suh•lee] Largest island in the R17, 538, 688, 703) tral Mexico. 19°N 98°W (p. 575) Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Syracuse [SIHR•uh•KYOOS] The capital of Tokyo Capital of modern Japan, for- southern Italy. 37°N 13°E (pp. R5, 121, Syracuse Province, on the southeast- 262, 263, 269, 274, 293, 329, 337, 352, merly called Edo. 34°N 131°E (pp. ern coast of the island of Sicily. 37°N R3, 485, 507) 361, 367, 538, 542, 553, 555, 609, 653) 15°E (p. 182) Sidon City and seaport in southwestern Toledo Historic city in central Spain. Syria [SIHR•ee•uh] Southwestern Asian Lebanon on the Mediterranean Sea. 39°N 4°W (p. 555) country on the east side of the 33°N 35°E (pp. 17, 90, 105, 293) Tours City in west central France. 47°N Mediterranean Sea. 35°N 37°E (pp. 0°E (p. 516) Silk Road Large network of trade routes R3, R18–19, 62, 176, 177, 274, 286, stretching from western China to 293, 329, 352, 374, 380, 383, 385) Trieste Seaport in northeastern Italy. southwest Asia. 34°N 109°E (p. 246) 45°N 13°E (p. 548) Syrian [SIHR•ee•uhn] Desert Desert of the Songhai [SAWNG•HY] Empire located along northern Arabian Peninsula, includ- Tripoli [TRIH•puh•lee] Capital city of Libya. the Niger River. 13°N 5°E (p. 451) ing northern Saudi Arabia, north- 32°N 13°E (pp. R3, 385, 448, 479) South America Continent in the southern eastern Jordan, southeastern Syria, Tunis Capital city of Tunisia. 36°N 10°E part of the Western Hemisphere lying and western Iraq. 32°N 40°E (pp. (p. 385) between the Atlantic and Pacific R18–19, 17, 90, 105) Turkey Country in southeastern Europe Oceans. 15°S 60°W (pp. R2, R4, R14, and western Asia. 38°N 32°E (pp. R3, R15, 13, 473, 565, 573, 577, 658, 662) T R22, 176) South China Sea Arm of the Pacific Ocean, Turkmenistan [tuhrk•MEH•nuh•STAN] Central located off the eastern and southeast- Taiwan [TY•WAHN] Island country off the Asian country on the Caspian Sea. ern coasts of Asia. 15°N 114°E (pp. R3, 40°N 56°E (pp. R3, R22, 176) R5, 109, 225, 241, 246, 409, 425, 433, southeast coast of China, the seat of the Chinese Nationalist government. Tyre [TYR] Town in southern Lebanon on

Gazetteer 439, 554, 565, 667) 23°N 122°E (pp. R3, R5, R23, 225) the Mediterranean Sea. 33°N 35°E Spain Country in southwestern Europe. (pp. 17, 90, 121, 132, 176, 352, 542) 40°N 4°W (pp. R2–3, R16, 268, Taklimakan [TAH•kluh•muh•KAHN] Desert 269, 277, 286, 292, 293, 297, 302, 317, Desert in northwestern China. 40°N Tyrrhenian [tuh•REE•nee•uhn] Sea Arm of 323, 327, 329, 337, 352, 358, 361, 380, 83°E (p. 225) the Mediterranean Sea between 385, 516, 518, 522, 534, 542, 544, 639, Tarsus City in southern Turkey. 37°N Italy and the islands of Corsica, 645, 662) 34°E (pp. 352, 361, 367) Sardinia, and Sicily. 40°N 12°E (pp. 263, 609, 653) Sparta City in ancient Greece and capi- Tenochtitlán [tay•NAWCH•teet•LAHN] Aztec tal of Laconia. 37°N 23°E (pp. 117, city in the Valley of Mexico. 19°N 121, 124, 125, 134, 138, 144, 149) 99°W (pp. 575, 582, 593, 662, 663) U Sri Lanka [sree•LAHNG•kuh] Island country Teotihuacán [TAY•oh•TEE•wuh•KAHN] Site in in the Indian Ocean south of India, central Mexico that in ancient times Ukraine [yoo•KRAYN] Eastern European formerly called Ceylon. 8°N 82°E (pp. was one of the largest cities in the country west of Russia on the Black R3, R5, R22, 198, 202, 433, 667) world. 19°N 98°W (pp. 572, 575) Sea. 49°N 30°E (pp. R3, R17, 548) Stockholm Capital city and seaport of Thar Desert Desert in northwestern Ur Ancient city in Mesopotamia. 32°N Sweden. 59°N 18°E (p. 555) India. 25°W 72°E (p. 219) 47°E (p. 17)

770 IndexGazetteer 763-771 EM-Gazeteer-824133 7/16/04 11:44 PM Page 771

Ural Mountains • Zhou

Ural Mountains Mountain chain running from northern Russia southward to W Y the Kirgiz Steppe. 56°N 58°E (p. R5) Uruk Ancient settlement in Mesopotamia Wei He [WAY HUH] River in central China. Yathrib [YA•thruhb] Town in Saudi on the site of present-day Al Warka, 34°N 108°E (pp. 225, 226, 230, 241) Arabia, now called Madinah. 24°N Iraq. 33°N 45°E (p. 17) West Indies Islands in the Caribbean Sea 39°E (p. 374) between North America and South Yellow Sea Arm of the Pacific Ocean bor- V America. 19°N 79°W (p. 473) dered by China, North Korea, and Wittenberg [WIH•tuhn•BUHRG] City in east South Korea. 35°N 122°E (pp. R5, R23, 225, 226, 230, 241, 424, 431, 485) Venice City and seaport in northeastern central Germany on the Elbe River. Italy. 45°N 12°E (pp. 522, 542, 548, 51°N 12°E (pp. 633, 645) 555, 608, 609, 653, 703) Z Vistula River Longest river in Poland. X 52°N 20°E (p. 513) Zama [ZAY•muh] Town in northern Africa Volga River River in western Russia, Xianyang [SHYEHN•YAHNG] City in north- southwest of Carthage in present-day longest in Europe. 47°N 46°E (pp. ern China. 34°N 108°E (p. 241) northern Tunisia. 35°N 9°E (p. 274) R3, R5, 424, 425, 513, 540) Xi Jiang [SHEE•JYAHNG] River in southern Zhou [JOH] Empire in what is now north- China. 24°N 110°E (p. 241) ern China. 34°N 110°E (p. 230) Gazetteer

Gazetteer 771 772-791 EM-Index-875047 9/26/06 12:33 AM Page 772

Aachen • annulment Italicized page numbers refer to illustrations. The following abbreviations are used in the index: m = map, c = chart, p = photograph or picture, g = graph, crt = cartoon, ptg = painting, q = quote

compared to, c446, m446. inventions and, 21, 41, American Revolution, A See also Africa, medieval 230; Mesoamerican, 690–700; Battle of Africa, medieval, 440–77; 574–75; Neolithic, 13, Saratoga as turning point, Aachen, 516, m516 Arabic language m13. See also farming 699; Battle of Yorktown, abacus, 236, p236 introduction to, 467; art, Ahmose, prince of Egypt, 699; colonial government, 696–97; Declaration of Abbasid Dynasty, 382, 474–75; Bantu migrations, 61 Independence, 699; m383; empire, m383, 469, m469; Christianity Akbar, ruler of Mogul, 386, factors leading up to, 694, m397 and, 452, 463; community p386 in, 470; culture, 469, 695, 696–97; first battle of, abbots, 520 Akhenaton, king of Egypt, 474–76; education, 470; 698; issues of trade and Abraham, 81; leading 64; religious reformer of families of, 469–70, p470; taxation, 696–97; role of followers to Canaan, Egypt, 64 France in, 699; Second ptg81 Ghana, 448, 461–62; geography, 445–46, 447, Akihito, emperor of Japan, Continental Congress, absolute monarchy, 681, 682 450; government, 461–62; 487 699; Treaty of Paris as end absolutism, 686–89 life in, 469–70; Mali, Akkadians, 23 to, 699 Abu al-Abbas, 382 448–49, 462; music and Alaric, Visigoth leader, 323 Americas, 568–601, 650, 662; Abu Bakr, 380, c381 dance, p475, 475–76; Alaska, 573, 590; people Catholic missionaries to, Abu Talib, 376 Muslim influence, 467; and cultures of, m590 650; Europeans in North rain forest kingdoms, America, m691, 691–94; Achilles, 177 al Bekri, 462, q462 450–51; religion, 452, 463, fall of the Aztec and Inca Acoma, 591 m463, c463; 464–65, 467, Alcuin, 516 Empires, 593–600; first acropolis, 122, 141, p141 469; rise of civilizations Alexander the Great, 95, Americans, 572–81; first Actium, battle of, 282, p283 of, 444–53; role of oral 137, 150, 159, 172, 176–79, American civilizations, Act of Supremacy, 648 tradition, 449, 470, 474, p177, p180, 180–81, p181, 574–81; life in the, 582–92; actors, 160, p160, ptg161, 501 476; role of women in, p187, 210, 252; conquests, pathway to the, 573; Spanish arrival in, acupuncture, 246, c247, 671 469, 470, 471; slavery and, 95, 177, 178; control over 472–73, m473; society, Judah, 95; empire of, 594–97, 599–600. See also Adams, John, 698, p698 469–70, 472–73; Songhai, m176, 176–78; Hellenistic American Revolution; Adams, Saumuel, 698 449, 462; spread of Islam Era, 178–79, m179; Aztec Empire; humans, Adena, 580 to, 464–65, 467; trade and, invasion of western India, early; Inca Empire; Maya; adobe, 591 447, 448, m448, 451, c451. 210; king of Macedonia, Mesoamerican Adriatic Sea, 613 See also Africa; Axum; 176; legacy of, 177–78; civilizations; Native Americans; North Aegean Sea, 120, m134, 328 East Africa; Ghana, villain or hero, 180, 181 America civilizations of; Aeneas, 264 medieval; Mali, Alexandria, Egypt, 177, medieval; North Africa; p178, m178, 179, 183, 305; Olmec Empire Aeneid (Virgil), 264, 304 Songhai; West Africa modern, p178 Amida, 499 Aeschylus, 161 Agamemnon, 120; gold Alfred, king of Wessex, 535 Amish, 637, p637 Aesop, 153, p153, 154, 158, mask of, p119 Amon-Re, 71 p158 Algeria, 357 Age of Enlightenment, Algonquian, 592 Amos, 91, c91 Aesop’s fables, 158 680–89. See also algorithms, 216 Anabaptists, 637, p637; past Africa, 13, 41, 68–72, m109, Enlightenment 121, m121, 178, 274, 357, Alhambra, 394, 646, p646 and present, 637 “Age of Pericles,” 138–47. 380, m380, 384, 440–77, Anasazi, m578, 578–80, 591; See also Pericles Ali, 380, c381, 382 594, 660, 661, m662, 669; art, 579; cliff dwellings, al-Idrisi, 660 central, 41, 72; culture, agora, 122, 123, p139, 143 578–79, p579; farming, 469, 474–76; early Agra, India, 394 Alighieri, Dante, 620 579; trade, 579 civilizations of, 68–72; agricultural revolution, 13, Allah, 374, 380 anatomy, 305, 676 farming in, 13, m13; 574–75; in first American alliances, 584, 597 Andean civilizations: geography and climate civilizations, 574–75; in alphabets, 85, 120, 326, 363; culture, 588; political of, m445, 445–46, 450; Neolithic times, 13, m13 structure, 588; social Kush, 70–72; Nubia, Cyrillic, 363, c363; Greek, structure, 588; religion, 69–70; Ottoman attack of, agriculture: development of 120, c120; Phoenician, 85, 384; Portuguese flood and irrigation c85, 120; Roman, 326 588 exploration of, 661; systems, 18, 21, 41, 230, Alps, 263, 514 Andes, 578 religions today, 463, m463, 417, 503, 577, 579, 591; al-Razi, 391, q391 Angles, 514, 535 g463 development of ; rise of civilizations Amaterasu, 487, p487 Anglican Church, 649, 693 of, 444–53; slave trade techniques in, 18, 41, 199, Anglo-Saxons, 514, 535, 536 and, 472–73, m473, 661, 230, 417, 526; early, 13, ambassadors, 615 669; society in, 469–70, m13; food surpluses, 15, Amenhotep IV, pharaoh of animism, 490 472–73; United States 43, 386, 450–51, 503, 577; Egypt, 64 annulment, 648

772 Index 772-791 EM-Index-875047 9/26/06 12:36 AM Page 773

anthropologist • astrolabe

anthropologist, 9 architecture: Aztec, 586, painting, 625; Paleolithic, of, 198; religion of, 203; Antigone (Sophocles), 161 587; Chaldean, 29; Doric, 10, ptg10, 11, c14; role of men and women, Antioch, Syria, 541, 542 Ionic, Corinthian Renaissance and, 609–10, 201; society of, 199–201, columns, p162, 163; 612, 613, 614, 619, 621, c200 Antiochus, 96 Egyptian, 50–52, 60, 62, 622, ptg622, 623–24, Ashikaga shogunate, 496, anti–Semitism, 548 65, p65, 66; European, 625–26; Roman, 303–04; 497 Antony, 282, 289 549–50; Gothic styles of, sculpture, 60, 163, 183, Ashikaga Takauji, 496 Anyang, China, 549; Greek, 154, 162–63, 229, 624; Shang dynasty, 226, c247 Asia, 13, m13, 39, 60, 64, 65, 183; Hellenistic Era of, 229; Song dynasty, 421, Apache, 591 66, m109, 178, 276, 343, 183; influences on ptg421; Sumerian, 20; use Apennines, 263 411, 418, 554, 573, 594, modern, 326, 467; of chiaroscuro, 623; use of 611–12, 650, 659, 666; Aphrodite, 155, p155 Japanese, 499–500; perspective in, 623; Black Death in, m554; Apollo, 155, p155 Kushite, 71; modern, 325, woodcuts, 625 Catholic missionaires to, apostles, 348, 349, p350 p325; Muslim, 384, p384, Artemis, 155, p155 386, 389, 393–94, 467; 650; central, 119, 208, 231, Appolonius of Rhodes, 183 artifacts, 9, p9, 486, 578–79; Ottoman, 384, p384; 343, 383, 411, 418; early apprentices, 530 Anasazi, p579; Assyrian, Parthenon, p162, c162; farming in, 13, m13; p28; Athenian, p125, p130, aqueducts, 291, p291, 303, Renaissance, 619, Roman, European trade in, m667; p142; Aztec, p585, p587, 309 303–04, 325, p325, 326; French control of sea p596; Benin, p450; Aquinas, St. Thomas, 550, Romanesque styles of, trade of, 666; northwest, Byzantine, p359, p360; 551, p551; biography, 551; 549. See also art and 384; search for sea route Chinese, p223, p227, p228, concept of natural law, artisans. to, 594; Southeast, 206, 550 p229, p235, p238, p243, 213, 435; southwest, 39, Arctic regions, 590 p249; cleaning and 178, 179, 418, 426; trade Arabia, m109, 373–74, Ares, 155, p155 preservation of, 9; and, 231, m246, 246–47, 380–81, 382–83, 384, m385; Argonautica (Appolonius), Egyptian, p43, p50, p53, 388, 417–18, 435, 659, 666, Bedouins, p373, 373; 183 p60, p61, p64, p65, p66; m667; western, 60, 65, culture, 373–74; 380–81; Etruscan, p265; Greek, m109, 121, m121. See also daily life in, 373–74; early, Arian, q181 p119, p123, p125, p139, China; Mongol Empire; 373–84; empires of, Aristarchus, 185; scientific p142, p157, p161; Hopi, Silk Road 380–81, 382; fall of Arab contributions of, c185 p591; hunter-gatherer, Empire, 383; geography Asia Minor, m117, 120, aristocrats, 227, 229, 230, p573; Incan, p588, p599; of, 373; government, 375; m121, 132, m132, 133, 233, 236, 242, 244–45, 247 Japanese, p486, p489, opposition to Islam, 134, 137, 139, 146, 177, Aristophanes, 161 p501; Jomon, p486; 374–75; Ottoman attack 349, 384, 541, 542 Aristotle, 168, p168, 170, Kushite, p71, p72; Mayan, of, 384; religion of, 374, Askia, Muhammad, 465 p170, 171, 172, p172, 550; p584, p585; medieval 380–81; spread of Islam Asoka, emperor of biography, 172; “golden African, p450, p470, p473; in, m380, 380–81; Mauryan empire, mean,” 170, 171; ideas Mesopotamian, p18, p19, 211, teachings of Islam, p212, and influence of, c109, p20, p21, p24, p25; 212, 213; biography, 377–78; trade, 373, 381; 212; first Buddhist king, c170, 171, 550 Minoan, p118; Moche, tribal organization of, 211; political and moral p577; Mohenjo-Daro, 373. See also Islam; Ark of the Covenant, 83, achievements of, 211, p196; Mound Builder, Muslims p83 212; reign of, c109, 211 Arsenal, 613 p580; Neolothic Age, p12, Arabian Nights, The, 393 p14; Noh, p501; Olmec, Aspalta, king of Kush, 71 art and artisans: African, Arabian Sea, 195 p575; Paleolithic Age, Aspasia, 144 474–75; Anasazi, 579, Arabic language, 381, 388, ptg10; Persian, p132; Qin assembly, government, p579; Aztec, ptg586, 587, 390–91, 467; acceptance dynasty, p243; Roman, 129, 130, 139, c140 ptg587; Chaldean, 30; of, 381, 390–91, 467; p267, p307, p309, p319, Chinese, 229, ptg421, Assyria, 27–28. See also spread of, 388, 467; trade p334; Shang dynasty, 421–22, p422, 432, p432; Assyrians and, 388 p227, p228, p229; Yayoi, Index Egyptian, 60, ptg60; Assyrians, 26, 27–28, m28, archaeological dig, 9, p9; p486; Zhou dynasty, p223, engravings, 625; 67, 71; Chaldeans and, 28; care and cleaning of p229, p249 Etruscan, 265, p265, culture of, 28; empire of, artifacts, 9; preservation ptg265; European, 549–50, artisans, 20, 30, 43, 45, 51, 27, 28, m28, 90; fall of techniques, 9; use of p550; frescoes, 624; Greek, 389, 451, 499–500. See empire, 28; fall of Israel grids, 9 143, 162–63, 183; guilds, also art and artisans and, 91; government of, archaeologists, 9, 10, 20, 486 503, 530; Harappan, 197; Aryabhata, 215 28; invasion of Egypt, 71; archbishop of Canterbury, Hellenistic Era of, 183; Aryans, 198–201; caste iron-making, 71; life in, 648 guilds, 503, 530; Incan, system, 200–01; changes 28; religion of, 28; Archimedes, 150, c185, 588; Japanese, 499–501, brought by, 199; Samaritans, 91–92; p185, 186, q186; design of 503; Kushite, 69, ptg69; development of Sanskrit, warriors, 27, p27, 28; catapult, 186; scientific Mayan, p583; Muslim, 199, c199; Hinduism weaponry of, 27 contributions of, c185; 389, 393–94; Mycenaean, and, 202, 203; migration astrolabe, 391, p391, 659, solid geometry and, 186 119; Neolithic, c14, 15; oil of, m198; nomadic life p659

