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BUREAU’S HIGHER SECONDARY (+2) GEOLOGY (PART-II) (Approved by The Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha, Bhubaneswar) BOARD OF WRITERS (SECOND EDITION) Dr. Ghanashyam Lenka Dr. Shreerup Goswami Prof. of Geology (Retd.) Professor of Geology Khallikote Autonomous College, Berhampur Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla Dr. Hrushikesh Sahoo Dr. Sudhir Kumar Dash Emeritus Professor of Geology Reader in Geology Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar Sundargarh Autonomous College, Sundargarh Dr. Rabindra Nath Hota Dr. Nabakishore Sahoo Professor of Geology Reader in Geology Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar Khallikote Autonomous College, Berhampur Dr. Manoj Kumar Pattanaik Lecturer in Geology Khallikote Autonomous College, Berhampur BOARD OF WRITERS (FIRST EDITION) Dr. Satyananda Acharya Mr. Premananda Ray Prof. of Geology (Retd.) Reader in Geology (Retd.) Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar Mr. Anil Kumar Paul Dr. Hrushikesh Sahoo Reader in Geology (Retd.) Professor of Geology Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar Dr. Rabindra Nath Hota Reader in Geology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar REVIEWER Dr. Satyananda Acharya Professor of Geology (Retd) Former Vice Chancellor of Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar Published by THE ODISHA STATE BUREAU OF TEXTBOOK PREPARATION AND PRODUCTION Pustak Bhawan, Bhubaneswar Published by: The Odisha State Bureau of Textbook Preparation and Production, Pustak Bhavan, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India First Edition - 2011 / 1000 Copies Second Edition - 2017 / 2000 Copies Publication No. - 194 ISBN - 978-81-8005-382-5 @ All rights reserved by the Odisha State Bureau of Textbook Preparation and Production, Pustak Bhavan, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission from the Publisher. Type Setting: Print-Tech Offset Pvt. Ltd. Bhubaneswar Printed at: Devi Graphics Cuttack Price: ` 176/- (Rupees One Hundred Seventy Six Only) FOREWORD The Odisha State Bureau of Textbook Preparation and Production has made a pioneering effort in publishing this textbook in Geology which is expected to meet the requirement of students in the subject. The Bureau has utilised the best talents available within the State in preparation of this Text. The book is meant for the second year students of the +2 course. The first edition of the book was authored by Prof. Satyananda Acharya, Mr. Anil Kumar Paul, Mr. Premananda Ray, Prof. Hrushikesh Sahoo, Prof. Rabindra Nath Hota and reviewed by Prof. Satyananda Acharya. The book has been rewritten by Prof. Ghanashyam Lenka, Prof. Hrushikesh Sahoo, Prof. Rabindra Nath Hota, Prof. Shreerup Goswami, Dr. Sudhir Kumar Dash, Dr. Naba Kishore Sahoo and Dr. Manoj Kumar Pattanaik according to the latest revised syllabus of the Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha and gives a complete coverage of the subject matter. I have every hope that the teachers and the students of Geology will find this book useful and fruitful. Constructive suggestions for the improvement of this book shall be highly appreciated. Umakanta Tripathy Director Odisha State Bureau of Textbook Preparation and Production Pustak Bhavan, Bhubaneswar PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION Consequent upon changes in Higher Secondary syllabus, the course contents of the Bureau’s Higher Secondary (+2) Geology Part – II has been modified with addition of Mineral deposits of Odisha in Economic Geology, Geological considerations of tunnel and Engineering properties of rocks in Engineering Geology and recasting of Stratigraphy and Structural Geology chapters. In addition, the existing course contents of some sections have been elaborated for better understanding by the students. The Board of Writers hope that the Book of the Second Edition will cater to the need of the students of Geology of Odisha in general and Higher Secondary students in particular. Suggestions for further modification are invited from the readers for betterment of the Book. BOARD OF WRITERS PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION Geology is the science of the earth. It includes different aspects of the earth like its origin, age, and study of its materials. Study of the subject teaches us as to why earthquakes occur or why and how mountains form, what are fossils and economic minerals. Research in different directions takes the workers to enunciate the laws of the nature from its evolution up to the present stage. It is, thus, a fascinating study and takes the students outside the class rooms to examine a river or spring, a bending of rock (folds) or its displacement resulting in a fault. It evolves as a natural science and a good part of the subject is learnt outside the four-walls; this is known as fieldwork. It has its laboratory wing as well. The present textbook has been written by a