FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT A History of Psychology
Edited by BARBARA F. GENTILE Simmons College BENJAMIN O. MILLER Salem State College
®SAGE Los Angeles • London • New Delhi • Singapore Contents
Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi
PART I: THE MIND AND THE BODY 1
1.1 Rene Descartes (1596-1650) The Passions of the Soul (1649) 5 1.2 William James (1842-1910) Psychology (1892) 22 1.3 Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Outlines of Psychology (1897) 36 1.4 Alan Turing (1912-1954) Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950) 45 1.5 John Searle (b. 1932) Minds, Brains, and Science (1984) 65
PART II: PERCEIVING 85 2.1 George Berkeley (1685-1753) An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision (1709) 94 2.2 Thomas Reid (1710-1796) Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785) 113 2.3 Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) Treatise on Physiological Optics (1867) 136 2.4 J. J. Gibson (1904-1979) - The Perception of the Visual World (1950) 161 2.5 David Marr (1945-1980) Visual Information Processing: The Structure and Creation of Visual Representations (1980) 180
PART III: OPENING THE BLACK BOX 203 3.1 F. C. Donders (1818-1889) On the Speed of Mental Processes (1868-1869) 206 3.2 E. B. Titchener (1867-1927) An Outline of Psychology (1896) 219 3.3 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) 237 3.4 Herbert Simon (1916-2001) and Kenneth Kotovsky (b. 1939) Human Acquisition of Concepts for Sequential Patterns (1963) 244 3.5 B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) About Behaviorism (1974) 261 3.6 Michael I. Posner (b. 1936), Steven F. Petersen (b. 1952), Peter T. Fox (b. 1951), and Marcus E. Raichle (b. 1937) Localization of Cognitive Operations in the Human Brain (i988) 279
PART IV: NATIVISM AND EMPIRICISM—AKA HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT 295 4.1 Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Notes Directed Against a Certain Programme (1648) 300 4.2 John Locke (1632-1704) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) 304 4.3 Charles Darwin (1809-1882) The Origin of Species (1859) 320 4.4 Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) The Facts of Perception (1878) 337 4.5 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Instincts and Their Vicissitudes (1915) 353 4.6 John Watson (1878-1958) What the Nursery Has to Say About Instincts (1926) 370 4.7 Keller Breland (1915-1965) and Marian Breland (1920-2001) The Misbehavior of Organisms (1961) 391 4.8 Noam Chomsky (b. 1928) Language and Mind (1968) 401
PART V: LEVELS OF EXPLANATION 423 5.1 Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) Laws of Organization in Perceptual Forms (1923) 427 5.2 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex (1927) 441 5.3 KurtLewin (1890-1947) Experiments in Social Space (1939) 454 5.4 Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1959) Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men (1948) 468 5.5 Donald Hebb (1904-1985) Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory (1949) 483 5.6 Brenda Milner (b. 1918), Larry R. Squire (b. 1941), and Eric R. Kandel (b. 1929) Cognitive Neuroscience and the Study of Memory (1998) 492
PART VI: NORMAL AND ABNORMAL 513 6.1 Benjamin Rush (1746-1813) Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Diseases of the Mind (1812) 517 6.2 Henry J. Wegrocki (1909-1967) A Critique of Cultural and Statistical Concepts of Abnormality (1939) 533 6.3 Karen Homey (1885-1952) Neurosis and Human Growth (1950) 544 6.4 Evelyn Hooker (1907-1996) The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual (1957) 558 6.5 Thomas S. Szasz (b. 1920) The Myth of Mental Lllness (1960) 577 6.6 Samuel B. Guze (1923-2000) Biological Psychiatry: Is There Any Other Kind? (1989) 589 6.7 Corey L M. Keyes (b. 1962) The Mental Health Continuum: From Languishing to Flourishing in Life (2002) 601
References 619 Index 645 About the Editors 671