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astronomers • Byzantine Empire

astronomers, 30, 51, 185, of, 287–88; biography, barbarians, 435 Boyle, Robert, 676, c676 671, 672, 673–75. See also 289; government of, 288; barter, 319, 529 Brahma, c204 astronomy; science legal system and, 288 Basil, 363 Brahman, 203–04 astronomy, Austria, 687, 688, m688; 21, 30, 51, 185, bazaar, p388, 389 Brahmins, 200, p200 216, 391, 585, c670, 671, growth of, m688; 672, 673–75; astrolabe, Hapsburg rulers of, 688 Bedouins, p373, 373 Brethren, 637 391, p391; building the Axum, 72, c451, m451, c451, Beijing, China, 428 Britain, 291, 363–64, 514, pyramids and, 51; 452; economy, c451, 452; Belgium, 625; Northern 520, 700; invasion of, calendar, 21, 30, 51, 585; government, 452; Renaissance in, 625 363, 364, 514; spread of Copernican Armillary location, c451; religion, Belize, 583 Christianity to, 363. See Sphere, p671; also England c451, 452; rise of, 452; Belorussians, 539 development of scientific trade, c451, 452 Bronze Age, 15 Benedict, 363, q367 instruments, 675; Aztec Empire, 577, 585–87, Brutus, 281, p281 Benin empire, 450, 451; geocentric theory of, 671; 596–97; architecture of, artists, 451; farming, 450; bubonic plague, 554–55. heliocentric theory of the ptg586, 587, p587; city of trade, 451 See also Black Death universe, 674; planetary Tenochtitlán, 586, 587, movement, 674–75; Benue River, 469 Buddha, the, 205–06, p207, p586; class structure, 207, p211, q219, p412, Scientific Revolution and, 587; culture, 585–87, Berbers, 447, 448, 449 673–75; telescope, p674, p431, p493 p587; daily life, p586, Beringia, 573, m573 675; used for planting Buddhism, 205–06, 208, 587; defeat of by Bering, Vitus, 573 and harvesting, 585; used Spanish, 596–97, 598; 248, 412–13, 489, 492–93, for predicting eclipses, disease and, 597; Bernard of Clairvaux, 545 499; Eightfold Path, 206, 585. See also science government, 585–86; Bethlehem, 346 208; “Enlightened One,” Atahualpa, emperor of oral tradition of, 586; Bhagavad Gita, “Song of 205; first Buddhist king, Inca, 599–600; defeat of religious beliefs and the Lord,” 214 211; Four Noble Truths by Pizarro, 600 practices, 586, 587, 597; of, 206; government and, Bible: Christian, 344, 346, 208; in China, 248, Athena, 112, p129, p155, 155 rise of empire, 585–86; 349; first English role of men and women, 412–13; in India, 205–06; Athens, p112, c124, m125, translation of, 635; in Japan, 413, 489, 126, 128–30, 139–47; 587; slavery, 587; social Gutenberg, 620, 621; classes, 587; trade, 492–93, 499; in Korea, artifacts of, p125, p129, Hebrew, 81, 82, 94, 95, 413; Mahayana, 208, 499; p142; culture of, 128–29, 576–77; warfare, 587, 96, 99, 348, 350; moral 596; weapons, p585, p596 moral teachings of, 140, 142–44; democracy teachings of, 377; New 205–06; nirvana, 205, and, 126, 129–30, 139–40, Testament, 356; 208; Noh plays used to c140; economy, 143; B Reformation and, 636, teach, 501; Pure Land, education in, 128–129; fall 637; stained glass as 499; reincarnation and, of, 145–46; “Golden Age,” Babylon, 22, 23, 29–30, 94, picture, 550; translation 206, 208; sects of, 499; in 141; government of, 124, 95, 102, 132, m132, m176, of into vernacular, 634, Southeast Asia, 206, 208; 126, 129–30, 139–40, c140; 177; building of city, 23; written copies of, 520. spread of, c109, 206, 208, homes in, 142, p142; life capture of, 30, 132; center See also Hebrew Bible 412–13; Theravada, 206; in, 128–29, 142–44; of science, 30; city of, 23, Bill of Rights: English, 682, Zen, 499 Macedonian invasion of, 29–30; exile of Jews to, 94; 700; United States, 700 175; men of, 143; building techniques, 19, Hanging Gardens of, 29, bishops, 355, c355, 363, Peloponnesian War and, 28, 29, 51, 52, 162, 196, p29; Ishtar Gate as main 641, 649 m144, 144–46; Persian 197, 303, 325, 326, 333. entrance to, p30; life in, Black Death, m554, c555, See also architecture Wars, m134, 134–37; 29–30; trade, 30 “school of Greece,” 140, ptg554, 554–55, m555, Buonarroti, Michelangelo, Bach, Johann Sebastian, 141; slavery in, 142; 609; impact on global p618, 623, 624; La Pieta, 686–87, p687 soldier’s oath, 122; Sparta population, 555; spread p623; painting of the as compared to, 125–30; Bacon, Francis, 678–79; of, m554, 554–55, m555 Sistine Chapel ceiling, trade and, 143; tyranny development of Black Sea, 328, 659 624; David, 624 scientific method, 679 in, 125–26; under rule of Bodhidharma, 500, p500 bureaucracy, 229, 687 Baghdad, 382, 383, 388, Pericles, 140, 141; women Bushido, Index bodhisattvas, 208 494, 495, 496 in, 143, p143, 144 391, 426 Bologna, Italy, 550 Byzantine Church, 359–61; Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, Aton, 64 iconoclasts, 360; pope as 599 Book of Epodes, The Augustine, Saint, 356, (Horace), 304 head of, 360. See also p357; biography, 357 Balkan Peninsula, m117 Book of the Dead, 49, 50 Byzantine Empire Augustulus, Romulus, Baltic Sea, 539 Boston, Massachusetts, 697 Byzantine Empire, 324, emperor of Rome, 324 banking, 549, 612–13 327–34, 359–60, m383, Boston Massacre, p696 Augustus, emperor of Bantu, 469–70; culture, 469; 697, 539, 541, 543, 611, 659; art Rome, 282–83, q287, families, 469–70; Boston Tea Party, 697, and architecture of, 333, 287–88, 289, p289, q289, migrations, m469; oral ptg697 p333; culture of, 328, 334; q297, 343; achievements history of, 470 boyars, 539 Eastern Orthodox view

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Byzantium, Greece • China

of church-state relations, calligraphy, 421, 501 Central America, climate irrigation systems, 230, 359; economy, 333; Calvinism, 640–41, 644, and geography, 575; c247, 417; discovery of education in, 334; 646, 649 development of trade in, coal and steel, 418–19; government, 329–30; Calvin, John, q640, p640, 575, 576, 577; discovery of gunpowder, Hagia Sophia, p332, 333; 640–41, p641, 644, 646; development of urban 420; discovery of the icons, 359–60; importance ideas of, 640–41, 646 societies in, 575–76. See compass, 420, 659; of Constantinople, 328; also Aztec Empire dynasties, 226–29, 229–31, camels, 447, p447, 465; trade influences of Greek Chaco Canyon, New 241–43, 244–49, m409, and, 447, p447 culture on, 328–29, 334; Mexico, 579; Anasazi c409, 409–12; early, 14, Justinian, emperor of, Canaan, 81, 82, 84–85, 132; settlement of 579 c108, c109, m109, c220, battle, 84; Promised 329–30; military, 330; Chaeronea, battle of, 176 220–48; economic mosaics, 333; Muslim Land, 84–85 structures of, 411, 417–18; Chaldeans, 29–30; Babylon, attack of, 541; political Canaanites, 84 European arrival in, 29–30; Babylonian structure, 328, 329–30, Canada, 590 435–46; explorations of captivity of the Jews the world, 433–36; 334; rise of, 328; religion Canterbury, England, 364, and, 92; empire of, families of, 234–35; and government, 359, 520 360; Roman Catholic 29–30, 90; fall of, 30; first farming in, 227, 230, view of church-state Canterbury Tales, The calendar, 30; rulers of 233–34, 417, 432; first relations, 359; rulers of, (Chaucer), 620 Judah, 92; science and, 30 civilizations, 224–31; four 329–30, 331; social Capet, king of France, 538 Champlain, Samuel de, 692 Chinese dynasties, c247; structure, 328, 333–34; caravans, 30, 373, 388, 447, Changan, Tang, p418 geography, m225, 225–26; trade in, 332–33; women p447, 465 Changan’s Royal Palace, Han dynasty, m241, of, 333–34 caravel, 660 418, p418 244–46; Huang He valley, 225, 226, m226; important Byzantium, Greece, 320 Caribbean Sea, 594 Chang Jiang (Yangtze leaders of, c247; Carpathian Mountains, 539 River), 225, m225, 242, 410 inventions of, 230–31, C Carpathians, 514 245–46, 419–20, 659; Charlemagne, emperor of Carter, Howard, 65 language of, 228, c247; Cabot, John, 663–64 Rome (Charles the Legalism, 235, 239, c238; Carthage, state of, m274, Great), 360, ptg515, Caesar, Julius, 280–82, life in ancient China, 274–76, 357 515–16, p516, 517, p517; p281, ptg284, 284–85; 232–39, p233, p235, 248; Cartier, Jacques, 664 biography, 517 assassination of, 281, literature of, 420–21; cartography, 660; impact of ptg284; creation of Julian Charles I, king of major changes in, 248; printing press and, 660 calendar, 281; dictator of England, 681, 693 Mandate of Heaven, 230; Rome, 281, 285; military Cassius, 281 Charles V, Holy Roman middle ages, 404–37; campaigns of, 280–81, caste, 199 Emperor, 639 military, 231, 235; Ming p281; reformer, 281, 284; caste system, c200, 199–201; Chaucer, 620 dynasty, 430–36; Mongol rise to power, 281 Buddhism and, 206; chemistry, 391, 676; invasion and rule of, Caffa, Italy, 555 Hinduism and, 204; social discovery of basic m424, 424–29; Neolithic Age villages, 14; Cahokia, 581; mounds, p581 levels of, c200, 200–01 elements of substances, numbering system, c236; Cahuilla, 591 catacombs, 353, p353 676; discovery of hydrogen, carbon outbreak and spread of Cairo, Egypt, 52, 388, 392 Çatal Hüyük, 14 dioxide, oxygen, 676; Black Death in, 554–55; cataracts, 39, 40 Calakmul, 585 founder of, 391 papermaking and, 245; calendar: Chaldean seven- cathedrals, 549 philosophers and Cherokee, 592; law code thinkers, 235–39, c238; day week, 30; Catherine the Great, queen of, 592 development of, 21, 30, of Russia, 689, ptg689 political structures of, chiaroscuro, 623 227, 229–30, 234, 235, 51, p118, p147, 281; Catherwood, Frederick, 583 China: art of, 229, ptg421, 238–39, 247, c247, 248; Egyptian 365-day, 51; Catholic Church. See 421–22, p422, p432, p436; printing, 419–20; Qin Index Julian 12-month, 365-day, Christian Church; leap year, 281; Mayan, Buddhism in, 248, 412–13; dynasty, m241, 241–43; Christianity; Roman changes in, 248; Christian religion and, c109, 227–28, 365-day, 585; Minoan, Catholic Church p118, p147; Muslim, 375; missionaries to, p435, 230, c247; reunification of, Sumerian 12-month, 21 cats, in ancient Egypt, 64 435–36; cities, 412, p412, 409–11; roles of men and 418, p418; civil service women, 227, 234–35; California, cause and effect, natural resources examinations in, 244, scholar officials in, of, 591; people and understanding, 482–83 Cayuga, 592 414–15, 432; civil war, 248; 414–15, p415; Shang cultures of, m590, 591 Confucianism, 235, c109, dynasty, 226–29; Silk Celts, 514, 535 Caligula, emperor of Rome, 236–39, c238, 413–14; Road, c109, 246–47, c247, 288, p288; reign and censors, government, 241 culture of, 226–29, 230–31, 417; society of, 233–34, accomplishments of, c288 census, c381, 432, 492, 536; c247, 420–22, 432; 415, 416–22; Song caliphs, 380, c381, 382, 383; Domesday Book, 536; Daoism, 238, c238; dynasty, c409, m411, achievements of, c381; for military service, 492; development of flood 411–12; Sui dynasty, c409, first four, c381 for taxation, 492 control systems and 409–11; Tang dynasty,

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Chin dynasty • Counter-Reformation

m409, c409, 411, 412, 413; 353; Reformation and, democracies in, 126; comedies, 160–61, 183, 304 technological 648–50; religious orders Persian Wars and, commerce, 666 innovations, 418–20; in, 545–46; revolution in, 134–37; Philip II and, 175; Common Sense (Paine), 699 trade, 231, m246, 246–47, 635–37, 639–41, 643–46; Sumerian, 19; trade and, 388, 417–18, 435; use of Rome’s adoption of, 354, 452, 453, 611–14; value of, comparing: American and pest control, 235; villages 519; salvation and, 350, 616–17; wealth of, 611–12 Athenian and democracy, c140 ; jury of, p233, 233–34; writing, 636. See also Byzantine civilization, 17 system, past and 228; Xia dynasty, 226; Church; Christian civilizations, first, 4–15, 17; present, c536; Neolithic Zhou dynasty, 229–31. Church; Eastern comparing Neolithic and and Paleolithic ages, c14 See also individual Orthodox Church; Paleolithic Ages, c14; listings for dynasties religion; Roman Catholic early human, 8–15; first comparing and Chin dynasty. See Qin Church empires, c26, m26, 26–30; contrasting, 442–43 dynasty Christmas, 346 hunter-gatherers, 10, c14, compass, 420, 659, p659 chocolate, 595, making, Chumash, 591 573, 574, p574, 580; concordat, 521 595, p595 Church of England, 648–49 Mesopotamian, c16, m16, confederations, 592 16–23, m17; Neolithic Christian Church, 351–56; Cicero, 282, p282, q228, 283; people, 12, m13, 13–15, Confessions (Augustine), c351, m351, c355, 545–48; ideas as influence on c14; Paleolithic people, 356, 357 archbishops, 355, c355; U.S. Constitution, 283 bishops, 355, c355; 10–11, c14. See also Confucianism, 235, 236, Byzantine Church, 359- Cincinnatus, Lucius, humans, early Neolithic q236, 238, c238, 413–15, 61; clergy, 355; diocese, Quinctius, dictator of Age; Paleolithic Age 488; neo-, 414–15 355; early, 355–56; Rome, 271, 272, p272; civil service exam, 244, Confucius (Kongfuzi), 236, gospels, 355–56; biography, 272 411, 414, 415; taking the, q236, 237, p237, q237, 238, hierarchy, 355; laity, 355, Cistercian order, 545 ptg244, p414 p238, 413, 414; biography, c355; medieval, 546–47; cities: councils, 530; danger clans, 487, 493, 494; war 237; develops philosophy organization of, 355, of fire in, 531; emergence between, 494–95 in China, c109 c355; patriarchs of, 355; and rise of, 18, 196, 581; Claudius, emperor of connections, making, persecution of Jews, 547; government of, 197, 530; Rome, 288, p288; reign 114–15 persecution of Muslims, growth of, 528–29; life and accomplishments of, “Conquest and Aftermath” 558; pope, 356; in, 530–31; medieval c288 preservation of European, 528–30; (Díaz), q596 Cleisthenes, 130 knowledge and, 520; planning of, 196–97, 575; conquistadors, 595, 664 priests, 355, c355; pollution of, 531. See also Cleopatra VII, queen of Constantine, emperor of Reformation and, 634–37, city-states Egypt, 282 Rome, 320, 321, p321, 639, 640–41, 642–46, citizens, 123, 140, 700; Bill of clergy, 355, 546 354, ptg354; biography, 648–50; role of monks Rights and, 700; fair Cloud Messenger, The 321; Edict of Milan, 354; and missionaries, 362, treatment of, 700; natural (Kalidasa), 215 first Christian emperor, 363, 364, 435–36, 519–21, law and, 681–82; Clovis, king of Franks, 321, 354 539, 650; schism in, 361. responsibilities of, 145, 514–15 Constantinople, 320, p328, See also Byzantine 326; rights of, 122–23, 129, 384, 543; importance of, Church; Christianity; coal, 418–19; discovery of, 130, 140, 145, 681, 682; 418–19; coal-mining 328; location of, 328 Eastern Orthodox Roman ideas about, 326 Church; religion; Roman industry, 419 constitutions, 488, 694, Catholic Church citizenship, 122–23; code of chivalry, 526 700. See also United comparing American Christianity, Code of Hammurabi, 23, States Consitution 81, 83, 91, 326, and Athenian, c140; 338–65, 545–47, 635–37, 24–25, p25; fair or cruel, consuls, 270 development of idea of, 639–41, 643–46, 648–50; 24–25. See also 122; Greek, 122; context clues, using, 152–53 apostles and, 348, 349; Hammurabi qualifying for, 122–23, convents, 545 Battle of Tours and, 515; Code of Justinian. See 130; soldiers and, 123 beliefs of, 350, 550; Justinian Code Copernicus, Nicolaus, 674, City of God, The c676 Christian humanism, 634; colonies: English, 692–94; (Augustine), 356 first Christians, 348–50; French, 692; Greece, Cortés, Hernán, 596–97, Index growth and spread of, city-states: government of, ancient 121, m121, 179; 598, p598, 664; 348, m352, 361–64, 359, 19, 126, 128, 129–30, mercantilism and, 666; biography, 598; defeat of 519–21, 650; influence of 614–15, 616, 617; Greek, Roman, 281; Spanish, the Aztec, 597; invasion Judaism on, 81, 83, 91, 95; 122–23, 125–30, 136–37, 691–92 of Cuba and Mexico, 139, 144–46, 175; East Jesus of Nazareth and, Colorado, 578 596–97, 598 344-47, 350; legalization African, 452, 453; cottage industry, 667 of, 354; martyrs, 353; geography, 19, 122, 611, Colosseum, 303, 305, p305 Council of Trent, 643, p643 missionaries, 362, p362, 613; Italian, m609, 611–13, Columbian Exchange, 363, 364, 435–36, 520–21, 614–15, 616–17; Mayan, m668, 668–69 councils, 530, 614 539, 650; origins of, 326; 584; Mesopotamian, 19; Columbus, Christopher, Counter-Reformation, persecution of Christians, oligarchies versus p594, 594–95, 662 643–46

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counts • Egypt, ancient

counts, 516 Demosthenes, 175, p175, Eastern Woodlands, m590, courts, 516 D q175 592; geography and court token, p129 denomination, 636; climate of, 592; da Gama, Vasco, 661 creation of new 636 governments of, 592; life covenant, 82 in, 592; Northeast Dahia al-Kahina, queen of Descartes, René, 678 Coyas, 588 Woodlands, 592; people Africa, 470 Crassus, 280, p280 despots, 687 and cultures of, m590; daimyo, 496–97, 503 Crete, 118, 119, 120, m121, dharma, 204; as divine law, Southeast Woodlands, 164, 165, 166 Dalai Lama, 208 204; in literature, 215 592 crier, 394 Damascus, Syria, 348, 380, dhow, p452, 452 economics: barter, 319, 529; 382, m383, 388, 393 Croesus, king of Lydia, 156 Diamond Sutra, 419 Columbian Exchange, Daniel, 95, p95 Diaspora, 95, 474 m668, 668–69; commerce, crop rotation, 526 666; cottage industries, Dante. See Alighieri, Dante dictator, 271, 272 crucifixion, 347 667; entrepreneurs, 667; Danube River, 292, 513, 539 Crusades, 541–43, m542; Diderot, 685 exports, 666; global causes of, 541; course of, Dao (Tao), 230, 238, 248 diocese, 355 exchange, 668–69; 541–43; creation of Dao De Jing (Laozi), 238, Diocletian, emperor of imports, 666; inequality Christian states during, q251 Rome, 320, 354 in, 294; inflation, 319; 542; First Crusade, 541; Daoism, c238, 238–39, 421 diplomacy, 615; Italian investments, 667; joint- stock companies, 667; Fourth Crusade, 543; Darius, king of Persia, city-states as basis for impact on feudalism, monetary exchange and, p133, 133–35, 137 modern, 615 543; impact on trade, 121, 529; profits, 667; direct democracy, 138, 139, 543; Second Crusade; Dark Age, of Greece, 120; “putting out” system, c140 542; Seige of Jerusalem, recovery from, 121, 122 667; Roman economy, p541; Third Crusade, David, king of Israel, 87, Discourse on Method 292–93, 319, 320; single 542–43 ptg87, 88, p88, 89, 99, (Descartes), 678 monetary system, 242; culture: African, medieval, 343; anointing of with Divine Comedy, The specialization and, 15, 469, 474–76; Athenian, oil, ptg87; biography, 88; (Dante), 620 121; stocks, 667; supply 128–29, 140, 142–44; unification of tribes of doctrine, 355 and demand, 612; surpluses in early Aztec, 585–87; Chinese, Israel, 88; warrior, 88, 89 doge, 614 226–29, 230–31, c247, David (Michelangelo), 624 civilizations, 15, 43, 386, domesticate, 13 450–51, 503, 577. See also 420–22, 432; Eastern da Vinci, Leonardo, p618, Dominican Republic, 594 trade Woodlands, m590, 592; 621, 622, p622, 623–24; Dominicans, 546, 550, 551 Egyptian, 39–40, 41–42, artist, 621, 622, ptg622, economy, 410 43–44, c44, 45, 46, 51, 60, 623–25; biography, 622; Dorians, 120, 126 Edessa, 542 61; Europe, medieval, notebooks of, 621, p621, drama, 160; actors in, 160, Edict of Milan, 354 526–28, 549–50, 552; 622; scientist, 621, 622 p160, ptg161, 501; Greek, Edict of Nantes, 645 Greek, ancient, 118, 119, 160–61; Japanese, 501; Dead Sea Scrolls, 100, 101 edubba, 21, p21 120, 154–63, 168–73, playwrights, 161, 626; Deborah, 84 182–87; Gupta, 213, tragedies and comedies, education: ancient 214–16; Inca, 588; Indian, Deccan Plateau, 195 160–61, 626 Mesopotamian, 21, p21; Byzantine, 334; 213, 214–16; Japan, Declaration of duke, 614 medieval, 499–500, 503; Independence, 698, comparing past and Du Fu, 420–21, q421 Ming dynasty, 432; q698, 699–700 present, 21; Europe, Dürer, Albrecht, 625–26; medieval, 516, 550; first Minoan, 118, 119; deism, 685 Muslim, 388–90, p389, Four Horsemen of the universities, 550; Greek, deity, p390; Neolithic, c14; 49 Apocalypse, ptg626 128–29; Jewish, 97, 98; Paleolithic, c14; spread Delhi, India, 385 dynasty, 44, 226. See also medieval European, 516, of, 178, 183–86; Shang Delian League, 139, 140 individual listings 550; Roman, 334; under Index dynasty, 227–28; Sparta, Delos, c138, 139 Charlemagne, 516, 517 126–27, p127; Sumerian, Delphi, 150, 156; oracle of Egypt, m3, 14, p34, 81, 82, 19, 20–21; Tang dynasty, E Apollo, 156, p156; 92, 95, 102, m132, 133, 420–21 177, 178, 179. See also temple at, p150 East Africa, 451–53; city- cuneiform writing, 20, 21, Egypt, ancient delta, 39 states of, 452–53; econ- p25; tablet, p21 Egypt, ancient, c34, 34–72, omy, c451; location, c451; Demeter, 155 m39, ptg40, c44, m62; art currency, invention of, religion, 452, 467; trade, 419–20 democracy, 126, 129–30; and architecture of, 43, American vs. Athenian, c451, 453 Cuzco, 578, 588, 589 c44, 46, 60; “the Black c140; Athenian, 128–30, Eastern Desert, 40 Land,” 41; capture of Cyrillic alphabet, 363, c363 139–40, c140, 145; direct, Eastern Orthodox Church, Nubia, 60; cats in, 64; Cyrus the Great, p131, 138, 139, c140; power of, 359, 360, 363, 540; in comparing Mesopotamia 132–33 145; representative, 138, Russia, 540; view of to, c44; culture of, 39–40, Cyrus, king of Persia, 94 139, c140, 537, 538 church-state relations, 359 41–42, 43–44, c44, 45, 46,

