HOSPITAL @ TIRUPATI M/s. Amara Raja Infra Pvt. Ltd., Survey. Nos. 308/3, 308/4, 308/5, 308/6, 308/7, 308/8B, 308/9B, 308/10B, 308/11, 308/12, 309/1A, 309/1B, 309/2, 309/3, 309/4, 309/5, 309/6, 309/7, 309/8, 309/9, 309/10, 309/11,309/12, 310/1, 310/2, 310/3, 310/4, 310/5, 310/6,310/12, 311/1, 311/2B, 311/5, 311/6, 311/9 & 311/10, Karakambadi Village, Renigunta Mandal, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh
EIS/EMP REPORT FOR PROPOSED HOSPITAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Submitted By Studies & Documentation by M/s. Amara Raja Infra Pvt. Ltd., M/s Team Labs and Consultants Karakambadi Village, (An ISO Certified Organization) Renigunta Mandal, B-115 – 117 & 509, Annapurna Block, Chittoor District -517520, Aditya Enclave, Ameerpet, Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad- 500 038 Phone: 91-040-23748555/616 Fax : 91-040-23748666 e-mail: [email protected]
SUBMITTED TO STATE LEVEL ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY, ANDHRA PRADESH GOVERNMENT OF INDIA CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction 1-1 1.1 Environmental Impact Statement 1-5 1.2 EIS process adopted 1-5 1.2.1 Environmental Screening 1-6 1.2.2 Environmental Impact Statement and Management Plans 1-6 1.3 Structure of the EIA Report 1-6
2.0 Project Description 2-1 2.1 The Project Location 2-1 2.2 Project Description 2-1 2.2.1 Design Stage 2-1 2.2.1.1 Storm Water Drains 2-6 2.2.1.2 Water Availability 2-8 2.2.1.3 Solid Waste 2-16 2.2.2 Construction Stage 2-19 2.2.2.1 Water Requirement 2-20 2.2.2.2 Construction Debris 2-21 2.2.2.3 Paints 2-21 2.2.2.4 Work Force 2-21 2.2.2.5 Material Preparation and Transport 2-21 2.2.3 Occupation Phase 2-21 2.2.3.1 Domestic Water 2-22 2.2.3.2 Solid Waste 2-23 3.0 Assessment of Impacts 3-1 3.1 Background 3-1 3.2 Meteorological Parameters 3-1 3.3 Natural and Biophysical Environment 3-1 3.3.1 Air 3-1 3.3.2 Water Resources 3-9 3.3.3 Land 3-10 3.3.4 Consumption of Natural Resources 3-13 3.3.5 Noise 3-14 3.3.6 Energy consumption 3-17 3.3.7 Energy Efficiency 3-18 3.3.8 Flora 3-18 3.3.9 Fauna 3-19 3.3.10 Human Use Values 3-19 3.4 Archaeological/Protected Monuments And Other Cultural Properties 3-20 3.5 Social Impacts 3-20 3.6 Induced impacts 3-20
4.0 Mitigation, Avoidance and Enhancement Measures 4-1 4.1 Approach to Mitigation Measures 4-1 4.2 Avoidance and Mitigation Measures 4-2 4.2.1 Meteorological Parameters 4-2 4.2.2 Natural and Biophysical Environment 4-4 4.2.2.1 Air 4-4 4.3 Water Resources 4-5 4.4 Land 4-7 4.4.1 Physiography 4-7 4.4.2 Seismicity 4-7 4.4.3 Loss of Productive Soil 4-8 4.4.4 Soil Erosion 4-8 4.4.5 Compaction of Soil 4-9 4.4.6 Contamination of Soil 4-9 4.5 Consumption of Natural Resources 4-10 4.6 Noise Levels 4-10 4.7 Energy Consumption 4-10 4.7.1 Energy Conservation 4-11 4.8 Flora 4-11 4.9 Fauna 4-11 4.10 Human Use Values 4-12 4.11 Safe Construction Practice 4-12 5.0 Environment Management Plan 5-1 5.1 Project Details 5-1 5.2 Major findings of the EIS 5-1 5.3 Environmental Impacts 5-1 5.4 Environmental Management Measures Proposed 5-3 5.4.1 Pre-construction stage 5-3 5.4.2 Construction stage 5-3 5.4.3 Operation stage 5-4 5.5 Implementation arrangements 5-14 5.6 Environmental monitoring 5-14 5.6.1 Introduction 5-14 5.6.2 Objectives 5-15 5.6.3 Methodology 5-15 5.6.4 Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) Monitoring 5-15 5.6.5 Water Quality Monitoring 5-17 5.6.6 Noise Level Monitoring 5-22 5.7 Reporting system 5-29 5.8 Environmental management budget 5-29 5.9 Horticultural and Landscaping Works 5-30 5.10 Water Conservation Measures 5-36 5.11 Risk Assessment and Disaster Management 5-38 5.12 Fire Protection Plan/System 5-45 List of Tables
