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Dendrometric Analysis of Early Development of Eucalyptus Urophylla X Eucalyptus Grandis with Gypsum Use Under Subtropical Conditions

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Dendrometric Analysis of Early Development of Eucalyptus Urophylla X Eucalyptus Grandis with Gypsum Use Under Subtropical Conditions Floresta e Ambiente 2020; 27(1): e20190095 https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.009519 ISSN 2179-8087 (online) Original Article Silviculture Dendrometric Analysis of Early Development of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis with Gypsum use Under Subtropical Conditions Carla Fernanda Ferreira1, Marcos Vinicius Martins Bassaco2 , Milena Pereira3, Volnei Pauletti3, Stephen Arthur Prior4 , Antonio Carlos Vargas Motta3 1Departamento de Agronomia, Centro de Ensino Superior dos Campos Gerais – CESCAGE, Ponta Grossa/PR, Brasil 2 Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Faculdades FATI-FAJAR, Jaguariaíva/PR, Brasil 3Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Paraná – UFPR, Curitiba/PR, Brasil 4ARS National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Auburn, USA ABSTRACT Gypsum can be used as a source for calcium (Ca) and sulphurum (S) for plants, as well as an acid, that is, a natural soil conditioner. Aiming to determine the influence of gypsum on the development of Eucalyptus urograndis in Brazil, an experiment was conducted at two locations in Paraná State. Experiments were conducted with rates of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, 4.8 and 9.6 Mg ha-1 to verify the method of broadcast planting in a randomized block design with four repetitions. Diameter and height of plants were measured every six months and volume was determined after 36 months. There was a difference in Eucalyptus growth between the two areas, possibly related to differences in planting season and climate. Gypsum did not influence on the dendrometric growth of Eucalyptus trees. The lack of a response to gypsum, as a source of Ca, S and soil conditioner, was discussed based on soil type, Eucalyptus tolerance to soil acidity, and climatic conditions in the period evaluated. Keywords: soil conditioner, Eucalyptus forest, dystrophic oxisol. Creative Commons License. All the contents of this journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. 2/10 Ferreira CF, Bassaco MVM, Pereira M, Pauletti V, Prior SA, Motta ACV Floresta e Ambiente 2020; 27(1): e20190095 1. INTRODUCTION Sm seedlings by using gypsum in nutrient solution. Gypsum applied with B has also been shown to stimulate Gypsum is a known source of calcium (Ca) and growth of E. citriodora Hook seedlings, when this sulphurum (S) for plants, and from 200 to 300 kg ha-1 species grows in a container (Christo & Santos, 1990); is sufficient to meet annual requirements of most however, the opposite was reported by Gabriel et al. agricultural crops (Sousa et al., 2007). Gypsum can (2018) when testing five rates of gypsum onEucalyptus -2 seedlings cultivated in pots. Under field conditions, increase Ca and sulphate (SO4 ) availabilities within surface and subsurface soil layers when applied at high Rodrigues et al. (2016) observed a large increase in rates (Rentería-Villalobos et al., 2010) and it could be Eucalyptus trunk size with applications of limestone noted that gypsum has also diminished aluminium and gypsum (1 Mg ha-1) alone, or in combination of (Al) toxicity in these soil layers without changing these nutrients. Macana (2017) reported that gypsum soil pH (Araújo et al., 2016; Nascimento et al., 2017). (1.2 Mg ha-1) did not change E. urophylla S. T. Blake tree Thus, gypsum can be considered a good source of volume measurements, but increased timber (biomass) Ca and S, and also able to alleviate aluminium (Al) as a result of enhanced tissue density at 38 months. toxicity in soils. The few studies that have evaluated the effects of Soil chemical characteristics can influence the gypsum on Eucalyptus, under field conditions, have only effectiveness of gypsum applications. Low soil availability compared gypsum (compared to no gypsum) at rates of Ca and S nutrients can enhance plant responses below those used in grain crop tests. Thus, technical to gypsum (Rocha et al., 2008; Marques et al., 2016). information on the effectiveness of using gypsum in High toxic levels of Al and low levels of available Ca Eucalyptus forest systems as a nutrient source and/or in subsurface soil layers are major factors regarding soil conditioner is limited. Furthermore, there are few gypsum recommendations (Costa & Crusciol, 2016; existing studies that have been developed under tropical Amaral et al., 2017). However, issues concerning these conditions with periods of water deficit. Our experiment soil conditions, the crop yield responses to gypsum was implemented in a subtropical environment with no application varies from large (Wulff-Zottele et al., 2014; dry season and evaluated the effects of a wide range of Marques et al., 2016) to small (Pauletti et al., 2014), or gypsum rates on growth parameters of E. urograndis. has no change (Gelain et al.; 2011; Moda et al., 2013). Weather conditions during crop growth, especially in 