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Elements (Euclid) • feudalism

51, 60, 61; decline and 535; medieval, 535–37; Euphrates River, 18, 22, 23; 521, 636, 648; of Henry fall of, 67; economic Norman rule of, 535–36; Hammurabi and, 22 VIII, 648; of Martin structures, 40, 41–42, 43, Parliament, 537, 682, 697; Euphrates River valley, 18. Luther, 636 c44; empire of, c59, m59, rise of modern See also Mesopotamia exile, 94 democratic thought, 537; 59–67; family life in, 46; Euripides, 161 Exodus, 82 farming, 41–42, p42, p43, search fo sea route to 46; geography and Asia, 660; taxation of Europe, 14, 384, 389, 435–36, exploration, age of, 658–69; location, m39, 39–40, 41; American colonies, 697; 472–73, 659–64; arrival of explorers, 661–64; government in, 43; trade restrictions on Europeans in China, innovations in Israelites and, 81, 82; American colonies, 435–36; geography of, technology, 659–60; maps, kingdoms and dynasties 696–97; war with Spain, m513, 513–14, m514; 660; rise of strong nations, of, 43–44, m62; life in, 664 Huns, 322, m323; 660; trade with Asia, 659. invasions of, 320, 322–24, See also Americas 45–46; Lower Egypt, 43; English Bill of Rights, 682 m323; Neolithic Age exports, 666 medicine of, 50; Middle English Channel, 513 Kingdom, 44, 60–61; villages, 14; Renaissance, extended families, 469 engravings, 625 608–17, 619–26; search for Neolithic Age villages, Extremadura, 596, 598, 599 14; New Kingdom, 44; Enlightenment, 680–89; a sea route to Asia, 659- Ezana, king of Axum, 452 Nile River valley, 38–46; absolutism, 681, 686–89; 60; slave trade of, 472–73, Old Kingdom, 44, 47–52; concept of natural law, m473; world exploration, Ezekiel, c91 political structures, 681–82; concept of 659–64, m662. See also Ezra, 94 43–44, 48, 60, 63, 64–65, natural rights, 682; Europe, medieval; criticism of ideas of, Renaissance 66; pyramids, 50–52, p51, F c51, p52; religion, 48, 685–86; divine right of Europe, medieval, 508–59; 49–50, 64, 67; rulers of, kings, 686–89; influence Angles, 514; art and 43–44, 48, 60, 62, 63, of on current times, 682, architecture, 549–50; fable, 158 64–65, 66; science and, 700; music of, 686–87; Black Death and, 554–55; families: African, 469; 41–42, 51; slavery in, 62; philosophies of, 681–82, cities of, 530, 531; Chinese, 234–35; social structures, c45, 683, 684–86; reason in, Crusades, 541–43; Egyptian, 46; extended, 45–46; temples of, 63, 65, 681–83, 685–86; rise of culture, 526–28, 549–50, 469; Greek, 128–129, 143; 66, 67; trade, 40, 43, 62, democratic ideas, 682, 552; early Middle Ages, of matrilineal villages, 63, 69; united kingdom 700; scientific 512–21; education, 516, 469; paterfamilias, 307, of, 44; Upper Egypt, 43 experimentalism and, 550; farming, 525–26; 308; Roman, 307 671–79; spread of ideas Elements (Euclid), 185–86 feudalism, 522–33; farming: Aryans and, 199; of, 685; women and, 685 Elijah, 91 geography, m513, 513–14, Chinese, 227, 230, entrepreneurs, 667 m514; Franks, 360, 233–34, 244–45, 417, 432; Elizabeth, I, queen of ephors, 127 514–19; Germanic crop rotations, 526; England, 649, 664, 665, kingdoms, 514–16, crops, 13, m13, 574–75, p665; biography, 665 Epic of Gilgamesh, 20 518–19; government in, 577, 579; early, 13, m13, ellipses, 674–75 epics, 20, 157, 159, 183, 215, 304, 552. See also literature 520, 530, 532–33, 536, 537, 15, 574–75; early North El Salvador, 583 550; Hundred Years’ War, American, 591, 592; epicureanism, 184 embalming, process of, 557; invasions of, 514–15, Egyptian, 41, 42, p42; 49–50, p49 Epicurus, 184 m518, 518–19; inventions food from, 42–43; empires, 89; first, 26–31. Equiano, Olaudah, 463, q463 of, 525–26; late Middle harvesting, plowing, See also individual Erasmus, Desiderius, 634, Ages, 553–59; life in, planting, 42–43, p42, p43, listings for p634; Christian 526–28, 531; literature, 591; Greek, 119, 120, 125, 552; Magyars, 518, 519; 129, 143; Harappan, 197; Encyclopedia (Diderot), 685 humanism and, 634 manorial system, 524–25; in early India, 196; England, 535–37, 648–49, Eratosthenes, 185; scientific contributions, c185 Muslim and, 515, 519, medieval European, 660, 690–99; absolute 541–43, 646, 666; people 525–26; Muslim, 389; Essenes, 100, 101 monarchy, 681, 682; of, m513, 513–16, 518–21; Nile River valley, 41; rise American Revolution Estates-General, 538 political systems of, 520, of cities and, 581; and, 690–99; Ethelbert, king of Kent, 530, 532–33, 536, 537, 550; Roman, 293; surpluses development of legal and 364, 520 religion and, 519–21, 528, in, 15, 43; techniques in, Index constitutional practices in, Ethiopia, 72, 451 545–48; Saxons, m513, 18, 234–35, 579, tenant, 536, p536, 537; English Etruria, Italy, 265 514; Spanish Inquisition, 244–45; terrace, p234, Bill of Rights, 682, 700; 558; trade and, 528–29, 234–35; Zhou dynasty, Etruscans, 264–66; art, 265, English Reformation, 554–55; Vikings, 518–19, See also ptg265; culture, 265; 230. agriculture 648–49; “Glorious 535, 539; Visigoths, Revolution,” 682; shaping of Roman Ferdinand, king of Spain, civilization, 264–65 322–24, 514; women of, 558, 646 government of, 681–82; 526 Henry VIII, 648, p648; Euclid, 185–86, p186; plane Fertile Crescent, 18 Hundred Years’ War, 557, geometry and, 185–86; Evans, Arthur, 118 feudalism, 522–33, c523; m557; invasion of by scientific contributions Ewuare, king of Benin, 450 cities of feudal Europe, Angles and Saxons, 514, of, c185 excommunication, 361, 528–31; Japanese, 497;

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fief • Great Temple

knights and vassals, Frederick II, emperor of Germanic kingdoms, m514, democracies, 139, c140, 523–24; life of nobles, Holy Roman Empire, 514–16, m516, 518–19 171; dictatorship, 271, p526, 526–27, p527; life of 519, 542–43 Germany, 519, 639; 272, 281, 285, 614; peasants, 527–28; Frederick the Great, king Lutheranism and, 639 diplomacy, 615; duke, manorial system, 524–25; of Prussia, 687, p688 Ghana, medieval, 448, doge as head of state in, 614; English Bill of Rights political system, 523–24; fresco, 624; painting of c451, 461–62; economy, 682, 699; House of trade, 528–29 during Renaissance, 624 448, c451; government, Burgesses, 694; influences fief, 524 friars, 546 461–62; growth of empire in, 448; location, on, 171, 537, 550, 700; filial piety, 234, 249 Fu Hao, 227 c451; religion, 463, Iroquois League, 592; fire, 10–11, 531; danger of Fujiwara clan, 493–94, 502 legislatures, 696; limited, in medieval cities, 531; 464–65; 467; ruler and subjects, 461, p461; 700; Magna Carta and, discovery of, 10–11 trade, c451, 461, 462 682, 699; mayors in, 515; First Continental G military, 495; monarchies, Gilgamesh, 20–21 Congress, 698 171; Montesquieu and, Galen, 304–305, 676; study Giza, Egypt, 52 First Triumvirate, 280 682, 700; national of anatomy, 305, 676 glaciers, 573 government, 700; Native Five Pillars of Islam, 378, Galilee, 344, 346 American, 592; natural c378 gladiators, 306–07, 309, 319 Galileo, 674, 675, ptg675, law and, 681–82; natural Flanders, 529, 625; gladius, 266, p266 c676; scientific rights and, 682; devlopment of oil Globe Theater, 625, p625, contributions of, 674, oligarchies, 171; painting technique in, 625 c625 Parliament, 537; popular 675, c676; telescope, 674, Glory of Kings, 451 sovereignty, 700; power floods, 41, c44 p674, 675 Gobi, m109 in, 700; ranks of Florence Cathedral, 610, Ganesha, c204, p204 p610 God, 350, 374, 377, 463, 640, importance in, 492; Ganges River, 195, 199 reforms, 411, 488, 492, Florence, Italy, 610, 612–13; 685, 686; Allah as one Gaul, Caesar’s battles in, 681–83; 688–89; regents, banking and trade in, true, 374; belief in one, 280, p280 374, 377, 463; deism, 685; 493; religion and, 48, 208, 612–13; city-state of, 610, 212, 228, 230, 354, 355, importance of in Gempei War, 494–95 in three persons, 350; monotheism, 81, 83; will 360, 376, 492–93; Renaissance, 610; wealth Geneva, Switzerland, 640, of as absolute, 640, 686 representative, 283, 537, of, 612–13 641 538, 694; republics, 614; gods and goddesses: Aztec, Forbidden City, 432; Genoa, Italy, 555 Roman, 269–73; self-, 694; 586, 587; Greek, 155, c155, Imperial Palace at, p404 Gentiles, 349 separation of powers, p155, 156, c310; Hindu 682, 700; shogunates, 495; Forum, the, 306 Geography (Ptolemy), 660 deities, 203, c204, 213; social contracts in, 682; fossils, 9 geography: Africa, m445, Inca, 588; Mayan, 584; veto, 270; well-organized, 445–46; Arabia, 373; Roman, 309, c310; Four Noble Truths, 206 28; women in, 235, 333, China, m225, 225–26; Sumerian, 19 France, 121, 538, 557, 470, 471, 504, 585. See also Greece, ancient, 117; 644–45, 660, 684–85, 687, gold: mercantilism and, politics Egypt, ancient; m39, 699; center of the 666; trade, c451, 447, 449 39–40, 41; Europe, Gracchus, Gaius, 279, p279 Enlightenment, 684–85; gold mines, 448, m448, 449 medieval, m513, 513–14, Granada, Spain, 394, 646 Estates-General, 538; Good Samaritan, parable m514; India, m109, 133, Grand Canal, 410, p410 exploration and, 660; of, 345, p345 191, 193, 194, m195, Huguenots, 644; Louis Grand Council, 592 195–96, 199; influence on gospel, 355–56 XIV, 687; Middle Ages, grand jury, 537 settlement patterns and, government: absolute 538; philosophers of, Granicus, battle of, 39–40, 117, 196, 445–46, monarchy, 681; abuse of 177 684–85; religious wars in, 448; Japan, medieval, power in, 269; gravity, theory of, 675–76, 644–45; role in American 485, m485; Mali, c451; advantages and c676, 677 Revolution, 699 Mayan location and, disadvantages of city- Great Britain. See Britain, Index Franciscans, 546 575, 583; Native state, 616–17; England Francis of Assisi, 546, American settlements, ambassadors, 615; Great Charter, 537 Aristotle and, 171; p546, q546 590, 591, 592; Nile River Great Council, 537 valley, 39–40; Rome, Articles of Confederation, Franklin, Benjamin, 698, Great Mosque in Makkah, p698 m263, 263–64 700; Bill of Rights and, 700; balance of power in, p368 geometry, 21, 42, 182, Franks, 360, 514–16, m516, 682, 700; centralized, 210, Great Peace, 592 185–86; plane, 185–86; 518–19; Frankish 241, 488, 588; city–state, solid, 186; used by Great Pyramid, 52 kingdoms, m516; Holy 19, 126, 128, 129–30, Egyptians to survey Great Rift Valley, 446 Roman Empire and, 519; 614–15, 616, 617; colonial, land, 42 rulers of, 514–17, 518, 519 696; comparing, c140, Great Serpent Mound, Frederick I, emperor of George III, king of Englad, 171; confederations, 592, 580, p580 Holy Roman Empire, p696, 697 700; constitution as plan Great Sphinx, p34, 48, p48 519 Georgia, 592 of, 488; councils, 530, 614; Great Temple, 586, p586

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Great Wall of China • Homer

Great Wall of China, 220, Greece, ancient Babylon, 29, p29; as one Herod, king of Judaea, 100 p220, 242; first, 220 Gregory the Great, 364, of Seven Wonders of the Herodotus, q75, 135, p135, Greece, ancient: m109, p519, 520 Ancient World, 29 q135, p168, 173; “father 112–47, p123, m125, m132, Gregory VII, Pope, 520–21 Hannibal, general of of history,” 173 150–87; “Age of Pericles,” griots, 449, 450, 470, 476, Rome, 275–76 Hestia, 155, p155 138–47; Alexander the p476 Hanukkah, 96, c96 hierarchy, 355 Great, 174–81; alphabet, Guangzhou, 242 Han Wudi, emperor of hieroglyphics, 42, 61, p61, 120, c120; amphitheater, China, 244–45 ruins of, 160, p160; art Guatemala, 583 70, 585; comparing Han Yü, 413, p413, q413 and architecture, 162–63; guilds, 503, 530, 550 computer icons to, 61, Hapi, 49 capture of Troy, 157–58, gunpowder, 420, 426, 429; p61; Mayan, 585; 264; Christianity and, invention of, 420; Harappa, 196–97; collapse Nubian, 70 356; citizenship in, Mongol use of, 426; of, 198; planned city, hijab, 390, p390 122–23, 124, 139; city- trade in, 429 196–97; priest-king of, Hildegard of Bingen, 545 p196; society, 197; trade, states, 122–23, 124, Gupta empire, m213, 197 Himalaya, 195, 196 125–26, 128, 129, 136, 139, 213–14; cities of, 213; 144, 146, 175; civilization, Harvey, William, 676, c676 Hinduism, 203–04, 213; culture, 213, 214–16; Aryans and, 203; 113, 116–23, 150–89; Hatshepsut, queen of discoveries and Brahman, 203–04; caste colonies of, 121, m121; inventions of, 215–16; Egypt, 62, 63, p63; system and, 204; culture of, 118, 119, 120, economy, 213; founding biography, 63; expansion deities, 203, c204, 213; 154–63, 168–73, 182–87; of, 213; religion of, 213; of trade and, 62, 63 dharma, 204; early, 203; Dark Age, c112, c116, 120; tourism in, 213; trade, 213 Haydn, Franz Joseph, 687 democracy in, 126, Gupta empire and, 213; guru, 201 head coverings: 129–30, 139–40; drama, past and Hindu temple, p203; present, 97, p97 160–61, 183; early Greeks, Gutenberg, Johannes, karma, 203–04; 116–23; economy of, 121; p618, 620–21; Hebrew Bible, 81–84, 87–89, reincarnation, 204; first kingdoms, p119, development of printing 94, 95, 96, 99, 348, 350; Upanishads, 203 press, 620–21; Gutenberg 119–20; geography of, Christian study of, 348, Hindu Kush, India, m109 Bible, 620, 621 350; influence of, 95, 96; 117, m117; gods and Hindus, 385 goddesses, 155, c155, Torah as first part of, 82 Hipparchus, 185; scientific p155, 156; governments H Hebrews, ancient, 76–77, of, 119, 125, 126, 127–28; 80–85, 86–92, 93–102; contributions of, c185 early, 81–83; movements Hippocrates, 184, c185; Jews and, 95–96; Hades, 155, p155 literature of, 155–58, of, 81, 82, 84, 90, 92; scientific contributions Hadrian, emperor of 160–61, 164–67, 183; religion, 81, 82–83, 87, of, c185 Rome, 291–92, p292 Macedonian attack of, 94–95; social structure Hippocratic Oath, 184 Hagakure: The Book of the of, 97–98. See also 175–76; medicine, 184; Hippodrome, 320 military, p122, 123, p144, Samurai (Tsunetomo), Israelites, ancient Hispaniola, 594 266; Minoans, 118; 495, q495 Heian, Japan, 493, 495 historians, 28, 173, 304, 666; Mycenaeans, p119, Hagia Sophia, p332, 333 Helena, 354 119–20; mythology, Haiti, 594 Greek, 173; Muslim, 393; Hellenistic Era, 178–79, Roman, 304 155–56; oligarchy, 126, Halcyon–bird, 166 183–86; spread of culture 129, 147; Olympics, 128, History of Rome (Livy), Hammurabi, king of and, 178, 183–86. See also p128; oracle, 156; 272, 304 Babylon, p22, 22–23, Greece, ancient Peloponnesian War, 112; 24–25; biography, 22; Hellenistic kingdoms, History of the Jewish War Persian War and, 134–37; code of (laws), 23, 24–25; 178–79, m179. See also (Josephus), 343 philosophy and history, control of Euphrates Hellenistic Era History of the 168–73, 187; Polis, and, 22 Peloponnesian War 122–23; power structure helots, 126, 127, 147 (Thucydides), 173, 189 of, 125; religion, 155, Handel, 686–87 Henry IV, king of France c155, p155, 156; Han dynasty, c109, 244–45; (Henry of Navarre), History of the Persian representative artifact, p109; civil service 644–45 Wars (Herodotus), 135

Index democracy and, 139, exam, 244, ptg244; Henry VIII, 648, p648, 665 Hittites, 27, 64, 66 diffusion of Buddhism c140; science and math, Henry, Patrick, 698 Hobbes, Thomas, 681 185–86, c185; slavery and, during, 248; empire of, Henry, prince of Portugal Hohokam, 579 121, 125, 126, 129, 142; 244–45; government, 244; (Henry the Navigator) soldier’s oath, q122; inventions, p245, 245–46; Hokkaido, 485, m485 661 Sparta and Athens, 113, papermaking, p245, 245; Holy Roman Empire, 519, 124–30; trade, 118, 121, Silk Road, m246, 246–47; Hera, 155, p155 639, m639; Thirty Years’ m121, 125; tyranny in trade, m246, 246–47 heresy, 547, 643, 646, 675 War, 645–46 city-states, 112, 125–26; Hanfeizi, 238, p238, 239; heretics, 547; questioning Homer, c154, 157, 158, 159, Xerxes’ invasion of, 112 Legalism and, 238, 239 of, ptg547 p159, q159, 177, 304; Greece, classical. See Hanging Gardens of Hermes, 155, p155 biography, 159