1.0 Introduction 1-1 1.1 Population Growth-Hyderabad 1-2 1.2 Area Statement for the proposed building 1-3
2.0 Project Description 2-1 2.1 Area Statement for the proposed Building 2-1 2.2 Parking Space Provision of the Project 2-2 2.3 Generated Traffic - Level Of Service & Performance 2-2 2.4 Generated Traffic - Modified Los & Performance 2-2 2.5 Storm Water Calculation 2-7 2.6 Water requirement of the project 2-9 2.7 Water Savings Proposed 2-9 2.8 Water Balance during Occupation Stage 2-9 2.9 Characteristics of Waste water 2-11 2.10 Composition of municipal solid waste 2-16 2.11 Solid & Bio-Medical Waste Generation 2-17 2.12 Construction Sequence 2-19 2.13 Earth work quantities 2-20 2.14 Material Consumption per total units 2-20 2.15 Lead Distance for Construction Materials 2-20 2.16 Amenities Provided 2-21 2.17 Energy Consumption Statement 2-22 2-18 Solid Waste Generated during Occupation Phase 2-23
3.0 Assessment of Impacts 3-1 3.1 Sources of dust during construction activity 3-3 3.2 Salient Feature of the ATDM Model 3-4 3.3 Atmospheric Stability Classifications 3-5 3.4 Mixing Heights Considered for Computations 3-5 3.5 Details of DG Sets Emissions 3-6 3.6 Maximum Predicted Ground Level Concentrations 3-6 3.7 Solid Waste Details 3-12 3.8 Material Consumption for project 3-13 3.9 Lead Distance for Construction Materials 3-13 3.10 Typical Noise Levels of Principal Construction Equipments 3-15 3.11 Noise Reduction Due to Barriers 3-16 3.12 Speed-noise relationships for various motor vehicles 3-17
5.0 Environment Management Plan 5-1 5.1 Environmental Management Plan and Action Plan 5-4 5.2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards 5-16 5.3 Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification – IS 10500:1991 5-18 5.4 Noise level standards (CPCB) 5-22 5.5 Environmental Monitoring Plan 5-23 5.6 Environmental Budgets for Project 5-30 5.7 List of Hazards Present for Workers in Various Trades 5-41 List of Figures
1.0 Introduction 1-1 1.1 Site Location 1-4
2.0 Project Description 2-1 2.1 Site Layout 2-3 2.2 Typical floor plans 2-4 2.3 Parking Floor Plans 2-5 2.4 Rain Water harvesting structures 2-8 2.5 Sewage Treatment Hydraulic Flow Diagram 2-15 2.6 Source of hospital waste 2-17 2.7 Waste Management Plan for Hospitals 2-18
4.0 Mitigation, Avoidance and Enhancement Measures 4-1 4.1 Albedo values of various types of roof material 4-3 Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Tirupati City is located in the southeastern part of Andhra Pradesh, in Chittoor district. It lies about 152-km northwest of Chennai in the Palkonda Hills. Tirupati is known as the abode of the Hindu god Venkateshvara (also spelt as 'Venkatesvara'), "Lord of Seven Hills". About 10-km northwest of Tirupati, at an elevation of 750m, is the sacred hill of Tirumala, which was considered very holy. One of the most important pilgrimage centers in India, the temple draws millions of pilgrims and is believed to be the busiest pilgrimage centre in the world.
History The Pallavas of Kanchipuram (9th century AD), Cholas of Tanjore (10 century) , Pandyas of mathura and Vijayanagara pradhans (14th & 15th centuries) were committed devotees of Lord Venkateswara. The statues of Sri Krishna Devaraya and his spouse stand in the premises of the temple. After the decline of Vijayanagara Empire, kings from various states like the king of Mysore and Gadwal, worshiped the lord as pilgrims and gifted various ornaments and valuables to the temple. Raghoji Bhonsle, the Maharastrian commander visited the temple and made a permanent arrangement regarding the regular pujas to be done to the Lord.