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS relation to soil water availability, can influence response to gypsum applications (Zandoná et al., 2015). Provided Eucalyptus urograndis is a hybrid of E. urophylla that gypsum can enhance root growth in subsurface and E. grandis. Under subtropical conditions regarding soil layers, by decreasing Al toxicity and increasing Ca Brazilian territory, E. urograndis was cultivated in availability, Water Absorption Capacity (WAC) may be Paraná State, in two municipalities (Jaguariaíva and expanded (Carducci et al., 2015; Freitas et al., 2015). Ventania) that are located in the second plateau of For this reason, positive growth response to gypsum Paraná. The municipality of Jaguariaíva is situated at applications may occur under drought conditions 24º15’04” S latitude, 49º42’21” W longitude, and has (Pauletti et al., 2014; Vitti et al., 2015). an elevation of 926m. The climate type Cfb (temperate, Determining the ideal gypsum rate that optimizes humid mesothermal with warm summer) was based on yield and addresses Ca and S nutritional imbalance the Köppen classification system Alvares et al.,( 2013). has been the focus of previous research (Moda et al., The Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) of Ventania 2013). While the application of 12 Mg Ca ha-1 decreased is on 24º14’45” S latitude, 50º14’34”W longitude, has growth of soybeans displaying symptoms of Mg an elevation of 718 m, and climate is characterized by deficiency (Pauletti et al., 2014), several other studies transition from Cfb to Cfa (humid subtropical climate), reported no decreases in productivity using similar or with hot summers (Alvares et al., 2013). higher rates (Ernani et al., 2001; Gelain et al., 2011). Air temperature and rainfall data were obtained Under greenhouse conditions, Jackson et al. (2000) from meteorological stations near the experimental reported increased growth of E. marginata D. Don ex areas. Meteorological monitoring occurred from Floresta e Ambiente 2020; 27(1): e20190095 Dendrometric Analysis of Early Development… 3/10 December 2013 to December 2016 at Jaguariaíva, and previously been cultivated with Pinus spp. during a from April 2014 to April 2017 at Ventania (Figure 1). period of two cycles of 18 years each. The cumulative rainfall for the first 36 months was In this region, the geology could be characterized 8,500 mm for Jaguariaíva, which precipitation was as sandstones, sedimentary rocks (Paleozoic period). higher when compared to Ventania (6,000 mm). Soils were classified as Dystrophic Oxisols with The composition of native vegetation of the medium-textured soil (sandy loam). Prior to planting, Jaguariaíva region was consisted of a variability of soil samples were collected (0-0.20 m, 0.20-0.40 m, and two biomes from Southern Brazil, savanna vegetation 0.40 -0.60 m depths) for initial characterization. Samples (a small fragment of Cerrado) and Mixed Ombrophilous were air-dried, homogenized, and passed through a Forest (MOF). The composition of native vegetation of 2 mm screen mesh for analysis of pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al+3 Ventania was MOF. The two experimental areas had (extracted with KCl 1 M), K+, and for measuring Figure 1. Minimum temperature (Temp min), average temperature (Temp avg), maximum temperature (Temp max), and precipitation over 36 months at Jaguariaíva and Ventania, Paraná State, Brazil. Planting (P); Base Fertilization (BF); 1º, 2º, and 3º side-dress fertilizations (CF). 4/10 Ferreira CF, Bassaco MVM, Pereira M, Pauletti V, Prior SA, Motta ACV Floresta e Ambiente 2020; 27(1): e20190095 extractable phosphorus (P) by P-Mehlich I. Table 1 and tree volume. Initial tree height was measured using shows soil chemical characteristics before performing a standard graduated ruler. The height assessments experiments at both locations. employed after the initial one used the Haglöf Electronic Seven gypsum rates were used as treatments Clinometer (HEC); 36 centrally located trees (6 x 6) were (0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, 4.8, and 9.6 Mg ha-1). The experimental measured at three, six, nine, 12, 24, 30, and 36 months design was the Randomized Complete Block Design after transplanting. The DTB was measured at three and (RCBD) with four replications (28 total plots). Gypsum six months at both locations. The DBH was measured was obtained from phosphate fertilizer production using a standard flexible measuring tape in other with Ca content of 19.31% and S content of 15.83%. months. At 36 months, an average size tree was cut Gypsum broadcast on the soil surface took place (based on DBH) and volume was calculated using the when tree seedlings were being transplanted. The total Hohenald method. Diameters were measured at the experimental area was 16,128 m2 and each treatment trunk base and at points located at 25, 50, 75 and 100% plot was 24 m x 24 m (576 m2). Eucalyptus urograndis of total trunk length. Using these measurements, the (clone AEC 224) seedlings (~15-20 cm height) were individual tree volume (m3) was determined using transplanted at a spacing of 3 x 3 m (between plants the shape function with an adjustment value of 0.33.
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