780 Index 772-791 EM-Index-875047 9/26/06 2:51 AM Page 781

Honduras • Islam

Honduras, 583 hunter-gatherers, 10, c14, 385–86; culture, 196, 197, 621; plow, 21; printing Honshu, 485, m485 573, 574, p574, 580; 214–15; early, 190–217; press, 620–621; printing adaptations for the Hooke, Robert, 676, c676 economy, 196; first process, 419–20; saddle environment, 10, c14, civilizations of, 196–201, and stirrup, 231; sailboat, Hopewell, 580 573, 574–75, 580; first empires, 209–17; 21, 452; shadoof, 41; hoplites, 123 migration of, 573, m573. geography, m109, 133, steel, 419; waterwheels, Horace, 304, q304, 326 See also humans, early 191, 193, 194, m195, 245; wagon wheel, 21; Horyuji temple, 488, p489 Hyksos, 60–61 195–96, 199; government, water mills, 526. See also Hosea, c91 “Hymn to the Nile,” 41 191, 197; Gupta empire, math; science House of Burgesses, 694 Hypatia, scientific m213, 213–14; Hinduism, invest, 667 contributions of, c185 203–204; Indus River House of Commons, 537 Iran, 382, 383 hypothesis, 679 valley, 195–96; influence Iraq, 382 House of Lords, 537 of Moguls on, 386; Ireland, 363, 364, 519 House of Wisdom, 391 intellectual tradition of, Huang He (Yellow River), I 214–15; invasion of by iron, 71; iron weapons, 27; 225 Alexander the Great, ironworking, 419, 448 Iberian Peninsula, 558 Iroquois, 592 Huang He valley, 225. See 177; language, 199; life also China Ibn Battuta, 464–65 in, 199–201; literature, Iroquois League, 592; law code of, 592 Huguenots, 644; religous Ibn Khaldun, 382, q382, math, science in, 214–16; wars of France, 644–45 392, p392; biography, 392 marriage in, 201; irrigation, 18, 21, 22, 29, 41, Mauryan dynasty of, 230, 234, 247, 389, 417, humanism, 619–21, 634; Ibn Sina, 391 210–12; Mohenjo-Daro, 503, 577, 579, 591. See beliefs of, 619; Christian, Icarus and Daedalus, 196–97, p196; nations of also agriculture; farming 634; Petrarch as father 164–67 modern Indian of, 619–20; printing Ice Ages, 10–11, 573, 574 Isabella, queen of Spain, subcontinent, 195; press as key to spread of 558, 646 icons, 359–60 Neolithic villages of, 14; ideas of, 620–21; societal Isaiah, c91 ideographs, 228 political system, 197; impact, 621; study of Ishtar Gate, p30 Idylls, 183 religions of, 202–05; river ancient works, 619 Isis, 49 Igbo, 463 systems, 195, 199; role of humans, early, c8, 8–15, 573, Islam: acceptance of and igloos, 590 men and women, 201; p574, 574–75; impact on medieval Illiad (Homer), 152, social system of, 197, adaptations to the c200, 199–201; trade, 211, Africa, 448, 464–65, 467; environment, 10, c14, 157–58, 159, 177 373, 386, 388; varnas, arts and literature, 389, 573, 574–75, 580; Immortals, 133 391, 392, 393–94; beliefs, c200, 200–01; Vedas of, archaeology and, 9–10, 378, c378, 467; civilization Imperial City, China, 432 214; western, 133 578–79; artifacts, 9, p10, imports, 666 of, 368–95; economic Indian Ocean, 195, 388 structures, 386; empires p11, p14, p573, p575; art Inca Empire, 578, 588–89, Indonesia, 381 of, 379–86; first four of, ptg10, 10, 11, 14, c14; 599–600; artistic, caliphs, 380, c381; Five comparing, c14; engineering, indulgences, 634–35, 636; Pillars of Islam, 378, c378; development of spoken mathematical box, p635; selling of, Hijrah, 374; India and, language, 11; achievements of, 588, 634–35, 636 385–86; law code and domestication of plants, 589; culture, 588; defeat Indus River, 177, 195, 196, rules of, 378; meaning of, 580; farming revolution, of, 599–600; government, 198; settlements of, 108 13, c14, 574–75; food 374; medicine, 391; 588; life in, 588; oral Indus River valley, surpluses, 15; hunter- 195. Muhammad, prophet of, traditions,588; record See also India gatherers, 10, c14, 573, keeping in, 599; religion, 374–77; opposition to, 574, p574, 580; Ice Ages 588; social structure, 588; inferences, making, 406–07 375; preservation of and, 10–11, 573, 574; spread of smallpox in, inflation, 319 ancient texts, 391; Quran

as holy book of, 377–78; Index invention of tools, 11; 599; unification through Innocent III, Pope, 543 migration of, 573, m573; rise of, 372–78; science roads and language, 588; Inquisition, 547, 558 Neolithic people, 12, warfare, 599–600 and mathematics, 391; Inti, 588 Shiites, 382; social 13–15, c14; Paleolithic incense, 62 people, 10–11, c14; Intolerable Acts, 697–98 structures, 389–90; spread India, 14, m109, 133, 177, of, m380, 380–81, 448, religion, 14; roles of men 190–217, 373, 380, 385, Inuit, 590 and women, 10, c14; 464–65, 467; state of, 374; 388, 412, 418; Aryans inventions: compass, 420, struggles within, 382–83; specialization, 15; and, 198–201, 202, 203; 659, p659; gunpowder, Sufis, 381; Sunnis, 382; technological advances, astronomy, 216; British 420; heavy wheeled teachings of in 15; trade, 15. See also control of, 386; plow, 525; horse collar, connection with Judaism Neolithic Age; Özti; Buddhism, 202, 205–08; 525; iron drill bits, 245; and Christianity, 81, 83, Paleolithic Age caste system, 199–201, iron plow, 230, p235; 91, 95; Umayyad caliphs, Hundred Years’ War, 557 c200, 206; creation of Leonardo’s, 621; movable 380; women and, 390. Huns, 322, m323 Muslim empire in, type, 419, 621; paper, 245, See also Muslims

Index 781 772-791 EM-Index-875047 9/26/06 2:54 AM Page 782

Israel • Kush, civilization of

Israel, 14, 81, 90, 91, 92, 102, daimyo, 496–97; drama, holy days celebrated by, Justinian, emperor of 343; creation of Jewish 501; early, 484–90; c96; Jesus’ teachings Byzantine Empire, nation of, 102; education economy, 503; feudalism about religious laws of, 329–30; conquests of, in ancient, 97, 98; fall of, in, 497; first settlers, 344–45; Maccabees and, 330; law code, 330 91, 92; kingdom of, 90; 486–87; geography, 485, 96; messianic prophets of, 91, c91, 344; m485; government of, prophecies, 344; Muslim twelve tribes of, 81. See 488, 492–94, 495, 496, rule of, 646; K also Israelites, ancient; 497; Jomon, 486; Nebuchadnezzar and, Jews; Judaism; Judah; Kamakura, 495; life in, 92; persecution of, 81, Kaaba, 374, p377; pilgrim- Judaea 498–504; literature, 501; 82, 96, 101, 646; ages to, 377, p377 Israelites, ancient, 76–77, medieval, 480–504; myth Pharisees, 100; rebellions Kalidasa, 215 80–85, 86–92, 93–102, of creation of, 487; of, 92, 343; Romans and, Kamakura, Japan, 495 m105; Assyrians and, religion in, 489, 490, 100–01, 343; Sabbath as kami, 490 492–93, 499; religons of, day of worship and rest, 91–92; Canaan, as kamikaze, 495 Promised Land, 84; 488, 489, 490, 492–93, 94; Sadducees, 100; Kammu, emperor of Chaldeans and, 92; early, 650; rise of military Spanish Inquisition and, Japan, 493 81–83; education of, 97, society in, 494–97; role of 558; spread of ideas and 98; fall of Israel and women, 501, 504; values, 81, 96; way of Karakorum, Mongolia, 428 Judah, 90–92; fighting samurai, 494–95; Shinto, life, 97, c97, 98 karma, 203–04 judges, 84; first Israelites, 490; shoguns, 494–97, Jimmu, emperor of Japan, Kashta, king of Kush, 71 650; social structures, 487 80–85; growth of Kente clothe, 474, p474 Judaism, 93–102; King 495, 503, 504; trade, 503; Joan of Arc, 556, p556, Kepler, Johannes, 674–75, David, 88, 89; kingdom Yamato, 487–88; Yayoi, q556, 557; biography, 556 486–87; wars, 494–95, c676 of Israel, kingdoms, John, king of England, 537 497 Kerma, kingdom of, 69 m105; King Saul, 87, 89; joint-stock company, 667 King Solomon, 89–90; Jefferson, Thomas, 698, Khadija, 376 Jomon, 486 religion of, 81–85; temple p698, 699 Khanbaliq, China, 428 Jordan, 14, 81 of, 89, 91, 92, 100; Ten Jeremiah, c91 Khan, Genghis, 424–27, Commandments as “rule Jericho, 14, 84, p84; battle Joseph II, king of Austria, p427, q427; Mongol of law,” 83; twelve tribes for, p84 688, p688 Empire under, m424, of, 81, 84, 87, 91. See also Jerome, Saint, 322, p322, Josephus, 105, q105, 343 424–27, m425 Hebrews, ancient; Israel; q322, 362 Joshua, 84; battle for Khan, Kublai,ruler of Jews; Judah; Judaism Jerusalem, 89, 90, 92, 94, Jericho, 84, ptg84 Mongol, p428, 428–29, Istanbul, 320, 384 101, 132, m132, 343, 347, journeyman, 530 495 Italy, 121, m121, 263, m263, 547; rebuilding of, 94; Judaea, 100, 343, 344, 347; Khufu, king of Egypt, 52 519; city-states of, m609, temple in, 100, 101 Judah becomes, 343; rule Kievan Rus, 539–40 611–13, 614–15, 616–17; Jesuits (Society of Jesus), of King Herod, 100 geography of, 263, m263, Kitab al-lbar (Khaldun), 643, 644, 650; Ignatius of Judah, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 611; Ostrogoths in, 514; 392 Loyola as founder of, 644 100, 343; education in, Renaissance in, 609–17, knights, 524, 526; code of 98; fall of, 92; founding 619–24. See also Florence, Jesus of Nazareth, p344, chivalry, 526 of, 90; return of Jews to, Italy; Renaissance; 344–47, p345, p346, q346, Knossos, palace at, 118 ptg347; 348; biography, 94; Roman conquer and Venice, Italy kofun, 487 346; crucifixion of, 347; rule of, 100, 343 Ivan I, 540 disciples of, 344; life of, Judaism: as first Kongo, kingdom of, Ivan III, czar of Russia, 540 344–45, 347; resurrection monotheistic religion, 450–51 as foundation for 81; beliefs, 82, 83, 95; Korea, 409–10, 411, 413, J Christianity, 347, 350; destruction of Temple, 429; China and, 409–10; teachings of, 344–45, 101; ethical teachings, Mongol control of, 429; 82, 83, 95; God as moral Jacob, 81; family tribes of, 346, 348; use of parables, spread of Buddhism to, lawgiver, 82; growth of, 81 345, p345 413 93–102; Hanukkah, 96; James I, king of England, Jews, 90, 91, 92, 94–102, Korean Peninsula, 409

Index Hebrew Bible, study in, 343, 547–58, 558; anti- kosher foods, 98 649, 692, 693 81, 82, 83, 95; justice in, Semitism, 548; clothing, Krishna, c204, 214 Jamestown, Virginia, 692, 98; Diaspora, 96; diet of, 95; major Jewish ptg692 98; education and, 97, holidays, c96; Krishna and Maidens, ptg214 janissaries, 358 98; Essenes, 100, 101; observance of law in, 82, Kshatriyas, 200, c200 Japan, 413, 480–504; art and exile and return of to 83; origins of, 81, 94; Kush, civilization of, 67, architecture, 499–501, Judah, 94; expulsion of, jury system, 536, p536, 537; c68, m68, 68–72, m70; art 503; Buddhism in, 413, 548, m548; family, grand jury, 537; linking of, 69; capitals of, 70, 71; 488, 489, 492–93, 499; importance of, 97–98; past and present, p536; economy of, 69, 70; Christianity in, 650; fortress at Masada, p343; trial jury, 537 Egyptian influence on culture, 499–500, 503; Greeks and, 95–96; Justinian Code, 330 70, 71; geography, 68, 69,

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Kyoto, Japan • Matthew, Saint

70; importance of iron 273; U.S. system of as Louis XIV, king of France, 466; religion, 65; 467; to, 71; kingdom of compared to Roman, 273; 687, q687 trade and 449, c451, 462 Kerma, 69; military, 71; veto of, 696; written, 273 Loyola, Ignatius of, 644, Malintzin, 597; translator Nubia, 69–70; rise of, Lebanon, 81, 542 p644, q644; founder of for Cortés, 597 70–71; rule of Egypt, 67; legacy, 178, 187 Jesuits, 644 Mamun, 390 rulers of, 71, 72; slavery, Legalism, c238, Luoyang, 248 72; trade in, 69, 70, 71, 72 239, 241 mandate, 230 legionaries, Roman, 266, Lutheranism, 636–37, 639, Mandate of Heaven, 230 Kyoto, Japan, p480, 493, 640; creation of, 636–37; p266, p267; armor, manorialism. See manorial 497, 503 Germans and, 639; shield, spear, 266, p266 system Kyushu, 485, m485 politics and, 639 legions, 266 manorial system, 526–27 Luther, Martin, 634–37, Leo III, emperor of manors, 526–27, p527 L Byzantine, 360 p636, 638, p638, q653; biography, 638; creation Mansa Musa, 449, 462, 465, Leonidas, king of Sparta, laity, 355, c355 of Lutheranism, 636; p465, 466, p466; 135–36 biography, 466; rule of, Lakshmi, c204 Ninety-Five Theses as Leviathan (Hobbes), 681 beginning of 462, 465, 466; lamas, 208 Li Bo, 420, p420, q420 Reformation, 636 strenthening of Islam, 465 language: Arabic, 381, 388, Libyans, 67; conquerors of Luxembourg, 625 manufacturing, 530; 390–91, 467; Bantu, 469; ancient Egypt, 67 quality standards in, 530 development of, 120, limited government, 700 Marathon, 134–35; battle 199, c199, 228; evolution M of, 134–35, m134 of written forms of, 85, Li Po. See Li Bo 120, 228; Hebrew, 81; literature: changes in Maccabees, 96 Martel, Charles, 515, 523; during Renaissance, 620; ideas as basis for Latin, 292, 304, 326, 328, Maccabeus, Judas, 96 352, 552; Quechua, 588; Chinese, 420–21; feudalism, 523 Macedonia, m117, 146, 174, Sanskrit, c199, 214; Egyptian, 60; epics, 20, martial arts, 499, 500, p500; 175, 178–79; attack on Swahili, 469; vernacular, 157, 159, 183, 215; linking past and present, Greece, 175–76; empire 552, 620, 634 European, 552; fables, 500 158; Greek, 155–56, breaks apart, 178–79; Laozi, p238, 238, q239; geography and culture, martyr, 353 Daoism and, c238, 238–39 157–58, 160–61, 164–67, 183; Hellenistic Era, 183; 175 Mary I, queen of England, latifundia, 278 Indian, 214–15; Japanese, Machiavelli, Niccolò, 614, 649, p649 La Salle, 692 501; influence of Greek p614, q614, 615 Mary Magdalene, 347 Last Supper, 347, ptg347 and Roman writings on Machu Picchu, 588, 589, Mary, Saint (mother of Last Supper, The later thought, 619, 621; p589 Jesus), 546 (Leonardo), 623–24; moral and religious Madinah, 376, m383 Masada, Israel, 343; ruins references of, 158, 214, Latin, 292, 304, 326, 328, Magna Carta, at, p343 215, 619; Muslim, 393; 537, q537, 352, 552; as basis for mythology, 155–56; odes, 682, 699; historical math: algebra, 391; modern European 304; oral tradition of, importance of, 537, 682, algorithms, 216; Chinese languages, 304, 326; 158, 159, 214, 449, 470, 699 numbering system, c236; manuscripts, 619, p619, 476; plays, 304, 626; Magyars, 518, 519 counting based on 10, 620 poetry, 157–58, 214, 304, Mahabharata, 214–15 c44, 51; fractions, c44, 51; Latins, 264, 266 geometry, 21, 42, 182, 420–21, 626; Mahayana Buddhism, 208, 185–86; Greek, c185, Latium, Italy, 263, 265 Renaissance, 620, 626; 499 Roman, 304; satires, 304; 185–86; Gupta, 215; Lavoisier, Antoine and Maimonides, 646, p646 Marie, 676, c676 Tang dynasty, 420-21; Indian, 215–16; Hindu main idea, understanding, Arabic numerical law: belief in moral, 82, 378; written in the vernacular, 620 78–79; and supporting system, 215–16, 391;

Code of Hammurabi, 23, Index details, 370–71 method of number 24–25; common, 537; Liu Bang, emperor of Han, Makeda, queen of Sheba, caluclations, 588; courts of, 537; from God 244, c247, p247 451-52 Mayan, 585; number in Torah, 82; ideas about, Livia, empress of Rome, system based on 60, c44; 681–82, 683; influence of 308 Makkah, 373, 374, 375, number system based on Justinian Code, 330; m383, m385, 389, 465, Livy, 304, 326; historian of 10, c44, 51; number juries and, 536, p536, 537; 555; Black Death in, 555; Rome, 304 system based on 20, 585; Legalism and, c238, 239; pilgrimage to, p375, 465 Locke, John, 681–82, 683, number system based on natural, 550, 681–82; Qin Mali, medieval, 448–49, p683, q683, 699; 60, 21, c44; quipu, 588, dynasty, 243; Quran, 378; c451; economic biography, 683 p599; Sumerian number rights of citizens and, structures, 449, c451, system, 21; 360-degree 273; Roman influence on, London, tower of, 648 462; government and 325–26; Roman system lords, 523–26, 532–33 political structure of, circle, 21 of, 273, 325–26; “rule of,” lord-vassal system, 523–26, 462; location, c451; matrilineal, 469 273; standards of justice, 532–33 Mansa Musa, 462, 465, Matthew, Saint, 355, p356