In 1843 the temple gave up administrative authority of Venkateswara Temple along with the temples in the village to the head of Hatthimji monastery in Tirumala. Till 1933 the administration of the temple had been wielded by the head of that monastery, Hathiram Mahantha.
Tirupati was recognised as a municipal Corporation in 2002. Although Chittoor is the headquarters of the district, much of the business activities and major government establishments (and operations) take place in Tirupati. With improved infrastructure and due to various efforts by the state government, Tirupati is well turning into a business hub of southern Andhra pradesh. Notable large and medium scale industries along side a lot of small scale industries that call Tirupati as their home base, include the government owned Railway Carriage Repair Shop, Amararaja Power Systems, Lanco Industries. There are plans to improve the infrastructure to set up IT service based organizations in Tirupati. Financial institutions like HDFC are setting their back office operations in Tirupati. Tirupati is becoming the education hub for the nearby areas because of the strong presence of Educational Institutions and Universities. Being a pilgrimage center, the floating population is a major source of income. Considerable revenue is generated by travel sector. Strong expatriate/town's non-residents' money inflow and an emerging industrial scenario triggered a major real estate boom in the town in recent years and marched steadily, until before 2008-2009 Global Recession.
THE PROJECT The project will be spread over an area of 5.8 hectares in Survey. Nos. 308/3, 308/4, 308/5, 308/6, 308/7, 308/8B, 308/9B, 308/10B, 308/11, 308/12, 309/1A, 309/1B, 309/2, 309/3, 309/4, 309/5, 309/6, 309/7, 309/8, 309/9, 309/10, 309/11, 309/12, 310/1, 310/2, 310/3, 310/4, 310/5, 310/6, 310/12, 311/1, 311/2B, 311/5, 311/6, 311/9 & 311/10, Karakambadi Village, Renigunta Mandal, Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh.
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The site is surrounded by open lands in all the directions except in west direction. A 100 feet wide road west direction connecting towards Renigunta and Kadapa highway. The nearest railway station is the Renigunta railway Station at a distance of 3.2 km. Construction initiated with Tirupathi Urban Development Authority Approval of B+G+1 for 13893.73 m2 Built up area.
The project is proposed to built Hospital building typically contain acute care hospitals, long term acute care hospitals, speciality hospitals. The project of this magnitude would have various positive and negative impacts and the same are to be addressed during design stage of the project to arrive at mitigation/management measures. Environmental Impact Statement is a tool that can be used for identifying, evaluating and for drawing the management plan. The project Impact area is presented in fig. 1.1.
Table 1.2 Built up Area Statement for the proposed building Total Site Area Total Built Up area Land Use No. of floors (m2) (m2) Hospital B+G+7 8915.8 65826.0 Canteen B+G 1244.9 2269.8 Green area 5915 Future Development 9325 Surface parking 15259 Road area 11174 Open area 5797.6 Road widening 345.3 Total 57976.6 68095.8
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Fig 1.1 SITELOCATION
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1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
The scope of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) as envisaged in the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the M/s. Amara Raja Infra Pvt. Ltd., are detailed in Box 1-1 below.
Box 1-1 Scope of work of EIS “...The EIS shall cover the following:
Description of the proposed project The first task:” Description of the proposed project” forms a vital component of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) as it provides the basis for evaluating the likely causes of Environmental Impacts. It is essential that the key components of the project shall be clearly determined as far as possible at this stage.
Assessment of Environmental Impacts Based upon the results from the review of existing information, field visits, site data collection and consultation, for each component of environment (physical, biological and socio economic) the positive, negative, direct and indirect, temporary and permanent impact s will be evaluated along with an indication of the degree of impact, i.e., whether the impact is significant, moderate, minor or negligible.
Environment Management Plan and Mitigation Plan For each significant negative impact identified, specialist shall work closely with the engineering team to suggest practicable measures to avoid or mitigate the impact. Suggestions for compensation shall be given where there is no other alternative course of action.
The mitigation of environmental impacts will be by three mechanisms.