group of teacher-geologists who are very experienced and are selected by the Bureau of Text Book Preparation and Production, Odisha based on the courses of studies for, Higher Secondary (+2) classes. Being a natural science, the subject is vast and they were almost forced to concisely write the parts given to them. Attempts have been made to bring the style of the language uniform and simple. Line diagrams are drawn and photographs are also added. More photographs will be planned for the reprint. Sometimes a student may feel that more than the approved course materials have been pushed into the book. This has been done to improve their concept on those topics. In spite of honest efforts, the authors might have failed at places and experts will please point them for a better reprint. These innovative feedbacks are needed for the quality betterment of the book which is desirable as it leads to a similar improvement of our students. The Odisha State Bureau of Text Book Preparation and Production has conceived to print the book and constant support for completion of the book has been made. The authors are thankful to the members of the staff of the Bureau for their full co-operation. Explicitly the scope of each sub-discipline id delimited by the syllabus provided in different sub-sections prescribed for +2 Second year course. As a matter of fact, the actual scope of each write up in particular, is confined to the very basics and preliminaries of the sub-disciplines. We hope this book will attract students to choose geology as their professional subject in future. Study of this subject is fascinating and invigorating. Prof. S. Acharya Reviewer CONTENTS CHAPTER SUBJECT PAGE CHAPTER - 1 IGNIOUS PETROLOGY 1 - 25 1.1: Definition 1 1.2: Composition and constitution of the lithosphere 3 1.3: Igneous rocks 3 1.4: Classification of igneous rocks 4 1.5: Forms of igneous rocks 5 1.6: Texture and structure of igneous rocks 9 1.7: Petrography 15 1.8: Sample Questions 21 CHAPTER - 2 SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY 26 - 58 2.1: Introduction 26 2.2: Formation of sedimentary rocks 27 2.3: Texture of sedimentary rocks 31 2.4: Structure of sedimentary rocks 37 2.5: Description of common sedimentary rocks 47 2.6: Sample Questions 55 CHAPTER - 3 METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY 59 - 72 3.1: Definition of metamorphism 59 3.2: Agents of metamorphism 60 3.3: Kinds of metamorphism 62 3.4: Texture and structure of metamorphic rocks 64 3.5: Types and determination of protolith 66 3.6: Petrography 68 3.7: Sample Questions 71 CHAPTER - 4 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 73 - 208 4.1: Introduction 73 4.2: Classification of economic materials 73 4.3: Ore, gangue, tenor and grade 75 4.4: Elementary idea about the processes of 79 formation of mineral deposits 4.5 Magmatic concentration process 86 4.6 Hydrothermal process 89 4.7 Iron ores 92 4.8 Manganese ores 106 4.9 Copper ores 116 4.10 Chromium ore 125 4.11 Aluminium ore 132 4.12 Coal 142 4.13 Petroleum 158 4.14 Mineral deposits of Odisha – an overview 167 4.15: Sample Questions 191 CHAPTER - 5 GROUND WATER GEOLOGY 209 - 234 5.1: Introduction 209 5.2: Definition of groundwater 210 5.3: Zone of aeration 211 5.4: Zone of saturation 212 5.5: Hydrologic cycle 212 5.6: Advantages of using ground water 214 5.7: Properties of ground water-bearing materials 216 5.8: Water bearing formations 222 5.9: Water table 228 5.10: Sample questions 231 CHAPTER - 6 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY 235 - 294 6.1 Importance of geology in civil engineering 235 6.2 Geological considerations of dams 239 6.3 Suitable conditions for construction 243 6.4 Geological report of some Indian dams 255 6.5 Geological consideration of bridge 257 6.6 Geological considerations of tunnel 265 6.7 Engineering properties of rocks 274 6.8 Soil 282 6.9 Soil erosion 286 6.10 Soil conservation 289 6.11 Sample questions 292 CHAPTER - 7 STRATIGRAPHY 295 - 379 7.1 Definition and scope 295 7.2 Principles of stratigraphy 296 7.3 Stratigraphic units 299 7.4 Geological time-scale 300 7.5 Precambrian rocks of peninsular India 304 7.6 The Cuddapah Supergroup 332 7.7 The Vindhyan Supergroup 336 7.8 Gondwana Supergroup 341 7.9 Geology of Odisha 357 7.10 Sample questions 377 CHAPTER - 8 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY 380 - 406 8.1 Introduction 380 8.2 Where structural features are found 380 8.3 Primary and secondary planar and linear features 384 8.4 Types of structural features 388 8.5 Joints 402 8.6 Unconformities 403 8.7 Sample questions 407 *********************** CHAPTER - 1 IGNEOUS PETROLOGY 1.1. DEFINITION Petrology is the science of rocks. It is derived from two Greek words i.e. „Petra‟ - means rock and „Logus‟ – means science or discourse. Rock is the fundamental unit of the earth‟s crust. They are defined as the aggregate of minerals or minerals and glass. They constitute the materials of the earth‟s crust.

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