Index 783 772-791 EM-Index-875047 9/26/06 2:59 AM Page 784

Maurya, Chandragupta • Mongol Empire

Maurya, Chandragupta, Mediterranean region, rulers, 19–20, 22, 23, 24, technology, 433, 435; 210; centralized 263, m263, 287, 291, 348; 25; Sargon, 23; scientific trade and, 434, 435 government of, 210; spread of Christianity to, and mathematic Minoans, 113, 118, ptg118, founder of India’s first 348 advances, 21, c44; 119; calendar, p118, p147; empire, 210 Mediterranean Sea, 40, 81, society in, 20; civilization, c108; Mauryan dynasty, m210, 95, m117, 118, m132, 246, Sumerians, 18–21; collapse of civilization, 210–11; fall of, 211; first 373, 384, 388, 611 students today in, 21, 118; control of eastern empire of India, m210, Memphis, Egypt, 44, 60 p21; writing, 20 Mediterranean, c116, 210–11; religion and, 211, Menander, 183 messiah, 101, 344, 347, 348; 118; culture, 118, 119; 212; rulers of, 210, 211; Jewish prophecy and, 344 trade, 116, 118, 119 Mennonites, 637 trade and, 211 metalworking, 486 Minos, king of Crete, 165 mercantilism, 666, 692, 696 Maya, 583–85, 596; art and Mexico, 13, 14, 574, 575, missionaries, 362, p362, architecture, p583, 584; mercenaries, 611 m575, 583, 596–97; 363, 364, 435–36, 520–21, culture, 584–85; Meroë, Kush, 71, 72 climate and geography 539, 650; past and development of Mesa Verde National of, 574, 575, 583; farming present, 362, p362 mathematical system, Park, 578–79 in, 13, m13,575 ; Mayan Mississippi, 592 585; development of 365- Mesoamerican ancestors, 583–85; Mississippians, 580–81; day calendar, 585; civilizations, 574–76, Neolithic villages of, 14; architecture of, 581; development of written m575, 583–87; trade, 575, 576. See also farming, 581; rise of language, 585; geographic achievements of, 585; Aztec Empire; Maya cities in, 581 location of, 575, 583; agricultural systems, Micah, c91 Mississippi River, 592 government, 583–84, 585; 575; art and architecture, Michelangelo. See Moche, 577–78; agricultural political system of, 583, ptg583, 587; Buonarroti, Michelangelo 584–85; religious beliefs development of techniques, 577; art, 577, microscope, 676, 678, p678 p577, 578; engineering, and practices, 584; role of calendar, 585; Middle Ages: China in, 577; geography, 577; women, 585; social develpment of written 404–37; early, 512–21; trade, 577 structure, 584; sports, 584, language, 585; economic Europe, medieval, p584; study of astronomy, structures, 575; Moguls, 385–86; economy 508–59; Japan, medieval, 585; trade, 575–76, 584; geographic structures, of, 386; Muslim empire 480–504; late, 553–58. See warfare, 584 575–76, 583; government of, 385–86; trade, 386 also Europe, medieval; and political structures, Mohawk, 592; government Mayflower, 693 Japan, medieval 583–84, 585–86; of, 592 Mayflower Compact, 693, Middle East, 14, c381, 389 694, q693 knowledge of seasonal Mohenjo-Daro, 196; changes, 585; religious Middle Kingdom, Egypt’s, artifacts and ruins, p196 mayors, 515 beliefs, 584, 585, 586, 60–61; arts and Moluccas, 666 measles, 597, 669 587; slavery and, 587; literature, 60; culture of, Mona Lisa (Leonardo), Medici, Catherine de’, 644, social structures, 584–85, 60; Hyksos, 60–61 ptg622, 624, 647, p647 587 “A Midsummer Night’s monasteries, 357, 362, Mesopotamia, m3, 16–23, Dream, ” 627–32 Medici family, 613, 614 p362, 413, 519, 520; 27, 30, 81, 132, m132, Medici, Lorenzo de’, 614 migrations: to America, 573, Mont St. Michel, p520 197, 291, 384; artisans of, m573; m469 medicine: acupuncture, Bantu, 469, c44; Assyrians, 27–28; monastic religious orders, 246, 671; study of military: Greek, 122–23, Babylon, 23; Chaldeans, 363 anatomy, blood 126–27, 134–37, p144; 29; city-states, 19, p19, money: as form of circulation, 391, 676; Japan, 494–97; Kushite, 23; comparing to Egypt, exchange, 121; coins, bone-setting, 216; 71; Mongol, 424, 425–26, c44; “cradle of p426, 427, 429, 540; 121, 388, 529; common Chinese, 245; discovery civilization,” 20; currency, 294, 419–20 of cells, 676; Egyptian, Mycenaean, 120; Persian, cuneiform writing, 20, 133, 134–37; Roman, distrust of, 320; euro 50; Greek, 184; Gupta, c44; development of based on Roman, 294, 216; herbal treatments 266–67, 279, 280–81, writing, 20; early 287–88; Shang dynasty, p294; single monetary in, 50, 216, 245, 671; civilizations of, 16–25, system, 242, c247 Hippocratic oath, 184; 227; Sparta, military, 115, m17; economic structure p115, 126–27, p126 Mongol Empire, 383, m424, Index medical drawings, 391, of, c44; economy of, c44; Minamoto clan, 494–95 424, m425, 425–26, 428–29, p391; identification of education in, 21, p21; 495, 540; Black Death and, disease, 391; invention geography, 17, m17, 18, Minamoto Yoritomo, 495 554; conquests of, 425–26; of tools for, 216; medical 20; government of, 19, minaret, 394, p394 invasion of Kievan Rus, books, c44, 50; Muslim, 20; Hammurabi, 22, 23, Ming dynasty, c430, m431, 540; maritime expedition, 391; plastic surgery, 216; 24–25; inventions of, 21; 430–36; beginnings and 429; nomadic life of, 424; specialization in, 50; laws of, 23, 24–25; life in, rise of, 431–32; culture, religion of, 426, 428; rule surgery, 216; spread of 20; literature, 20; 432; fall of, 436; maritime in China, 428–29; rulers disease, 391; study of Ottomans conquer, 384; expeditions, 433, 434, of, 425–27, 428–29; trade anatomy, 305, 676 political structure of, 435; reforms of China, and, 426, 429, 611–12; use meditation, 499, p499 19–20; religion, 19; 432; shipbuilding of terror, 426; warriors of,

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Mongolia • North Africa

424, 425–26, p426, 427, music: African, 475–76, Chumash, 591; Nerfertiti, queen of Egypt, 429, 540. See also Khan, p475; 476, 545 Columbian Exchange 64 Genghis; Khan, Kublai Muslims, c387, 387–94, and, m668, 668–69; Nero, emperor of Rome, Mongolia, 424. See also 433, 448, 515, 519, confederations, 592; 288, p288; reign and Mongol Empire 541–43, 646, 666; disease and, 596; early accomplishments of, civilizations of, 578–81; monks, 362, p362, 364, 520 achievements of, 390–92, c288 393–94, 433; art and enslavement of, 664; Netherlands, 625, 664 Monks Mound, 581 geography, climate and, architecture, 389, 393–94; New Kingdom, 61–62 monopoly, 576 cities of, 388–89; 590, 591, 592; New Testament, 355–56 monotheism, 81 Crusades and, 541–43; governments of, 592; monsoons, 195–96 culture, 388–90, p389, Grand Council of, 592; Newton, Isaac, 675–76, Great Peace, 592; Haida, c676, 677, p677, q677; Montesquieu, 682, p682, p390; decline of rule of, 384, 386; empires of, 591; Hidatsa, 591; biography, 677; scientific q682, 700; concept of Hohokam, 579; contributions of, 675–76 separation of powers, 380–81, 384–86; Hopewell, 580; Inuit, 590; Niger delta, 450 682 everyday life of, 388–90; Portuguese defeat of Iroquois League, 592; Nigeria, 469 Montezuma II Jesuit missionaries and, fleet, 666; inventions, Niger River, 446, m469 (Moctezuma), 596–97, 391; language, 390; 650; laws of, 592; life in Nile River, 39, 40, 49, 60, 598, p598; biography, Moguls, 385–86; religion the Eastern Woodlands, 69, 446 598; Cortés defeat of, 597 and, 377, 381, 392; role 592; life in the Pacific More, Sir Thomas, 648 of men and women, 390; Northest, 591; life in the Nile River valley, 38–46, mortal, 164 rule of Spain, 646; Southwest, 591; life on m39; geography of, the Great Plains, 591–92; 39–40, 41; life in, 45–46; mosaics, 333, p333 slavery of non-, 389–90; social structure, 389–90; life on the West Coast, river people, 41–42; Moscow, Russia, 540, split into Sunnis and 591; Mandan, 591; settlement of, 39–40, m540, 689; growth of, Shiites, 382; trade and, Mississippians 580–81; today, 40, p40; united 540 388, 396; ways of life, Mohawk, 592; Mound Egypt and, 43–44. See Moses, 82, 83, p83; parting c387, 387–94, p389, p390. Builders, 580; Natchez, also Egypt, ancient of the Red Sea, ptg82 See also Islam 592; Navajo, 591; Oneida, Ninety-Five Theses, 636, 592; Onondaga, 592; Mosque of the Prophet, Mycenae, 119; ruins at, p119 q653 376; tomb of Pawnee, 591; people and Mycenaeans, 118, 119–20; Nineveh, 28; one of Muhammad, 376, p376 cultures of, m590, 590–92; world’s first libraries, 28 culture, 119; Dark Age people of the Far North, mosques, p384, 389, 393, of, 121; decline and nirvana, 205 p393 590; Pomo, 591; Pueblo, collapse of civilization, 591; Seneca, 592; Tlingit, Noah, 95 Mound Builders, 580–81; c116, 120; kingdoms and 591; Zuni, 591 nobles, 45, 46, 60, 125, 129, domesticaion of plants, government of, 119–20; natron, 49 492, 493, 494, 503, 580; trade, 580 religion, 119; spread of 516–19, 523–26, 537, 557, natural law, 550, 681 Mount Olympus, 155 culture, 120; trade, 614–15, 684, p684, 688; natural rights, 681–82, 685; Mount Sinai, 82, 83, p83 119–20; war and, 120, Frankish, 515, 519; 157–58 of women, 685 samurai as warriors for, Mount Vesuvius, 290, mythology, Greek, c155, Navigation Acts, 696 494; shift of power to, p290; eruption of, 290, 155–56 523; urban, 614; War of p290; modern-day, 290, Nazareth, 344, 346 the Roses and, 557 p290 myths, 155, 156, 165, 487 Nebuchadnezzar, Noh plays, 501; used to Mozart, Wolfgang Chaldean king, 29, 92 teach Buddhism, 501 Amadeus, 687, p687 N Nefertari, queen of Egypt, nomads, 10, 132, 198, 199, Muhammad, 374–76; 66 242, 245, 373, 376, 383, Naomi, 99, ptg99; biogra- neo-Confucianism, 414 biography, 376; prophet 409, 424, p424, 445,

phy, 99 Neolithic Age (New Stone Index of Islam, 374–76; 469–70, 518, 576, 579, Age), m13, c14; relationship of caliphs Napata, Kush, 70 12, 13–15, 585; Aztec, 585; Bantu, c14 to, c381; government of, Nara, Japan, 492 arts and crafts of, ; 469–70; Bedouins, 373; 375; opposition to, benefits of settled life, 15; Narmer, 43–44 hunter-gatherers as, 10; 374–75; teachings of, compared to Paleolithic Magyars, 518; Mongols, 374, 377 Natchez, 592; social classes Age, c14; domestication of, 592 424, p424; Seljuk Turks, mummy, 50, 64, 65; cat, 64 of plants and animals, 13; 383; Toltec, 576; Native Americans, 578–81; economic specialization, Muqaddimah (Khaldun), Xiongnu, 242, 245 Acoma, 591; Adena, 580; 15; farming revolution, q382, 392 Algonquian, 592; 13, 15; growth of villages Norman conquest, 535–36 Murasaki Shikibu, 501, Anasazi, 579–80; during, 14; human Normandy, 535–36, 557 502, p502, q502; Apache, 591; Cahuilla, adaptations, c14; life in, North Africa, m121, 121, biography, 502 591; California, 591; 12, 14–15; Ötzi, man of, 178, 274, 357, 380, c381, Muscovy. See Moscow; see Cayuga, 592; Cherokee, 12, p12; role of men and 384, 448, m448, 611; also Russia 592; Chinook, 591; women, c14 trade of, 448, m448

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North America • Pilgrims

North America, m13, Oneida, 592; government Egyptian, 42; linking Spartans and, 146. See 578–81, 590–92; early of, 592 past and present, 245 also Persian Wars civilizations of, 578–81; Onin War, 497 papyrus, 42 Persian Gulf, 28 early farming in, m13, Onondaga, 592; parables, 345; Jesus Persian Wars, m134, m13, 578, 579; people government of, 592 teaching, p344, p345 134–37, p136, 177 and cultures of, m590, On the Structure of the Pariahs (Untouchables), perspective, 623; use of in 590–92. See also Human Body (Vesalius), c200, p200, 200–01 art, 623 American Revolution; 676 Americas; Native Paris, France, 538, 550, 644 Peru, 578. See also Inca Americans oracle, 156; bones, 228, Parliament, 537, 681, 697 Empire p228; Greek at Delphi, North Carolina, 592 Parthenon, p112, 141, p141, Petén, 583 156, ptg156 Northern Renaissance, c162, p162, 163 Peter, the Apostle, 348 oral history, 470 625–26 Parvati, c204 Peter the Great, 688–89, Oresteia (Aeschylus), 161 note taking, 260–61 Passover, celebration of, ptg689 Osiris, 49, 50, p50 novels, 432 82, p82, c96, 347 Petrarch, Francesco, p619, Ostia, Italy, 293 619–20; humanism and, Novgorod, Russia, 540 Pataliputra, 210 Ostrogoths, 322, m513, 514 619–20 Nubia, 69–70. See also paterfamilias, 307, 308 Otto I, emperor of Holy pharaohs, p45, 48, 49, p49, Kush, civilization of patriarchs, 355 Roman Empire, 519 50, 60, 62, 63, 64–66, p66, numbering systems: patricians, 269, 270–71, 278 Ottoman empire, 384–85, 67; embalming of, 49, Chinese, c236; based on Patrick, 363, 519 m385, 611, 659; p49, 50 10, c44, 51; based on 20, architecture, 384, p384; Paul III, Pope, 643 Pharisees, 100 585; based on 60, 21, c44; expansion of, m385; Paula, 362 Indian-Arabic, 215–16, Pheidippides, 135; modern government, 385; Paul of Tarsus, 348, 349, 391; Sumerian, 21 marathon and, 135 religion, 385 p349, 362 nuns, 362, 363, 545 Philadelphia, Ötzi, 12, p12; biography, Pax Romana, 287; good Pennsylvania, 700 Nzinga, queen of 12; weapons of, 12, p12 emperors of, c292 Matamba, 470, p471; Philip II, king of France, Oxford, England, 550 Peace of Augsburg, 639 biography, 471 538, 543 oxygen, 676 peasants, 636–37 Philip II, king of Peisistratus, 129 Macedonia, 175–76 O P Peloponnesian War, c112, Philip II, king of Spain, c138, m144, 144–46, 146, 649, p649, 664 oases, 373, 445 Pachacamac, 588 176; impact of, 176 Philip IV, king of France, Ocatavian, emperor of Pachacuti, Inca king, 588, Peloponnesus, m117, 120, 538 Rome, 282–83, 287–88, 589, p589, q589; m125 289. See also Augustus, Philippine Islands, 650 biography, 589 peninsula, 117 emperor of Rome Philistines, 87, 88, 89, 101 Pacific Northwest, 590; life Pepin, king of Franks, 515 odes, 304 philosophers, 140, 684, in, 590; Native American Pergamum, 178 Odoacer, 324 p684; Chinese, 235–39; people of, m590, 591; Pericles, 113, 140, 141, French, 684–86; Greek: Odysseus, 158 natural resources, 591 q141, p141, p145, q145; 140, ptg169, 169–70, c170, Odyssey (Homer), 157, 158, Pacific Ocean, 599 achievements of, 140–41; p172, 184; important 159 Paine, Tom, 699 “Age of,” 138–47; contributions of, c170, Oedipus Rex (Sophocles), Paleolithic Age, 10–11, c14; biography, 141; 184; influences on today, 161 adaptations to the democracy and, 141, c170, 184 Old Kingdom, Egypt’s, environment, 10, c14; 145; funeral oration, 145; philosophy, 169, 235–39; 47–52; pyramids, 50–52; arts and crafts, ptg10, ruler, leader, general, freedom of speech and, religion, 49–50; rulers of, c14; importance of fire statesman, 140–41 684; idea of absolute 48 and, 10; nomadic life of, persecution, 353 right and wrong, 170; Old Stone Age, 10 people, 10; roles of men Persia, m132, 132–37, 382, Socratic method, 170;

Index and women, 10, c14 Old Testament, 81, 88 383, m383, 392 use of reason, 684–85 Palestine, 101, 102, 362, oligarchy, 126–27, 129, 147 Persian Empire, 30, m132, Phoenicia, 132, m132 384, 542 94, 132–33; defeat of Olmec Empire, m575, Phoenicians, 62, 84; Panama, 599 Chaldeans and, 94; 575–76; first planned alphabet, 85, c85, 120 expansion and rise of, city, 575; trade, 575 Panchantantra, 215 pictographs, 228 132–33; fall of, 137; Panchen Lama, 208 pilgrimage, 376, p377, 378, Olympics, 128, p128; first, government and c378, 465, 466; of Mansa 108, p108; past and Papacy. See pope political organization of present, 128 Papal States, 515 of, 133–34; military of, Musa, 465, 466 Omar Khayyam, 392, p392, papermaking, 42, 245, 133; religion of, 133; pilgrims, 213, 547 393, q393; biography, 392 p245; China, 245; rulers of, 132–33, 134–35; Pilgrims, 693

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pilum • religion

pilum, 266, p266 porcelain, 418, 421-22, p422 Pyramid, 52; Great supporting details, Pi Sheng, 419 Portugal, 435, 472, 473, 558, Temple, 587, p587; 370–71; making Piye, king of Kush, 71 660; exploration, 660, inside, p51, c51; Kushite, connections, 114–15; p70, 71; Mayan, p576, monitor and adjust, Pizarro, Francisco, 661; slave trade and, 472–73, 661; trading 584; Moche, 577; 656–57; predicting, 599–600, 664; defeat of Pyramid of the Sun, 577; 36–37; previewing, 6–7; Inca, 600 empire of, 666; war with Muslims, 558, 666 Tikal, p576 questioning, 510–11; plague, 82, 319, 554; Poseidon, 155, p155 Pythagoras, 169, 185, c185; responding and bubonic, 554; ten plagues, reflecting, 300–01; Praetorian Guard, 287–88 Pythagorean theorem, 82. See also Black Death 169; scientific sequence clues, 340–41; praetors, 270 plane geometry, 185–86 contributions of, c185 taking notes, 260–61; Plataea, battle of, 137, 139 predestination, 640–41 text structure, 222–23; plateau, 446 predicting, 36–37 summarizing, 570–71 Q reason, 678, 681 Plato, 144, c170, p170, 171, prehistoric people, 9–15, 573–75, p574; migrations Reconquista, 558 172; biography, 172; Qin dynasty, m241, 241–43; ideas of, 170, c170 of, m573. See also Red Sea, 40, 60, 82, 446; humans, early government, 241–42, Plautus, 304 243; Great Wall, 242 parting of by Moses, prehistory, 9 ptg82 playwrights, 161, 183, 304, Qin Shihuangdi, emperor 625 previewing, 6–7 of China, 241–42, 243, Reformation, 634–37, 638, 639–41, 642–46, 647, plebeians, 269, 270–71, Prince, The (Machiavelli), p243, q243; biography, 648–50; Counter-, 273, 278; Council of the 614, 615 243; government of, 643–46; English, 648–49 Plebs, 270; political Prince Who Knew His 241–42, 243; legalism reforms by, 270–71 Fate, The, 53–58 and, 241, c247 reforms, 411 Plutarch, 126, q126 Principia (Newton), 676, Quebec, 692 regents, 493 poetry, 88, 157–58, 214–15, 677 Quechua, 588 reincarnation, 204, 206; 392, 393, 420–21, 470, printing, 419–20, 620–21, Quetzalcoatl, 597 caste system and, 204, 660; impact on spread of 206 501, 552, 620; epics, 20, Quran, 377–78, 393, 465, ideas, 620, 621; 157, 159, 183, 215, 304, 472; influence on religion: African, 463, invention of movable 552; Greek, 157–58; Muslims’ daily life, 378; m463, g463, 464–65, 467; type, 419, 620; invention Indian, 214; of King source of Islamic beliefs Aryan, 203; Aztec, 586, of the printing press, David, 88; Muslim, 392, and practices and law, 587; Bantu, 469; based 620–21 393; Renaissance, 620; 377; slavery and, 472; on reason, 685; Tang, 420–21; tanka, 501; privateers, 664 study of, p377, 465 Buddhism, 205–06, 208, troubadour, 552 procurator, 343 248, 412–13, 489, 492–93, 499; Calvinism, 640–41, polis, 122–23 prophecies, 156 649; Christianity, 81, 83, Politics (Aristotle), 171 R prophets, 87, 91, 377; major 91, 326, 338–65, 545–47, politics and political Hebrew, 91, c91 rabbis, 101 635–37, 639–41, 643–46, systems: absolutism, Protestantism, 639, 643–45, rain forests, p445, 445, 648–50; common beliefs 681, 686–89; Assyrian, 664, 665 450–51; kingdoms of, of Christians, Jews and 28; Lutheranism and, Protestants, 636, 640, 693; Muslims, 377; Counter- 639; natural law and, 450–51; Mayan Calvinism and, 640; civilization in, 575–76 Reformation, 643–46; 681–82; provinces as Catholics and, 643–45; deism, 685; Egyptian, raja, 199 political districts, 28; Lutheranism and, 636 49–50, 64; English reason and, 681–82, 683, Rama, 215 proverbs, 89, 470 Reformation, 648–50; 685–86; Roman, 278–79; Ramayana, 214 European, m645; 644–46; provinces, 28 separation of powers in, Ramses II, king of Egypt, freedom of, 354, 381, 682. See also government Prussia, 687