=> Introduction of mitigation features through the engineering design. =>Implementation of environmental controls during construction and operation. => Legislative control involving compliance with Indian environmental laws.
The Environmental management plan shall include an estimate of capital and recurring costs of mitigation measures and will identify the parties and institutional framework for implementation.
Monitoring Plan Having identified the significant environmental impacts that are likely to arise as a result of construction of the Hospital building project, the project team shall specify what monitoring is required during the various phases of project cycle.
1.2 EIS PROCESS ADOPTED Incorporation of Environmental considerations into the project planning and design has been taken up as an integral part of the project preparation. The major steps in the EA
1 - 4 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement process that have been adopted for the project are presented in the following sub- sections.
1.2.1 Environmental Screening Environmental screening of the project and the impact area was conducted to identify valued eco components of the area. The natural habitat of the area is transformed due to the urbanization and the valued eco components found in the area are the Musi basin which carries both sewage and storm water, road network, and Kothaguda reserve forest. The proposed site for the project is rocky area, necessitating significant cut and fill operation and the drainage of the site is a valued eco component which may be altered. The construction of a huge project of this size would require natural resources like sand and aggregate which are to be procured from out side. The construction activity also involves drawing ground water and the same must be addressed with respect to the availability. During occupation phase of the project the anticipated impacts will be on the availability of water, sewage treatment and disposal, storm water disposal, solid waste collection and disposal. These eco components will be addressed specifically and other eco components will be reviewed for the impact and to identify mitigation and management measures.
1.2.2 Environmental Impact Statement and Management Plans The project has been assessed for its impacts in three phases; design stage, construction stage and occupation stage. The design of the project has been closely co- ordinated with the preparation of the Environmental Impact statement (EIS). The EIS preparation led to the identification of potential environmental impacts and their feasible remedial measures (including avoidance, mitigation and enhancement) which were made a part of the Environment Management Plan (EMP).
1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE EIS/EMP REPORT The report is organized into 5 chapters as follows:
Chapter 2 entitled Project Description describes the M/s. Amara Raja Infra Pvt. Ltd., Hospital building project. The project details are presented from an environmental perspective along with the salient features such as land use, building plans, Construction practices, adequacy of infrastructure, sewage treatment, solid waste disposal etc. An overview of impacts of the entire project, mainly benefits, is given in the last section.
Chapter 3 on the Assessment of Impacts determines the extent of the impacts of the project activity on the existing environment. The focus of this section is on the adverse impacts since the beneficial impacts on the environment due to the project. The impacts have been detailed in the same sequence as described in Chapter 5 for ease of understanding.
Chapter 4 entitled Mitigation, Avoidance and Enhancement Measures forms the basis of the generation of coherent, comprehensive and concise Environment Management Plans for the project corridors. In addition to the avoidance and mitigation measures for the biophysical and natural environmental components, this chapter discusses various
1 - 5 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement environmental enhancements suggested by the project including the enhancement of common property resources as community water bodies and cultural resources along the project.
Chapter 5 entitled Environment Management Plan delineates the measures to be adopted for effective environmental conservation of all identified positive and negative aspects of the project. The plan also elucidates a monitoring plan for all the above measures.
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2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
This chapter details the need for the project, description of the proposed project and alternatives, and identifies the valued ecosystem components. The project is envisaged to provide build to suit Hospital building in Karakambadi Village, Renigunta Mandal, Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh.
2.1 THE PROJECT LOCATION The project will be spread over an area of 5.8 hectares in Survey. Nos. 308/3, 308/4, 308/5, 308/6, 308/7, 308/8B, 308/9B, 308/10B, 308/11, 308/12, 309/1A, 309/1B, 309/2, 309/3, 309/4, 309/5, 309/6, 309/7, 309/8, 309/9, 309/10, 309/11, 309/12, 310/1, 310/2, 310/3, 310/4, 310/5, 310/6, 310/12, 311/1, 311/2B, 311/5, 311/6, 311/9 & 311/10, Karakambadi Village, Renigunta Mandal, Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh. The site is surrounded by open lands in all the directions except in west direction. A 100 feet wide road west direction connecting towards Renigunta – Kadapa highway. The nearest railway station is the Renigunta railway Station at a distance of 3.2 km.
2.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.2.1 DESIGN STAGE The principles of low impact development are adopted during the design stage to ensure storm water percolation, treated water reuse, energy conservation, and optimized usage of renewable resources. The Area Statement for the proposed Hospital building is presented in table in table 2.1. Construction initiated with Tirupathi Urban Development Authority Approval of B+G+1 for 13893.73 m2 Built up area.
Table 2.1 Area Statement for the proposed Building Total Site Area Total Built Up area Land Use No. of floors (m2) (m2) Hospital B+G+7 8915.8 65826.0 Canteen B+G 1244.9 2269.8 Green area 5915 Future Development 9325 Surface parking 15259 Road area 11174 Open area 5797.6 Road widening 345.3 Total 57976.6 68095.8
The project is proposed to built Hospital building typically contain acute care hospitals, long term acute care hospitals, speciality hospitals. The land allocation will be optimized to ensure compliance with the FAR regulations of TUDA. The water requirement of the project during operation will be drawn from Tirupati Municipality and Bore wells. Sewage treatment plant will be provided to treat the wastewater. Water conservation measures will be incorporated in the plumbing designs. Water recycling/reuse will be adopted by way of using treated sewage for toilet flush systems and green belt development. The treated effluent and storm water will be let-out into the storm water drain, which will join the drains. The required power will be drawn from the
2 - 1 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement
APTRANSCO and the energy requirement will be optimized by adopting energy efficient design for lighting and for HVAC systems. Construction materials will be drawn from local sources. The parking provision exceeds the guidelines prescribed by FAR and Building policy of Andhra Pradesh. The layout of the project site and plan of individual floors is presented in fig. 2.1 and fig. 2.2.
PARKING PROVISION It is proposed to provide open/Surface parking. The parking provision follows the guidelines prescribed by TUDA and Building policy of Andhra Pradesh. The number of parking spaces provided is presented in table 2.3. The parking floor plans are presented in fig. 2.2.
Table 2.2 Parking Space Provision of the Project Land Use 4 - Wheelers 2 - Wheelers Ambulance Surface Parking 238 650 4 Total 238 650 4 Parking Details: Required Parking as per GO 168, GoAP 14981 22.0 % Parking Area Provided 15259 22.4 %
Circulation Plan: The connecting road to the site is 30 m. The width of connecting roads is 30 m with a capability of 3600 PCU. The present level of service is 0.40. The proposed project shall increase the number of trips by 142. The level of service of connecting road shall reduce from 0.4 to 0.44 and the LOS class B (Very Good) to C (Good).
Table 2.3 Generated Traffic - LEVEL OF SERVICE & PERFORMANCE Existing Maximum Capacity, Volume/ LOS, Road Volume, PCU/hr PCU/hr Capacity Performance Renigunta – 1456 3600 0.40 “B” Very Good Kadapa
Table 2.4 Generated Traffic - MODIFIED LOS & PERFORMANCE Existing Existing Modified Modified Los volume, volume/ Additional Modified volume/ & Road PCU/hr Capacity volume Volume Capacity performance Renigunta – 1456 0.40 142 1598 0.44 “C” Good Kadapa
CIRCULATION PLAN Ground floor driveway : 8.0 m No. of basements: 1 nos. No. of ramps : 1 - 2 way Width of ramp : 7.5 m Slope of ramp : 1 in 12 No. of lifts : 16 Capacity of each lift : 15 pax. Connecting road : 30 m row 2 - 2 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement
Fig 2.1 Site layout
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Fig. 2.2 Typical Floor Plans
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Fig. 2.3 Parking Floor Plans
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2.2.1.1 Storm water drains: Storm water drains will be provided all over the site to meet the expected increase in the runoff during rainy seasons due to the impervious nature of the roads and other paved areas. The site is uneven and it is proposed to maintain the levels as much as possible.
For each plot rainwater pipes shall be designed for rainfall intensity of 40mm/hour from terrace floor to be harvested by storm water sumps adjacent to each building, excess disposed to external storm water lateral drain running adjacent to the periphery of the campus. The storm water drain has been worked taking into consideration the site profile (contour). The Rainwater Harvesting Structures is shown in fig 2.4.
The rainwater collected from the building and from the other surfaces of the plot is harvested by 1 no. of sump overflow being discharged to this municipal sewer lines. Before the storm water enters the sump I shall be passed through silt trap & grease trap for removal of silt & oil if any. Harvested water shall be used for landscaping & for domestic use.