65, 66, p66, 67 385, 412–13, 645, 685, Index Ptolemy, 305, 660, 671, 672, Polo, Marco, p428, q428, Raphael. See Sanzio, 692, 693; government p672; scientific 428–29, p429; 612; Raphael and, 48, 208, 212, 228, contributions of, 305, 660 230, 462; Greek, 155–56; Pompeii, Italy, 290, p290 rationalism, 678 pueblos, 579–80 Hinduism, 203–04, 213; Pompey, 280, p280 Re, 49 Punic Wars, m274, 274–76; humanism and, 619; pope, 356, 359, 360, 361, reading skills: analyze and Pure Land Buddhism, 499 human sacrifice in, 584, 515, 519, 623, 636, 643, clarify, 606–07; building 587, 588; Incan, 588; 648 Puritans, 649, 693 vocabulary, 192–93; influences on society, 81; popular sovereignty, 700 Puteoli, Italy, 293 cause and effect, 482–83; Islam, 368–95, m380; population: migrations, pyramids, 34, p34, 50–52, compare and contrast, Jewish, 81–85, 95, 96, 469, m469; 573, m573; c51, p51, p52, p70, 71, 442–43; context clues, 133; Lutheranism, shifts, 120, 230, 417, 555, p576, 577, 584, 587, p587; 152–53; inferences, 636–37, 639; Mayan, 584; m573, 576; urban, 610. astronomy, math and 406–07; main idea, 78–79; Mesopotamian, 19; See also migrations building of, 51; Great main idea and monotheism in, 64, 81;

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Remus • Saratoga, Battle of

monotheism in, 64, 81; Rim-Sin, 22 and contests, p306, geography, m263, 263–64; music and, 476, 545; Rolfe, John, 692 306–07, p307; trade, Germanic influence on, persecution based on, 81, Roman Catholic Church, 332–33; women in, 308, 514; gods and goddesses 82, 96, 101, 646, 649; 356, 359, 360–61, 515, 333–34 of, c310; law, 273; legacy popular, 546; 519–21, 546, 634–36, 638, Roman Empire, 100–01, of, 325–26; origins of Reformation, 633–50; 639, 643–46, 648, 649, 650; 286–94; Augustus, rule Roman civilization, religous orders, 363, condemnation of Galileo, of, q287, 287–88, 289, 263–65; Second 545–46; religious texts, 81, 675; Council of Trent, 643, p289, 356; Christianity in, Triumvirate of, 282; 82, 91, 94, p94, 95, 96, 98, p643; Counter- 348, 352, m352, 354, 355, Senate, 270; spread of Christianity to, 348, 352, 99, 100, 101, 334, p334; Reformation and, 643–46; 356; conflict with Jews, m352. See also Roman, Roman, 309–10, c310, 324, English Reformation and, 100–01; decline and fall civilization of; Roman 326; sacraments in, 546; 648–49; Inquisition and, of, 319–24; Diocletian’s Empire; Roman Republic Samaritans, 91; Shang 547; Martin Luther and, reforms, 320; early, dynasty and, 227–28; 634–36, 638, 286–94; economy of, Romulus, 264 Shinto, 490; Tang dynasty missionaries, 650; 292–93, 319, 320; good Rosh Hoshana, c96 and, 412–13; Vedas as monastic religious orders, emperors of Pax Romana, Rousseau, Jean–Jacques, hymns and prayers for, 363; political roles of 291–92, c292, p292; 685–86 government of, 288, 214; wars about, 643, clergy, 355, 360; practices, Royal Standard of Ur, 19, 292–93; Jewish migration 644–45; worship of gods rituals, sacraments of, p19 546; Protestants and, in, 343; Julio-Claudian and goddesses, 81, Rubaiyat (Khayyam), 392 309–10, c310; worship of 643–46; punishment of emperors, 288, c288; Rubicon River, 280; one God, 64, 81; Jews, 547; Reformation location of territories in; “crossing the Rubicon,” Zorastrianism, 133. See and, 633–39, 648–50; military, 319; persecution 281 also individual listings religious orders of, of Christians and, 353; prosperity and unity of, “rule of law,” 273 Remus, 264 545–46; rise of, 519–21; role of in preservation of 290–94; road system, 294; Russia, 539–40, 688–89; Renaissance, 608–17, Roman learning and slavery in, 319 expansion of, 539; 619–26; art, 609–10, 612, religious texts, 520; Roman Republic, 265–267, government of, 539; in 613, 614, 619, 621, 622, scientific discoveries and, 268–76, 277–85; Assembly Middle Ages, 539-40; ptg622, 623–24, 625–26; 675, 684; selling of of Centuries, 270; birth Kievan Rus, 539–40; beginnings of, 609–10, indulgences, 634–35; of, 265–66; citizenship Moscow, 540, 689; 614–15; cartography spiritual roles of clergy, and, 281; corruption in, Mongol conquest of, 540 and, 660; Crusades and, 360; split from Eastern 278–79; Council of the Ruth, 98, 99, ptg99; 611, 619; emphasis on Orthodox Church, 361; Plebs, 270–71, 279; biography, 99 the secular, 609; impact spread of Christianty dictators of, 271, 279, 281, of printing press on and, 519–21; view of 284–85; expansion of, spread of ideas, 620, 621; church-state relations, 274–76; fall of, 277–83; S influence of Greek and 359; Voltaire and, 684–85. government of, 269–73, Roman thought on, 619, See also Christian Church; 287–88; Julius Caesar, Sabbath, 94 621; humanism and, Christianity; religion 280–81; Law of Nations, sacraments, 546 619–21; Italian, 609–15; Roman civilization, 273; law, system of, 273; Sadducees, 100 life of an artist, 624; 298–335; art and legacy of, 273; military of, Sahara, 40, 381, 445, 446, literature, 620, 626; architecture, 303, 326, 266–67, 279, 280–81, 447 meaning of, 609; 287–88; patricians, 269, 333, p333; Byzantine sailboats, 21, 452 Northern, 625; scientific Empire, 327–34; culture 270–71, 278; plebeians, saints, 546 study and, 621; spread of, 303–05, 326; economy 269, 270–71, 273, 278; of, 620–21, 625–26 of, 292–93, 319, 320; political reforms, 279, Saladin, king of Egypt, representative democracy, education in, 334; 281, 284; politics of, 542 138, 139, c140, 537, 538 emperors, 287–89, c288, 278–79; poverty in, Salamis strait of, 136; 278–79; Punic Wars, republic, 265–66 291, 320, 321; expansion battle of, p136, 136–37 of, m293; fall of, 317–26; m274, 274–76; Senate, salt mines, m448, 449, p449 Republic (Plato), 170 270, 271, 272, 278; trade, fall of Rome, 322–24; salt trade, 448, 449, c451 Index responding and reflecting, family life in, 307–08, 293, m293; transition to salvation, 350, 636 300–01 p309; Germanic invasion empire, 282–94; resurrection, 347, 348 of, 322–24; inflation in, triumvirates in, 280–81, Samaria, 90 282; Twelve Tables, 273; rhetoric, 307, 357 319; influence in the Samaritans, 91 modern world, 325–26; unification of, 267 Rhine River, 292, 323 Samuel, 87 Latin, 304; legacy of, Rome, 343–44, 352; samurai, 494 Richard I, king of 325–26; life in ancient, beginnings of, 262–67; Sanskrit, 199, c199, 214 England, 542–43 302–10; literature, 304; culture, 271; civilization rights. See citizens; religion, 309–10; of, 298–335; early Sanzio, Raphael, 623, 624 government; natural sculpture, 303; slavery influences on, 264–65; Saraswati, 204 rights during, 308–09; sports First Triumvirate of, 280; Saratoga, Battle of, 699

788 Index 772-791 EM-Index-875047 9/26/06 3:09 AM Page 789

Sargon, king of Akkadians • Suleiman I, sultan of Ottoman

Sargon, king of scientific method, 679, c679 shrines, 19, 490, 499, 500 577; geography, 577. See Akkadians, 23 Scientific Revolution, Shushruta, 216 also Inca Empire satires, 304 670–79, c676. See also Sicily, island of, 263, m263, South Tyrol Museum of satrapies, 133 science 274, 275, 555 Archaeology, 12 satraps, 133, 177 Scipio, 276 Siddhartha Gautama, Spain, 121, 343, 380, 514, Saul, king of Israelites, 87, scribes, 20, 21, 42, 45 prince, 205, 207, p207, 515, 558, 594–95, 646, 660, 88 sculpture, 163, 183, 229 q207. See also Buddha, 664; arrival in the Americas, 594–95; savannas, 69, 445, p445, Second Continental the silk farming, 417, p417 conquer of Mexico, 446 Congress, 699 595–97; Extremadura, Savonarola, Girolamo, sects, 499 Silk Road, m246, 246–47, 596; impact of 616, q616 secular, 609; interests 411, 428, 429, p429, 554, Reformation on, 646; Saxons, m513, 514 during Renaissance, 609 611 Jewish settlement of, 343; Scandinavia, 518 Seine River, 513 sinkholes, 583 Muslim rule of, 646; scapegoats, 548 Seleucid Empire, 178 Sita, 215 search for a sea route to Asia, 594; spread of Islam Selimiye Mosque, 384; Siva, 204, p204 schism, 361; bewteen to, 380; Visigoths, 514; prayer at, p384 slavery, 389–90, 472–73, Catholic and Eastern war with England, 664; Orthodox Churches, 361 Seljuk Turks, 383, 384 m473, 669, 693; Egyptian, 62; European war with Muslims, 558 Schliemann, Heinrich, 119 seminary, 643 trade in, 472–73, m473; Spanish Armada, 664; scholasticism, 550 Senate, Roman, 270, 271, Greek, 121, 122, 125, 126, defeat of, p664 School of Athens 272, 278 129, 142; Kushite, 72; Spanish Inquisition, 558, (Raphael), 624 Seneca, 304 Muslim of non-Muslims, 646 science: Arabic language Seneca people, 592; 389–90; Roman, 308–09, Sparta, 113, p113, 115, p115, and, 672; astronomy, 21, government of, 592 319, p319; slave ships, 124–30, m125, p126, 127, 30, 51, 185, 216, 391, 585, separation of powers, 682, p472; Sumerian, 20; p127; compared to c670, 671, 673–75; 700 within Africa, 472 Athens, 125–30: culture, barometer, 675; sequence clues, using, Slavs, 539–40 126–27, p127; chemistry, 391, 676; 340–41 smallpox, 596, 597, 599, government, 126, 127; classification of life in, 126–27; military, serfs, p524, 525, 688, 689 669; impact on substances, 391, 671, 673; Americas, 596, 597, 669 115, p115, 126–27, p127; contributions of Sermon on the Mount, 344, social class, 233, 249 wars and, 135–36, scientists, c185, 185–86, p344, 348 144–46 social contract, 682, 685–86 216, 391, 674–79; “The Seventeen Article Spartacus, 309; slave revolt development of Constitution” (Shotoku), Socrates, p109, 150, 168, in Rome, 309 instruments of, 675, 676; 488, q488 p168, p170, 170–71; ideas specialization, 15 discovery of cells, 676; Shakespeare, William, of, 170, c170 Spirit of Laws, The discovery of gases, 676; p618, 626, 627–32 Socratic method, 170, c172 early scientists, 671; (Montesquieu), 682, q682 Shang dynasty, m226, solid geometry, 182, 186 establishment of physics, “Spring Landscape” (Du 226–29; artists, p229, p231; 185, 186; gunpowder, 420; Solomon, king of Israelites, Fu) 421 cities of, 226–27; culture, hypothesis in, 679; p89, q89, 89–90, 343, 452; 227–28; development of Stamp Act, 697; riots impact of exploration on, meeting with Queen language and writing, against, p696 673; influence on Greeks Makeda, 452; temple 228; military, 227; steppes, 424 and Romans on, 671–72; built by, 89, p90 religion, 227–28, c247; Islamic, 672; Latin and, Solon, 124, 129; government Stevens, John Lloyd, 583 role of women, 227; 672; math and, 21, 42, 51, reforms of, 129 stocks, 667 social structure, 226–27 151, c185, 185–86, 215–17, Song dynasty, m411, Stoicism, 184, 310 sheikh, 373

585, 672; medicine, 184, 411–12 stoics, 184 Index Shiite Muslims, 382 216, 391, 671; Middle Songhai, medieval, 449, Stone Age, 9, 10 Ages, 671–73; Shikoku, 485, m485 c451, 462, 465; economy, St. Petersburg, 689 rationalism, 678; reason Shinto, 490, 499 c451; government, 462; stupas, 211, p211 and, 678–79; scientific shipbuilding, 518, 529, 613, location, c451; religion, subcontinent, 195 method, 678–79; Scientific 659–60 465; trade, c451 Revolution, 670–79; Sudan, 69 shogunate, 495, 496, 650 Song of Roland, 552, q552 seven-day week, 30; Sudras, 200, c200 standardization of shoguns, 494–497, 650, 669 Sophists, 169–70 weights and measures, Shotoku, prince of Japan, Sophocles, 161 Sufis, 381 243, 294; telescope and, 488, q488, 489, p489; South America, m13; Sui dynasty, 409–11; 674, p674, 675; 365–day biography, 489; creation civilization of, m577, building of the Grand calendar, 51, 585. See also of a constitution, 488; 577–78; economy, Canal, 410, p410 astronomy; inventions; government reforms of, 577–78; early farming in, Suleiman I, sultan of math; medicine 488 m13; food surpluses, Ottoman, 384

Index 789 772-791 EM-Index-875047 9/26/06 3:10 AM Page 790

sultan • Tutankhamen, king of Egypt

sultan, 383, 384, 385 Tarquins, ruling family of Thucydides, q141, q146, torii, 500 Sumer, 18, p18, 19, p19, 20, Rome, 265 173, q173, q189 Torquemada, Tomás de, 646 21; building techniques taxes and taxation, 28, 48, Thutmose III, pharaoh of “Tortoise and the Hare, of, 19; city-state, 19, p19; 89, 94, 234, 243, 247, 288, Egypt, 62 The” (Aesop), 158 c381, 381, 382, 385, 386, culture, 19, 20–21; Tiberius, emperor of Tours, battle of, 515 development of writing, 411, 426, 436, 448, 488, Rome, 288, p288, c288 trade: African trading 20, 21; economy, 20; 492, 494, 530, 537, 540, Tiber River, 263, m263, empires, 447, 448, 451, geography, 19; 543, 634, 636, 646, 660, 264, 293 c451, m452; Anasazi, 579; inventions, 21, 22; life in, 688, 697 Tibet, 208, 411 Arabic as language of, p18, 20; literature, 20–21; Tea Act, 697 388; camels and, 447; rise of, 18; religion of, Tigris River, m17, 18, 27, 382 technology, 11, 41, 418–20; colonial trade routes, 19; roles of men and Tikal, 576; pyramid in, p576 Chinese, 418–20, 422; m695; “death road,” 445; women, 20; scientific Timbuktu, 381, 449; trading first use of, 11, gold and salt, 447, 448, and mathematical city, 465, 467; center of navigation, 659. See also 449; Greek colonies and, advances, 21; slavery in, Muslim learning, 381, 465 inventions; science 121; growth of industry 20; social classes of, 20 telescopes, 674, 675; time lines: Africa, medieval, and, 121; Gupta Empire summarizing, 570–71 Galileo’s, 674, p674; c440, c444, c460, c468; and, 213; Harappan, 197; Summa Theologica Hubble, 674, p674 Americas, c568, c572, impact of Crusades and, (Aquinas), 550, 551 Temple of Delphi, p150 c582, c593; China, rise of 611; Italian city–state, early, c220, c224, c232, Sundiata Keita, king of 611–12; Marco Polo and, Temple of Karnak, p65, 66, c240; China in the Middle Mali, 449, 464 67 612; Mayan, 576, 584; Ages, c404, c408, c416, mercantilism and, 696; Sundiata: The Hungering Ten Commandments, 83, c423, c430, Christianity, Minoan, 118, 119; Moche, Lion, 454–59 q83; Ark of the Covenant, rise of, c338, c351, c358; 577; Mongol Empire and, Sunni Ali, emperor of 83, p83; as basic moral Egypt, ancient, c34, c38, 426, 429, 611–12; Songhai, 449, 462, 464 laws, 83; Moses with, p83 c47, c59, c68; monopoly, 576; Muslim, Tenochtitlán, 586, p586, Enlightenment and Sunni Muslims, 382 388; Mycenaean, 119; 594, 597; largest city of Revolution, c654, c658, Susa, 133 North African trade Americas, 594 c670, c680, c690, Europe, routes, m448; product Susanowo, 487 medieval c508, c512, c522, Teotihuacán, 575–76; first specialization and, 121; suttee, 201 c534, c544, c553; first planned city of restrictions, 696; river, Swahili, 469 civilizations, c4, c8, c16, Americas, 575 449, c451; routes, 213, c26; Greeks, ancient, c112, synagogues, 94, 98, 100 terror, 426; Mongol use of, m246, 246–47, m448; Silk c116, c124, c131, c138; Syria, 60, 132, 177, 380, 426 Road, m246, 246–47, 411, Greek civilization, c150, 384, 426, 541 428, 429, p429, 554, 611; text structure, 222–23 c154, c168, c174, c182; slave, 472–73, m473; theater, 160, p160, 161, p161, India, early c190, c194, T 501 ; actors’ masks, p161, c202, c209; Islamic Toltec, 576; Zhou dynasty, p501; Hellenistic Era of, civilization, c368, c372, 231; Zimbabwe, c451 183; modern, 160, p160; tragedy, Greek, 160 Tabascans, 597; defeat of c379, c387; Israelites, ruins of a Greek, p160 Aztec and, 597 ancient, c76, c80, c86, c93; treason, 431, 599 Thebes, Egypt, 60, 67 Japan, medieval c480, Taharqa, king of Kush, 72, Treaty of Paris, 699 c484, c491, c498; p72 Themistocles, 135–36 trial jury, 537 theocracy, 208 Renaissance and Taino, 595; arrival of the Reformation, c604, c608, tribes, 81, 373, 424 conquistadors, 595 Theocritus, 182, 183, q183 c618, c633, c642; Roman Tribonian, 330 Taj Mahal, 394, p394 Theodora, empress of civilization, c298; c302, tribunes, 270 Byzantine, 330, p330, Takamatsu castle, 497 c317, c327; Rome, rise of, tribute, 60, 89, 411, 540, 586 q330, 331, p331; c258, c262, c268, c277, c286 Tale of Genji, The Tripoli, 542 biography, 331 Titus, emperor of Rome, (Shikibu), 501, 502 triumph, Roman, 270 Theodosius, emperor of 290 Talmud, 102, q102 triumvirate, 280, p280, 282 Rome, 322, 354 Todaiji temple, Tang dynasty, m409, 411, 493, p493 Index theology, 550, 640; Trojan Horse, p157, 157–58 412, p412; culture of, token, to select jurors, p129 scholasticism and, 550 Trojan War, 120, 158 420–21; Empress Wu, Toltec, 576 theory, 671 Troy, m117, 157–58; battle female ruler of, 411; tools: artifacts, 9, 11, p11, of 157–58 government, 411, 414; life Theravada Buddhism, 206 12, p12, 14, p14; in, 412, p412; military, Thermopylae, 136 invention of, 11, 15, 230, Tudors, 648 411; neo-Confucianism Thousand and One Nights, 231, 235 Tu Fu. See Duo Fu in, 414; religion in, The, 393 Torah, 82, 91, 94, p94, 98, Turkey, 384–85 412–13, 414–15; Thrace, 133 100, 101; children Tutankhamen, king of tanka, 501 Three Gorges Dam studying, p98 Egypt, 65; gold mask of, Taoism. See Daoism Project, 410, p410 Toricelli, Evangelista, 675 p65