Storm water drains will be provided all over the site to meet the expected increase in the runoff during rainy seasons due to the impervious nature of the paved areas. The site is uneven and it is proposed to maintain the levels as much as possible, hence storm water outlets from the site are anticipated. The expected runoff is calculated for the design of the storm water management is presented in following table 2.3.
CALCULATION FOR STORM WATER DRAIN:
Quantity of storm water: (a) With out project: Area of Catchment, ‘A’ : 5.7977 Ha Run off Coefficient, ‘C’ : 0.6 Maximum intensity of rainfall, ‘I’ : 40 mm/hr Therefore Q : 0.387 m3/sec
(b) With project: : Area for catchment for roof and road : 2.168 Ha
Area of Catchment, ‘A’ : 2.168 Ha Run off Coefficient, ‘C’ : 0.9 Maximum intensity of rainfall, ‘I’ : 40 mm/hr Therefore Q = : 0.217 m3/sec
Area for catchment for open areas : 3.630 Ha Run off Coefficient, ‘C’ : 0.6 Maximum intensity of rainfall, ‘I’ : 40 mm/hr Therefore Q = : 0.242 m3/sec Total Discharge : 0.459 m3/sec
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But, Discharge, Q = A/V : Where, : A= Area of the Drain, : V= Max. Permissible Velocity : 6 m/sec for concrete drain
Area of drain, ‘A’ = Q/V : 0.076 m2 Taking depth of drain as 0.3 m at the starting 0.3 point : Width of drain = Area/depth = 0.127 m 127 mm Width of the drain is to taken 55 mm and depth varies according to the slope of ground.
Table 2.5. Storm Water Calculation Land Area in Vol./hr after Vol./hr before Difference Remarks Use Hectares development development in C=0.8 C=0.6 Discharges Harvested in 150 m3 sump & used Roof 1.02 325.1 243.9 81.3 for domestic Area utility after pre treatment Road 1.15 368.6 276.5 92.2 Harvested about Area 16 nos. of RHP of Open size 1.5 m X 1.5 m 3.63 435.6 871.1 -435.6 Area X 2.0 m depth TOTAL 5.80 -262.1 *C=0.3 after development of greenery
Rainwater Harvesting: The quantity of rainwater, which can be harvested, depends upon the annual rainfall, the area of the plot (catchment area) and soil characteristics. The amount of water infiltrated into soil varies with the condition of soil surface and the moisture content of the soil at the time of rainfall. The total amount of water infiltered depends on the infiltration opportunity time, which depends mainly on the slope of the land and the field structure like contour bunds, terraces and other structures, which tend to hold the runoff water over long periods on the land surface.
1. Rainwater Harvesting Pits 2. Harvesting by sumps Roof top water shall be used for domestic purpose/landscaping after filtration & disinfection.
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Fig 2.4 Rainwater Harvesting Structures
2.2.1.2 Water Availability: It is proposed to draw domestic water from Tirupati Municipality and Borewells, Tirupati Municipality has been encouraging the bulk consumers. The water shortage if any during summer season will be drawn from ground water sources. The water requirement during construction will be from ground water sources and the requirement is in the order of 40 cum/day. The water requirement of the project during occupation stage is in the order of 232.1 KLD. The water requirement for the project during the occupation stage is presented in table 2.6. The Water Balance for the project is presented in table 2.8. 2 - 8 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement
Table 2.6 Water Requirement of the Project Water Total water Total No. of requirement in Requirement in Land Use persons lpcd* KLD Beds (350 beds) 350 450 157.5 Staff (3 shifts/day) 600 45 27.0 Visitors (1 persons/bed) 350 15 5.3 Out Patients 360 15 5.4 Visitors (1 persons/patient) 360 15 5.4 Cafeteria (450 seats) 450 70 31.5 Total 232.1 * Water requirement is as per NBC (National Building Code, 2005)
The water requirement shall be reduced by adopting Dual plumbing system: Separate tank is provided to store the treated water; the tank shall be 1 foot below the overhead tank. Separate pipe system is provided to pump the treated water for flushing. All the treated water pipelines shall be colored blue. Separate line in the blocks to use treated wastewater for flushing purpose. The total saving is as follows;
Table 2.7 Water Savings Proposed Total Water Treated Effective Water Land Use No. of Requirement water reuse Requirement in Persons in liters/day in liters/day l/day Beds (350 beds) 350 157.5 15.8 141.8 Staff (3 shifts/day) 600 27.0 12.0 15.0 Visitors (1 persons/bed) 350 5.3 2.6 2.6 Out Patients 360 5.4 2.7 2.7 Visitors (1 per/patient) 360 5.4 2.7 2.7 Cafeteria (450 seats) 450 31.5 11.3 20.3 Total 232.1 47.0 185.0 Note: Treated water reuse assumed @ 20 l/head. Approximately 47.0 KL/day water will be saved by adopting recycling of treated water in the toilet flush. The effective water consumption is reduced by 47.0 kl/day and the requirement will be in the order of 185 kl/day. The water balance of the project during occupation stage is tabulated in table 2.8
Table 2.8 Water Balance during occupation stage Input KL/Day Output KL/Day Domestic water Municipality 185.0 HVAC Chillers 118.6 Recycled water 47.0 Treated waste water for Recycle 47.0 Water requirement for green belt during non monsoon 20.0 Losses approx 20% 46.4 Total 232.1 Total 232.1
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The water used in the order of 232.1 KL/day would generate 185.7 KL/day of wastewater which has to be treated for reuse and or disposal.
Treatment plant for treating sewage in the project has been proposed for a capacity of 220 m3/day. The Sewage Treatment flow chart is shown in fig 2.5.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION: The proposed sewage treatment plant is of “Advanced Sequential Batch Reactor System”. In this method, the processes of BOD removal, nitrification/denitrification, phosphorus removal and sludge separation are achieved continuously in a single SBR tank. The process operates on the continuous inflow and batch outflow principle. The phases of aeration, settling, decantation occur sequentially and are controlled by a PLC.
The tank is divided into pre-aeration and main aeration tanks by a baffle wall with openings at the bottom. The sewage flows continuously into the pre-aeration tank, which acts as a biological selector enhancing the growth of the most desirable organisms while limiting the growth of filamentous bacteria. Sewage from pre-aeration tank flows through openings at the bottom of the baffle wall and into the main aeration tank where BOD removal and nitrification occur. After aeration phase, sludge separation occurs in the settling phase. After settling, the clear water from top is removed through a PLC operated decanter. Denitrification occurs during anoxic periods of settling and decant phases. The excess sludge is wasted during decant phase. The SBR treated water is disinfected using Sodium Hypochlorite and filtered through a Pressure Sand Filter. The final treated water will be stored for recycling for toilet flushing purpose. The waste sludge is used as manure after dewatering.
The Treatment methodology includes. 1) Bar screen. 2) Oil & Grease Trap (O&G) 3) Equalization tank 4) Sequential Batch Reactor. 5) Sludge Holding tank 6) Multi Grade Filter 7) Activated Carbon Filter: 8) Treated water Tank 9) UV 10) Filter press
Biological stabilization of the wastewater is accomplished in the sequential batch reactor tank in the presence of micro organisms, for the respiration of which, Oxygen is supplied by means of diffused aeration comprising membrane diffusers and air blowers. Phosphorous removal and sludge separation are also achieved in this tank. After the aeration phase, sludge settling takes place. Sludge is then pumped to the sludge dewatering system through sludge transfer pumps.
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Table 2.9 Characteristics of Waste water Parameter Quantity in mg/l PH 6 – 7 Total Suspended Solids 400 – 600 BOD 200 – 300 COD 450 – 500
Data Capacity : 220 m3/day or KLD Flow : 185 m3/day Influent BOD : 350 mg/lit Influent Suspended Solids : 300 mg/lit Influent COD : 600 mg/lit Effluent BOD : 30 mg/lit Effluent COD : 200 mg/lit Effluent Suspended Solids : 100 mg/lit
1. Bar Screen Chamber Flow rate : 27.50 m3/hr Peak factor : 3.00 Peak flow : 82.50 m3/hr Velocity through screen : 0.80 m/hr Clear area through rack opening : 103.13 Gross area : 1.20 times net area m (considering half 123.75 Gross area : pipe full flow) Assuming the inclination of screen of 60° to horizontal. Gross area of screen needed would be 1.0X0.80 Mt. for ease of maintenance.