790 Index 772-791 EM-Index-875047 9/26/06 12:59 PM Page 791

Twelve Tables • Zuni

Twelve Tables, 273 Virginia Company, 692 334, 470, 471, 504, 585; Yoruba, 470, q470 Two Treatises of Vischer, Hans, 445 Greek, 129, 143; Yuan dynasty, 428 Government (Locke), 682 Visigoths, 322, 323, 324, 514 Japanese, 501, 504; Yucatán, 583 judges, 84; Mayan, tyranny, c112, c124, 125–26 Vistula River, 513 584–85; Muslim, 390; tyrant, 125–26, 147 viziers, 385 natural rights of, 685; Z vocabulary, 192–93 novelist, 502; regents, U Volga River, 513, 539 334; religions Zaccai, Yohanan ben, 101, Voltaire, p684, 684–85 communities of, 362; 102 Ukranians, 539 voting: rights, c140 religious, 84, 545, 556, Zama, battle of, 276 557; rights of, 46, 308, Umar, 380, c381 Zealots, 101, 343 331, 333–34, 585, 685; Umayyad caliphs, 380, 382 W role of in Aryan culture, Zen Buddhism, 499; monk United States: comparing 201; role of in early meditating, p499 Africa and, c446; warlords, 409 China; 227, 234–35; role Zeno, 184 comparing Athenian War of the Roses, 557 of in Neolithic and zero, invention of, 215 democracy and, c140 warrior codes, 122, 494, Paleolithic Ages, c14; Zeus, 155, p155, 156 United States 495; Bushido, 494, 495; role of in Shang dynasty, Zhang Qian, 246–47 Constitution, 700 227; Roman, 308; rulers, influence on modern Zheng He, 433, p434, 434, universities, 550 thought, 494 330, 331, 452, 470, 471, 504, 558, 585, 594, 664, 435; biography, 434; Untouchables, p200, wars: American Revolution, 665, 688, 689; sports and, voyages of, m433, 433, 200–01; today, 200, p200 698–699; Crusades, 127; warriors, 470, 504 434, 435 Upanishads, 203, 213 541–43; Hundred Years’, Wollstonecraft, Mary, 685, Zheng Zhenxiang, 227 urban, 610; population, 610 557; Mycenaean, 120, 157–58; Peloponnesian, p685, q685 Zhou dynasty, 108, 229–31, Urban II, Pope, p541 541, c112, c138, m144, 144–46, woodblock printing, 419 m230; agriculture, 230; urban nobles, discoveries and 614–15; in 146, 176; Persian, m134, Wood, Michael, q180 city–states, 614 134–37, p136, 177; Punic inventions, 230; fall of, wool, 529, 611, 612 Uthman, 380, c381 m274, 274–76; religious, 231; government, 541–43, 644–45; Thirty writing: calligraphy, 501; 229–30; 230; religion, Years’ War, 645; Trojan, cuneiform, 20, c44; 230; trade and V 120; War of the Roses, 557 development of, 42, 61, manufacturing, 231 Washington, George, 698, 70, 585; hieroglyphics, Zhu Yuanzhang, emperor Vaisyas, 200, c200 700 42, 61, 70, 585; Japanese, of China, 431, 432 501; Mayan, 585; Valley of the Kings, 60, 62 Wendi, emperor of China, ziggurat, 18, p18, 19, 29; Muslim, 393; Nubian, 70 Vandals, 323–24 409–10 ruins of, p4 Wu, empress of China, 411 van Eyck, Jan, 625 West Africa, 447–49; Zimbabwe, c451, 453; ruins varnas, 200–01 economies, c451; Wu Wang, 229 of, p453, m468; trade and, c451, 453 vassals, 496, 497, 523 empires of, 447–49; Wycliffe, John, 635 European arrival in, 472; Zoroaster, 131, p131, 133 vault, 303 influence of Islam on Zoroastrianism, 133 Vedas, the, 203, 214 464–65, 467; location of, X Zuni, 591 Venice, Italy, 529, 610, 613, 448, c451; slave trade, ptg613, p613; art of, 613; 472–73; trade, 447, Xavier, Francis, 650 city-state, 610, importance 448–49, c451, 472–73 Xenophon, 143, q143 of in Renaissance, 610; West Bank, 14 Xerxes, king of Persia; shipbuilding, 613; trade Western Wall, 101 p131, 135; invasion of and, 610–11 “A Wild-Goose Chase: Greece, c112 Vera Cruz, Mexico, 575 The Story of Philemon Xia dynasty, 226 Index vernacular, 552, 620, 634; and Baucis,” 311–16 Xiongnu, 242, 245, 247 translation of Bible into, William, king of England 634 (William the Verrazano, Giovanni da, Conqueror), 535–36 Y 664 Winthrop, John, 693 Yamoto, 487, 488; Taika Vesalius, Andreas, 676 Wittenberg, Germany, 635 and, 488 Vespasian, emperor of women: Aztec, 587; Yangdi, emperor of China, Rome, 290 Byzantine, 333; 410–11 veto, 270 Christianity and, 353; Yayoi, 486–87 Vikings, 518–19, 535, 539 composers, 545; education of, 308; Yom Kippur, c96 Virgil, 304, 326 Enlightenment and, 685; Yong Le, emperor of Virginia, 692, 693, 694 government and, 235, China, 431–32

Index 791 792-794 EM Ack-875047 9/26/06 3:23 AM Page 792

Lovell/National Geographic Society Image Collection; 1 (tl)Brooklyn Text Museum of Art, New York/Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund/Bridgeman Art 33 “The Mesopotamian View of Death” from Poems of Heaven and Hell From Library, (bl)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (others)SuperStock; 2–3 Ancient Mesopotamia, translated by N.K. Sandars (Penguin Classics, 1971), ©Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved; 2 (t)S. Fiore copyright © N.K. Sandars, 1971. Reprinted by permission of Penguin Group SuperStock, (c)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (bl)Giansanti Gianni/CORBIS Sygma, (UK). 53 From The Prince Who Knew his Fate: an Ancient Egyptian Tale, translated (bc)Louvre Museum, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library, (br)Metropolitan from hieroglyphs and illustrated by Lise Manniche, copyright © 1982 by Lise Museum of Art, Rogers Fund and Edward S. Harkness Gift,1929 (29.3.3); 3 (t Manniche and IBIS. Used by permission of Philomel Books, A Division of to b)Sylvain Grandadam/Getty Images, Timothy Kendall/Museum of Fine Penguin Young Readers Group, A Member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 345 Arts, Boston, Gary Cralle/Getty Images, (l to r)O. Louis Mazzatenta/National Hudson Street, New York, NY 10014. All rights reserved. 239 Excerpt from Geographic Society Image Collection, SuperStock, Bettmann/CORBIS; 4–5 “Higher Good Is like Water” from The Essential Tao, translated and presented Georg Gerster/Photo Researchers; 10 Michael Holford; 11 American Museum by Thomas Cleary. Copyright © 1991 by Thomas Cleary. Reprinted by of Natural History; 12 (tr)Giansanti Gianni/CORBIS Sygma, (bl)Kenneth permission of HarperCollins Inc. 264 Excerpt from Virgil’s Aeneid, translated Garrett; 14 (l)Michael Holford, (r)Ron Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture by Robert Fitzgerald. Translation copyright © 1981, 1982, 1982 by Robert Collection; 17 Hirmer Verlag; 18 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 19 (l)Nik Wheeler Fitzgerald. Reprinted by permission of Random House, Inc. 311 “A Wild CORBIS, (r)Michael Holford; 20 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 21 (l)Mesopotamian Goose Chase: The Story of Philemon and Baucis” reprinted with the Iraq Museum, Baghdad, Iraq/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Will permission of Margaret K. McElderry Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Hart/PhotoEdit; 22 akg-images; 24 Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Children’s Publishing Division from Roman Myths by Geraldine Resource, NY; 25 Louvre, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library; 28 Boltin Picture McCaughrean. Text copyright © 1999 by Geraldine McCaughrean. 420 “Seeing Library; 29 Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 30 S. Fiore/SuperStock; 31 Scala/Art a Friend Off” and “Still Night Thoughts” by Li Bo, from The Columbia Book of Resource, NY; 34–35 Brian Lawrence/Image State; 37 Gianni Dagli Orti Chinese Poetry, translated by Burton Watson. Copyright © 1984 by Columbia CORBIS; 40 John Lawrence/Getty Images; 41 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, University Press. Reprinted by permission. 421 “Spring Landscape” by Tu Fu, NY; 42 (l)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY, (r)Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 43 translated by David Hinton, from The Selected Poems of Tu Fu, copyright © 1988, (l)Caroline Penn/CORBIS, (r)Kenneth Garrett; 48 Sylvain Grandadam/Getty 1989 by David Hinton. Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Images; 50 (t)The British Museum, (b)Musee du Louvre, Paris Explorer/ Corp. 454 “Mali-The Madinka Empire: Sundiata: The Hungering Lion” from SuperStock; 51 Musee du Louvre, Paris/Explorer SuperStock; 52 John African Kingdoms of the Past, copyright © 1996 by Kenny Mann. Reprinted by Heaton/CORBIS; 60 Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 61 (l)Smithsonian permission of the author. 470 “Dignity” by E.A. Babalola, from Ants Will not Institution, (r)file photo; 63 Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund and Eat Your Fingers: A Selection of Traditional African Poems, edited by Leonard W. Edward S. Harkness Gift,1929 (29.3.3); 64 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 65 Dobb. Copyright © 1966 by Leonard W. Dobb. Reprinted by permission of (t)Egyptian National Museum, Cairo/SuperStock, (b)Gavin Hellier/Getty Walker and Company. 501 Tanka from the Kokinshu, from From the Country of Images; 66 (t)Michael Holford, (b)O. Louis Mazzatenta National Geographic Eight Islands by Hiroaki Sato and Burton Watson, copyright © 1981 by Hiroaki Society Image Collection; 69 Egyptian Expedition of The Metropolitan Sato and Burton Watson. Used by permission of Doubleday, a division of Museum of Art, The Rogers Fund, 1930 (30.4.21)/The Metropolitan Museum Random House, Inc. 627 “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” from The Children’s of Art; 70 Timothy Kendall/Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; 71 Brooklyn Shakespeare by E. Nesbit. Copyright © 1938 by Random House, Inc. Reprinted Museum of Art, New York/Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund/Bridgeman Art by permission. 738 Excerpt from Gilgamesh by John Gardner and John Maier, Library; 72 SuperStock; 73 Egyptian National Museum, Cairo/SuperStock; copyright © 1984 by the Estate of John Gardner and John Maier. Used by 76–77 Anthony Pidgeon/Lonely Planet Images; 79 CORBIS; 81 Tom Lovell permission of Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc. 739 Excerpt National Geographic Society Image Collection; 82 (l)North Wind Picture from Genesis 12 from The Revised English Bible, copyright © 1989 Oxford Archives, (r)Leland Bobbe/Getty Images; 83 (t)The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, University Press. Reprinted by permission. 740 Excerpts from The Essential (c)Stock Montage/SuperStock, (b)Laura Zito/Photo Researchers; 84 (l)Mary Confucius, translated and presented by Thomas Cleary. Copyright © 1992 by Evans Picture Library, (r)Charles & Josette Lenars/CORBIS; 87 Mary Evans Thomas Cleary. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Inc. 741 “Night” Picture Library; 88 (t)Bettmann/CORBIS, (b)Private Collection/Bridgeman from The Rig Veda, translated by Wendy Diniger O’Flaherty (Penguin Classics, Art Library; 89 Stock Montage/SuperStock; 94 (l)Richard T. Nowitz/CORBIS, 1981), copyright © Wendy Doniger O’Flaherty, 1981. Reprinted by permission (c)Bill Aro/PhotoEdit, (r)SuperStock; 95 Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, of Penguin Group (UK). 744 “Mali in the Fourteenth Century” from The Merseyside, UK, National Museums Liverpool/Bridgeman Art Library; 96 African Past: Chronicles from Antiquity to Modern Time, by Basil Davidson. CORBIS; 97 (l)Christie’s Images Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Nathan Benn 98 99 101 Copyright © 1964 by Basil Davidson. Reprinted by permission of Curtis CORBIS; Lawrence Migdale Getty Images; SuperStock; (t)Dave Brown Ltd. 746 Excerpt from “Epic Description of the Beseiged City” from The Bartruff/CORBIS, (c)Gary Cralle/Getty Images, (b)Paul Chesley/Getty Images; 103 (t)Stock Montage/SuperStock, (b)SuperStock; 106 (t)Erich Broken Spears by Miguel Leon-Portilla. Copyright © 1962, 1990 by Miguel Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b)Louvre Museum, Paris/Bridgeman Art Leon-Portilla. Expanded and updated Edition © 1992 by Miguel Leon-Portilla. Library; 107 (t)Boltin Picture Library, (tr)Stock Montage/SuperStock, Reprinted by permission of Beacon Press, Boston. 747 From The Kidnapped (c)Smithsonian Institution, (b)CORBIS; 108 (t)National Museums of Prince: The Life of Olaudah Equiano, by Olaudah Equiano, adapted by Ann Scotland/Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Borromeo/Art Resource, NY, (b)file Cameron. Copyright © 1995 by Ann Cameron. Reprinted by permission of photo; 109 (t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (c)Hugh Sitton/Getty Images, (b)Erich Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc. Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 110–111 ©Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Glencoe would like to acknowledge the artists and agencies who participated Rights Reserved; 110 (tl)Getty Images, (c)Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Art in illustrating this program: Mapping Specialists, Inc.; Studio Inklink; WildLife Library, (bl)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (bcl)Christie's, London/Bridgeman Art Art Ltd. Library/SuperStock, (bcr)Vanni/Art Resource, NY, (br)Scala/Art Resource, NY; 111 (t to b)Robert Harding Picture Library, Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Resource, NY, Digital Vision, (l to r) Alinari/Art Resource, NY, Photo Credits Sandro Vannini/CORBIS, Hulton/Getty Images, National Geographic COVER (bkgd)Christie’s Images/CORBIS, (t)Epix Photography/Getty Society Image Collection; 112–113 Vanni Archive/CORBIS; 115 Foto Images, (cl)Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (c)Scala/Art Resources, NY, Marburg/Art Resource, NY; 117 Steve Vidler SuperStock; 118 (t)Gianni Dagli (cr)Keren Su/Getty Images, (bl)Vladimir Pcholkin/Getty Images, Orti/CORBIS, (bl)Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY; 119 (t)Alberto (br)CORBIS; GH1 (t)Dallas and John Heaton/CORBIS, (c)Jamie Harron Incrocci/Getty Images, (b)Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY; 122 The Art CORBIS, (b)Owen Franken/CORBIS; GH2 Getty Images; GH3 Getty Images; Archive/National Archaeological Museum Athens/Dagli Orti; 123 National Tools 0 (t)Ron Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (bl)AFP Museums of Scotland/Bridgeman Art Library; 125 The Art Archive/E.T. Worldwide, (br)James King-Holmes/Photo Researchers; Tools 1 (t)Scala/Art Archive; 126 Foto Marburg/Art Resource, NY; 127 (l)Bettmann CORBIS, Resource, NY, (b)Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY; Tools 2 (t)American Museum (r)Michael Holford; 128 (l)Tom Lovell/National Geographic Society Image of Natural History, (tc)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (bc)Chester Beatty Library, Collection, (r)Dan Helms/NewSport/CORBIS; 129 (t)Nimatallah/Art Dublin/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; Tools 3 Resource, NY, (b)The Brooklyn Museum, Charles Wilbour Fund; 130 Ronald (t)National Museums of Scotland/Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Borromeo/Art Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; 131 (l)Mary Evans Picture Resource, NY, (b)Asian Art & Archaeology/CORBIS; Tools 4 (t)Richard T. Library, (c)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)Roger Wood/CORBIS; 132 SEF/Art Nowitz/CORBIS, (b)David Hiser/Getty Images; Tools 6 (t)Lawrence Resource, NY; 133 The Art Archive/Dagli Orti; 135 Bettmann/CORBIS; 136 Manning/CORBIS, (b)Vanni Archive/CORBIS; Tools 7 (l)Frans Lemmens Peter Connolly; 139 Steve Vidler/SuperStock; 141 (t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, Getty Images, (tr)J. Bertrand/Photo Researchers, (br)Giraudon/Art Resource, (b)Vanni Archive/CORBIS; 142 Smithsonian Institution; 143 Nimatallah/Art NY; Tools 10 (tr)Tom Lovell/National Geographic Society Image Collection, Resource, NY; 144 Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 145 Scala/Art Resource, NY; (bl)Matthews/Network/CORBIS Saba, (br)Dan Helms/NewSport/CORBIS; 147 Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY; 150–151 Roger Wood/CORBIS; 153 Tools 11 (tl)Art Resource, NY, (tcl)CORBIS, (tcr)The Art Archive/Bibliotheque Alinari/Art Resource, NY; 155 (cw from top)Bettman/CORBIS, The Art Nationale Paris, (tr)Christopher Liu/ChinaStock, (bl)Jean-Leon Huens Archive/National Archaeological Museum Athens/Dagli Orti, The Art National Geographic Society Image Collection, (br)NASA; 0 (t)Reunion des Archive/Achaeological Museum Tarquina/Dagli Orti, Lauros/Giraudon Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, (c)John Heaton/CORBIS, (b)Tom Bridgeman Art Library, Lauros/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, The Art

792 Acknowledgements 792-794 EM Ack-875047 9/26/06 3:28 AM Page 793

Archive/Archaeological Museum Venice/Dagli Orti, Fitzwilliam Museum, (others)The Newark Museum/Art Resource, NY; 295 Michael Holford; University of Cambridge, UK/Bridgeman Art Library, Giraudon/Bridgeman 298–299 Picture Finders Ltd./eStock; 301 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 303 Art Library, Peter Willi/Bridgeman Art Library, Wolfgang Kaehler/CORBIS; Nik Wheeler/CORBIS; 304 Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France, 156 Mary Evans Picture Library; 157 James L. Stanfield/National Geographic Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library; 306 Pierre Belzeaux/Photo Researchers; Society Image Collection; 158 Alinari/Art Resource, NY; 159 Scala/Art 307 (t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (b)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 308 Scala/ Resource, NY; 160 (l)SuperStock, (r)Eric Robert/CORBIS; 161 (t)Erich Art Resource, NY; 309 (l)Stanley Searberg, (r)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 318 Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b)Mary Evans Picture Library; 162 (tl)Joel W. CORBIS; 319 Scala/ Art Resource, NY; 320 The Newark Museum/Art Rogers/CORBIS, (tc)Dave Bartruff/CORBIS, (tr)Vanni Archive/CORBIS, Resource, NY; 321 (t)Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey/E.T. Archives, (b)Charles O’Rear/CORBIS; 168 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 169 Scala/Art London/SuperStock, (b)C. Boisvieux/Photo Researchers; 322 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 170 (l)Mary Evans Picture Library, (cl)Scala/Art Resource, NY, Resource, NY; 324 Mary Evans Picture Library; 325 (l)Sean Sexton (cr)Museo Capitolino, Rome/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock, (r)Reunion Collection/CORBIS, (r)Donald Dietz/ Stock Boston PictureQuest; 328 des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 172 (t)SEF/Art Resource, NY, Stapleton Collection, UK/Bridgeman Art Library; 330 Scala/Art Resource, (b)Scala/Art Resource, NY; 175 file photo; 177 Robert Harding Picture Library; NY; 331 Andre Durenceau/National Geographic Society Image Collection; 178 (l)Yan Arthus-Bertrand/CORBIS, (r)Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Art 332 (l)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY, (c)Brian Lawrence SuperStock, (r)Ronald Library; 180 David Lees/CORBIS; 181 Sandro Vannini/CORBIS; 183 Araldo Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; 333 The Art Archive/Haghia de Luca/CORBIS; 184 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 185 North Wind Sophia Istanbul/Dagli Orti; 334 Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; 335 Picture Archives; 186 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 187 Sandro Vannini/CORBIS; Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 338–339 Richard T. Nowitz/CORBIS; 341 akg- 190–191 David Cumming/CORBIS; 196 (l)Robert Harding Picture Library, images/Orsi Battaglini; 343 Nathan Benn CORBIS; 344 (l)Reunion des Musees (c)National Museum of India, New Delhi, India/Bridgeman Art Library, Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, (r)Scala Art Resource, NY; 345 (l)Erich (r)Borromeo/Art Resource, NY, (br)Harappan National Museum of Karachi, Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (r)Tate Gallery, London/Art Resource, NY; 346 Karachi, Pakistan/Bridgeman Art Library; 200 (l)Carl Purcell/The Purcell (t)Elio Ciol/CORBIS, (b)Scala/Art Resource, NY; 347 Louvre, Team, (r)AFP Worldwide; 203 (l)Robert Harding Picture Library, (r)Borromeo Paris/Bridgeman Art Library; 348 The New York Public Library/Art Art Resource, NY; 204 (t)SEF/Art Resource, NY, (b)Victoria & Albert Museum, Resource, NY; 349 (t)Danita Delimont/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, London/Art Resource, NY; 205 Rajesh Bedi/National Geographic Image (b)Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Resouce, NY; 350 akg images/Orsi Collection; 206 Borromeo/Art Resource, NY; 207 (l)Archivo Iconografico, Battaglini; 353 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 356 Cott Nero DIV f.25v Portrait of St. S.A./CORBIS, (r)Christie’s Images, London Bridgeman Art Library Matthew/British Library, London/Bridgeman Art Library; 357 (t)Scala/Art SuperStock; 208 Sheldan Collins/CORBIS; 211 (l)Robert Harding Picture Resource, NY, (b)Alinari/Art Resource, NY; 359 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 360 Library, (r)Hugh Sitton/Getty Images; 212 (l)Ancient Art & Architecture (t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (b)Michael Holford; 362 (l)Galleria dell’ Collection, (r)Hulton Archive/Getty Images News Services; 214 The British Accademia, Florence, Italy/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)PRAT/CORBIS; 363 Library, London/Bridgeman Art Library; 217 SEF/Art Resource, NY; 220–221 C.M. Dixon/Photo Resources; 364 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 365 Cott Nero D.E. Cox/Getty Images; 223 file photo; 227 Asian Art & Archaeology CORBIS; DIV f.25v Portrait of St. Matthew/British Library, London/Bridgeman Art 228 Bridgeman/Art Resource, NY; 229 (bl)file photo, (br)The Art Archive/ Library; 368–369 Nabeel Turner/Getty Images; 371 Paul Dupuy Museum, Musee Cernuschi Paris/Dagli Orti, (others)Asian Art & Archaeology/ Toulouse, France/Lauros-Giraudon, Paris/SuperStock; 373 CORBIS; 231 file photo; 232 (l)Robert Frerck/Odyssey Productions, (l)DiMaggio/Kalish/CORBIS, (r)Kevin Fleming/CORBIS; 375 Bibliotheque (c)ChinaStock, (r)Dennis Cox; 234 Lawrence Manning/CORBIS; 235 (t)Seattle Nationale, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library; 376 (t)C. Hellier Ancient Art & Museum of Art/Laurie Platt Winfrey, (b)Asian Art & Archaeology/CORBIS, Architecture Collection, (b)George Chan/Photo Researchers; 377 (others)Christopher Liu/ChinaStock; 236 Chen Yixin ChinaStock; 237 Vanni/ (l)AFP/CORBIS, (r)ARAMCO; 380 The Art Archive/Hazem Palace Art Resource, NY; 238 (tl)Robert Frerck/Odyssey Productions, (tc)ChinaStock, Damascus/Dagli Orti; 381 Burstein Collection/CORBIS; 382 Alison Wright (tr)Dennis Cox, (b)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 243 (t)ChinaStock, (b)Robert CORBIS; 383 Nik Wheeler; 384 James L. Stanfield/National Geographic Harding Picture Library; 244 Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris; 245 (l)Ontario Society Image Collection; 385 Bettmann/CORBIS; 386 Chester Beatty Library, Science Centre, (r)Dean Conger/CORBIS; 247 (l)The Art Archive/National Dublin/Bridgeman Art Library; 387 (l)Mary Evans Picture Library, Palace Museum Taiwan, (others)The Art Archive/British Library; 249 (t)file (c)Bettmann/CORBIS; 388 Richard Bickel/CORBIS; 389 (t)Jeff Greenberg photo, (b)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 252 (l)Scala/Art Resource, NY, Photo Researchers, (b)The Art Archive/Harper Collins Publishers; 390 (c)Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (r)Burstein Collection/CORBIS; 253 (l)Stapleton Collection, UK/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)David Turnley (tl)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (c)Victoria & Albert Museum, London/ CORBIS; 391 (t)R & S Michaud/Woodfin Camp & Assoc., (b)Paul Dupuy Art Resource, NY, (bl)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, Museum, Toulouse, France/Lauros-Giraudon, Paris/Super-Stock; 392 (br)The British Museum, London/Bridgeman Art Library; 254 (l)Cott Nero Bettmann/CORBIS; 394 Galen Rowell/CORBIS; 395 ARAMCO; 398 (t)Scala DIV f.25v Portrait of St. Matthew/British Library, London/Bridgeman Art Art Resource, NY, (bl)Smithsonian Institution, (bc)Michael Holford, Library, (tr)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (br)Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; (br)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 399 (tl)Stock Montage, (tr)Michael Holford, 255 (t)Pierre Belzeaux/Photo Researchers, (c)Brian Lawrence/SuperStock, (c)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (bl)Roy Rainford/Robert Harding/Getty Images, (l)Nik Wheeler; 256–257 ©Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights (br)Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library; 400 (tl)The British Reserved; 256 (t)Ric Ergenbright, (c)Sean Sexton Collection/CORBIS, Museum/Topham-HIP/The Image Works, (c)Angelo Hornak/CORBIS, (bl)Robert Emmett Bright Photo Researchers, (bcl)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (bl)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (br)Erich (bcr)Danita Delimont Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (br)Werner Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 401 (tl)Aldona Sabalis/Photo Researchers, Forman/Art Resource, NY; 257 (t to b)Brian Lawrence/SuperStock, Richard T. (tc)National Museum of Taipei, (tr)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY, Nowitz CORBIS, Nabeel Turner/Getty Images, (l to r)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (c)Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (bl)Ron Dahlquist/SuperStock, Scala/Art Resource, NY, Earl & Nazima Kowall/CORBIS, Bettmann CORBIS; (br)akg-images; 402–403 ©Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights 258–259 Roy Rainford Robert Harding/Getty Images; 261 Ronald Sheridan/ Reserved; 402 (t)Stock Boston, (c)Peter Adams/Getty Images, (bl)Art Acknowledgements Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; 264 Francis Schroeder SuperStock; 265 Resource, NY, (bcl)Ali Meyer/CORBIS, (bcr)Mary Evans Picture Library, (t)file photo, (b)Scala/Art Resource, NY; 266 Stock Montage; 267 Prenestino (br)Kadokawa/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; 403 (t to b)Tom Museum, Rome/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock; 269 Michael Holford; Wagner/Odyssey Productions, Greg Gawlowski/Lonley Planet Images, Jim 270 Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; 271 The Art Zuckerman/CORBIS, (l to r)Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas, USA, Archive Archeological Museum Beirut/Dagli Orti; 272 North Wind Picture Robert Lee Memorial Collection, gift of Sarah C. Blaffer/Bridgeman Art Archives; 273 Alinari/Art Resource, NY; 278 The Art Archive/Archeological Library, Courtesy Museum of Maritimo (Barcelona); Ramon Manent CORBIS, Museum Aquileia/Dagli Orti; 279 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 280 ChinaStock, Christie’s Images/CORBIS; 404–405 CORBIS; 407 Kadokawa/ (tl)Archaeological Museum, Venice/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock, Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; 410 (l)The Art Archive Bibliothèque (bl)Louvre, Paris Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/ Nationale Paris, (r)Christopher Liu/ChinaStock; 412 Ira Kirschenbaum/Stock Art Resource, NY, (r)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; Boston; 413 Bettmann/CORBIS; 414 Snark/Art Resource, NY; 415 Michael 281 (l)SuperStock, (c)Museo e Gallerie Nazionali di Capodimonte, Naples, Freeman/CORBIS; 417 (l)Keren Su/CORBIS, (r)Philadelphia Free Library/ Italy/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Mary Evans Picture Library; 282 Bettmann/ AKG, Berlin SuperStock; 419 Werner Forman Art Resource, NY; 420 The Art CORBIS; 283 North Wind Picture Archive; 284 Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY; Archive/British Library; 421 (l)The Art Archive/National Peace Museum 285 Bridgeman Art Library; 287 Victoria & Albert Museum, London/ Taiwan, (c)Naomi Duguid/Asia Access, (r)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Bridgeman Art Library; 288 (t)C. Hellier/Ancient Art & Architecture Library; 422 (l)The British Museum Topham-HIP/The Image Works, (c)Laurie Collection, (tc)Ronald Sheridan Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (bc)The Platt Winfrey, (r)Seattle Art Museum/CORBIS; 424 (t)National Museum of Art Archive/Museo Capitolino Rome/Dagli Orti, (b)The Art Archive/ Taipei, (b)J. Bertrand/Photo Researchers; 425 James L. Stanfield; 426 Werner Staatliche Glypothek Munich/Dagli Orti; 289 Robert Emmett Bright/Photo Forman Archive; 427 (t)Kadokawa/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, Researchers; 290 (l)Seamus Culligan ZUMA/CORBIS, (r)Jonathan Blair/ (b)Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France/Bridgeman Art Library; 428 The CORBIS; 291 Ric Ergenbright; 292 (l)Roma, Museo Nazion/Art Resource, NY, Bodleian Library, Oxford, Ms. Bodl. 264, fol.219R; 429 Hulton/Getty Images; (cr)Staatliche Glypothek, Munich, Germany/E.T. Archive, London/ 431 Christie’s Images/CORBIS; 432 SEF/Art Resource, NY; 433 ChinaStock; SuperStock, (others)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS; 294 (tl)B. Wilson/ 434 ChinaStock; 435 The Art Archive; 436 Bonhams, London, UK/Bridgeman Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (tr)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, Art Library; 437 Laurie Platt Winfrey; 440–441 Peter Adams/Getty Images; 443

Acknowledgements 793 792-794 EM Ack-824133 7/19/04 11:21 PM Page 794

Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY; 445 (t)Christine Osborne/Lonely Planet Vienna; 586 Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 587 (r)E.T. Archive, (others)Michel Images, (tc)Frans Lemmens/Getty Images, (bc)Brand X Pictures, (b)Michael Zabe/Museo Templo Mayor; 588 akg-images/Ulrich Zillmann; 589 (t)The Art Dwyer Stock Boston/PictureQuest; 449 Volkmar Kurt Wentzel/National Archive/Museo Pedro de Osma Lima/Mireille Vautier, (b)Jeremy Horner Geographic Society Image Collection; 450 (l)Werner Forman/Art Resource, Getty Images; 591 (l)Addison Doty/Morning Star Gallery, (r)J. Warden NY, (c)The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Michael C. Rockefeller SuperStock; 594 The City of Plainfield, NJ; 595 (l)Mary Evans Picture Library, Memorial Collection, Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1964 (1978.412.310), (r)The (r)Dave Bartruff/CORBIS; 596 (l)The Oakland Museum, (others)Biblioteca British Museum, London/Bridgeman Art Library; 452 (t)Nik Wheeler/ Colombina, Sevilla, Spain; 597 HIP/Scala/Art Resource, NY; 598 (t)Archivo CORBIS, (b)Merilyn Thorold/Bridgeman Art Library; 453 MIT Collection/ CORBIS; 461 (t)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY, (b)HIP/Scala/Art Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS, (b)The Art Archive/National History Museum Resource, NY; 462 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 464 Charles & Josette Lenars/ Mexico City/Dagli Orti; 599 Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY; 601 Gianni CORBIS; 465 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 466 (t)Courtesy Museum of Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 604–605 Bill Ross/CORBIS; 607 Musee du Louvre, Paris Maritimo (Barcelona); Ramon Manent/CORBIS, (b)Steven Rothfeld/Getty Giraudon, Paris/SuperStock; 610 akg-images; 611 Palazzo Ducale, Mantua, Images; 470 Jason Laure; 471 (t)National Maritime Museum, London, Italy/M. Magliari/Bridgeman Art Library, London/SuperStock; 612 Scala Art (b)Maggie Steber CORBIS SABA; 472 Art Resource, NY; 473 Michael Holford; Resource, NY; 613 (l)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (r)Kindra Clineff/Index Stock; 474 (l)Dennis Wisken/Lonely Planet Images, (r)Lawrence Migdale/Getty 614 Archiv/Photo Researchers; 615 Araldo de Luca/CORBIS; 616 Super- Images; 475 (l)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY, (r)Andy Sacks/Getty Stock; 617 Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS; 618 (cr)Erich Lessing Art 476 477 480–481 Images; Jason Laure; Jason Laure; Orion Press/Getty Images; Resource, NY, (r)Art Resource, NY, (others)Mary Evans Picture Library; 619 485 Masao Hayashi/Dunq/Photo Researchers; 486 (l)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (l)Maiman Rick/CORBIS Sygma, (r)Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library; 620 (cl)The Art Archive, (others)Sakamoto Photo Research Laboratory/CORBIS; 487 Asian Art & Archaeology/CORBIS; 489 (t)Art Resource, NY, The Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource, NY; 621 (l)The Art Archive (b)mediacolor’s Alamy Images; 490 Frederic A. Silva/Lonely Planet Images; Manoir du Clos Luce/Dagli Orti, (c)Baldwin H. Ward & Kathryn C. Ward 492 Angelo Hornak/CORBIS; 493 (t)AFP/CORBIS, (b)Tom Wagner/Odyssey CORBIS, (r)Alinari Archives/CORBIS; 622 (t)Timothy McCarthy/Art Productions; 495 Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; 496 Bettmann Resource, NY, (b)Musee du Louvre, Paris/Giraudon, Paris/SuperStock; 623 CORBIS; 497 Dave Bartruff/The Image Works; 499 Nicholas Devore III Vatican Museums & Galleries, Rome/Canali PhotoBank; 624 Erich Lessing Art Photograhers/Aspen/PictureQuest; 500 (l)Private Collection, Paul Freeman Resource, NY; 626 Snark/Art Resource, NY; 634 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 635 Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Keren Su/CORBIS; 501 (l)T. Iwamiya/Photo (t)Michael Hampshire/National Geographic Society Image Collection, Researchers, (r)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY; 502 (t)Mary Evans Picture (b)Sammlungen des Stiftes, Klosterneuburg, Austria/Erich Lessing/Art Library, (b)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library; 503 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 636 akg-images; 637 (l)Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz Art Resource, NY; 505 Mary Evans Picture Library; 508–509 Greg Gawlowski Resource, NY, (r)Getty Images; 638 (t)SuperStock, (b)Dave G. Houser CORBIS; Lonley Planet Images; 511 Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain/Giraudon, Paris SuperStock; 515 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 516 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 517 640 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 641 Hulton/Getty Images; 643 (t)Ali Meyer/CORBIS, (b)Vanni/Art Resource, NY; 518 Private Collection Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 644 Mary Evans Picture Library; 646 (t)Nik Bridgeman Art Library; 519 Hulton/Getty Images; 520 (l)Abbey of Wheeler/CORBIS, (b)CORBIS; 647 (t)Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Montioliveto Maggiore, Sienna/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock, (c)Jim Resource, NY, (b)The Art Archive/Chateau de Blois/Dagli Orti; 648 Scala/Art Zuckerman/CORBIS, (r)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Resource, NY; 649 (t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (b)Michael Holford; 651 The Collection; 526 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 528 (l)Scala/Art Resource, NY, Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource, NY; 654–655 Buddy Mays/CORBIS; (r)Guildhall Library, Corporation of London, UK/Bridgeman Art Library; 529 657 (t)Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)Michael (l)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS, (r)Ancient Art & Architecture Holford; 659 (t)Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA, (c)SuperStock, Collection; 530 (l)akg-images, (r)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture (b)Michael Holford; 660 Bettmann/CORBIS; 663 (l)The Metropolitan Museum Collection; 531 akg-images; 532 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 533 Erich of Art, Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1900(00.18.2), (cl)Stock Montage, Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 535 Tom Lovell/National Geographic Society Image Collection; 536 (l)Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, (c)Collection of The New-York Historical Society, (cr)Reunion des Musees NY, (r)John Neubauer/PhotoEdit; 537 Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, (r)North Wind Picture Archives; 664 National Architecture Collection; 539 Jim Brandenburg/Minden Pictures; 541 Maritime Museum, London; 665 National Portrait Gallery, London (l)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS, (r)Robert W. Nicholson/National SuperStock; 666 Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 671 Geographic Society Image Collection; 542 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 545 Scala Scala/Art Resource, NY; 672 Louvre, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library; 673 Art Resource, NY; 546 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 547 Borromeo/Art Resource, Bettmann/CORBIS; 674 (l)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (r)Denis Scott/CORBIS; NY; 549 (l)Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (tr)akg-images/Schutze 675 Jean-Leon Huens/National Geographic Society Image Collection; 677 Rodemann, (br)SuperStock; 550 Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Photo ©Bildarchiv (t)North Wind Picture Archives, (b)Mike Southern; Eye Ubiquitous/CORBIS; Preussicher Kulturbesitz; 551 (t)Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas, Robert 679 Snark/Art Resource, NY; 681 Bettmann/CORBIS; 682 Stefano Bianchetti Lee Memorial Collection, gift of Sarah C. Blaffer/Bridgeman Art Library, CORBIS; 683 (t)National Portrait Gallery, London, (b)Bettmann/CORBIS; 684 (b)The Art Archive/Dagli Orti; 554 Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain (l)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY, (r)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 685 Tate Giraudon, Paris/SuperStock; 556 A. Woolfitt/Woodfin Camp & Assoc. PictureQuest; 562 (t)Laurie Platt Winfrey, (b)The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gallery, London/Art Resource, NY; 686 Mozart Museum, Prague, Czech The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller, Republic, Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library; 687 (t)The Art Archive/Society 1964 (1978.412.310); 563 (cw from top)Scala/Art Resource, NY, Erich Lessing Of The Friends Of Music Vienna/Dagli Orti, (b)akg-images/SuperStock; 688 Art Resource, NY, Vanni/Art Resource, NY, Private Collection, Paul Freeman (l)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY, (r)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Bridgeman Art Library, Seattle Art Museum/CORBIS, The British Museum, Resource, NY; 689 (l)Michael Holford, (r)Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia London/Bridgeman Art Library, CORBIS; 564 (t)akg-images/Ulrich Bridgeman Art Library; 692 Association for the Preservation of Virginia Zillmann, (cl)The Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource, NY, (cr)Vatican Antiquities; 693 Private Collection/Picture Research Consultants; 696 (c)The Museums & Galleries, Rome/Fratelli Alinari/SuperStock, (bl)Peabody Essex Royal Collection, ©Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, (others)The Library of Museum, Salem, MA, (br)North Wind Picture Archives; 565 (t)Christie’s Congress; 697 North Wind Picture Archives; 698 ©Virginia Historical Society. Images/CORBIS, (c)National Portrait Gallery, London/SuperStock, All Rights Reserved; 699 Frances Tavern Museum, New York, NY; 701 Michael (bl)Bluestone Production/SuperStock, (br)Independence National Historical Park; 566–567 ©Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved; 566 Holford; 704 (t)Vatican Museums & Galleries, Rome/Canali PhotoBank, (t)Jeremy Horner/Getty Images, (c)David Hiser/Getty Images, (bl)The Art (b)Boltin Picture Library; 705 (tl)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY, (tc)Scala Archive/Museo Pedro de Osma Lima/Mireille Vautier, (bcl)Timothy Art Resource, NY, (tr)Betmann/CORBIS, (bl)Michel Zabe Art Resource, NY, McCarthy/Art Resource, NY, (bcr)SuperStock, (br)The Art Archive/National (bc)The Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource, NY, (br)©Virginia Historical History Museum Mexico City/Dagli Orti; 567 (t to b)SuperStock, Dave G. Society. All Rights Reserved; 706 (bkgd)CORBIS, (l)Picture Finders Ltd. Houser/CORBIS, Buddy Mays/CORBIS, (l to r)Victoria & Albert Museum, eStock, (r)Sylvain Grandadam/Getty Images; 707 CORBIS; 715 Pierre London/Art Resource, NY, National Portrait Gallery, London/SuperStock, Belzeaux/Photo Researchers; 720 Michael Holford; 722 Museum of Ethnology, National Portrait Gallery, London, North Wind Picture Archives; 568–569 Vienna; 723 Museo Capitolino, Rome/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock,

Acknowledgements 571 573 575 Robert Fried; HIP/Scala/Art Resource, NY; file photo; Werner Scala/Art Resource, NY; 724 Tim Flach/Getty Images; 725 Jerry Barnett; 732 Forman/Art Resource, NY; 576 (l)Bowers Museum of Cultural Art/CORBIS, Sidney Harris; 736 Getty Images; 737 Egyptian National Museum, Cairo (r)David Hiser/Getty Images; 577 Nathan Benn/CORBIS; 579 (t)Charles & Josette Lenars/CORBIS, (c)Dewitt Jones/CORBIS, (b)Richard A. Cooke SuperStock; 738 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 739 SuperStock; 740 Vanni/Art CORBIS; 580 (l)Richard A. Cooke/CORBIS, (r)Mark Burnett; 581 Jim Wark Resource, NY; 741 Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Resource, NY; 742 Index Stock; 583 Doug Stern & Enrico Ferorelli/National Geographic Society Scala/Art Resource, NY; 744 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 745 Mary Evans Image Collection; 584 Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 585 (tl)Boltin Picture Picture Library; 746 Biblioteca Colombina, Sevilla, Spain; 747 (l)Art Resource, Library, (c)Michel Zabe/Museo Templo Mayor, (br)Museum of Ethnology, NY, (r)National Portrait Gallery, London/SuperStock

794 Acknowledgements