2. Oil & Grease Trap (O&G) Flow Rate : 220.0 m3/day or KLD Average flow/Hourly flow : 9.2 m3/hr Peak factor : 2.50 Peak flow : 22.92 m3/hr Retention Period : 6.00 min
Volume of the tank : 2.29 m3 (Say 2.5 m3) Side water depth : 1.00 m Surface Area required : 2.29 m2 length of the tank : 3.00 m (Say 3.0 m) Width of the tank : 0.76 m (Say 1.0 m)
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3. Equalization tank Peak flow : 22.92 Hydraulic retention time : 3 hrs. at peak flow Volume of the tank : 68.8 m3 Assuming depth : 3.5 m Area : 19.6 m2 length of the tank : 10.0 m width of the tank : 2.0 m (Say 2.5 m) Area required 19.64 m2 Diffuser required 13.1 Nos. Diffuser adopted 40.0 Nos. Diffuser size 5" dia. disk diffuser air required 200.0 m3/h
4.Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) Tank Flow Rate : 220 m3/day or KLD Volume of SBR tank : 176 KLD (80% of STP Capacity) No. of tanks in series : 2 m Capacity of each Tank : 110 KLD Number of Batch Per day : 5 /day/tank Batch Volume : 22.00 m³ Fill Fraction : 0.28 Reactor Volume Required : 78.6 m³ Water Depth : 3.70 meter Surface Area Required : 21.2 m² width required : 8.0 meter Length required : 2.7 meter Area Proposed : 21.24 Diffuser reqd. : 7.96 Diffuser proposed : 26.00 Total diffuser required : 52.00 Diffusers size : 2 m long tubular diffuser Air Required : Inlet BOD : 350 mg/lit Batch volume : 22.0 m³ BOD load Per batch : 7.7 Kg Oxygen required : 11.94 Kg Aeration Time : 2.4 Hrs. Oxygen Required Rate : 4.97 Kg/Hrs Field correction Factor : 0.51
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SOTR : 9.75 Kg/Hrs SOTE : 0.06 Water Depth : 3.50 m Air Required per tank : 168.23 m³/hr (Say 180) Air Required Total Air required (Eq. Tank + SBR tank) : 750.00 m3/hr Add for others (10%) : 75.00 m3/hr Grand Total : 825.00 m3/hr Proposed Blower Capacity : 850 m3/hr
5. Sludge Holding tank No. of Tanks : 1.00 Nos. Sludge weight : 126.00 kg/d Hydraulic retention time : 48.00 hrs. Sludge volume : 12.60 m3/d SHT Volume : 25.20 m3 Water Depth : 2.50 m surface Area : 10.08 m2 Length : 5.00 m Width reqd. : 2.02 m surface area adopted : 10.08 m2 diffuser required : 5.04 Nos. diffuser adopted : 5.00 Nos. diffuser size : 5"disk diffuser Air Required : 25.00 m3/hr
6. Multi Grade Filter surface loading rate : 15 m³/m²/Hr Filtration rate proposed : 39 m³/Hr Nos. of filter : 1 filtration rate of each filter : 39 m³/Hr Area Required : 2.6 m² Dia Required : 1819.9 mm Dia Adopted : 1850 mm HOS : 1800 mm
7. Activated Carbon Filter: Surface loading rate : 15 m³/m²/Hr Filtration rate proposed : 39.0 m³/Hr Nos. of filter : 1.0 filtration rate of each filter : 39.0 m³/Hr 2 - 13 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement
Area Required : 2.60 m² Dia Required : 1819.9 mm Dia Adopted : 1850 mm HOS : 1800 mm
8. Treated water tank Number of tanks : 1 nos. Volume proposed for Tank-1 : 37 m³
9. Filter Press Sludge generation per day : 12.60 m3/d Size 14" X 14" X 9
Characteristics of Treated Waste water Parameter Quantity in mg/l PH 7 – 8 Total Suspended Solids 100 BOD 30 COD 150
Disposal of Treated Wastewater: It is proposed to reuse the treated wastewater for green belt development, HVAC and for toilet flushing. Excess treated water shall be discharged into open drains. It is proposed to release/dispose the storm water in the storm water drains.
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Fig 2.5 Sewage Treatment Hydraulic Flow Diagram Pump (1W+1S) Filter Feed Filter PSF Excess discharged Excess drains external to To Reuse To capacity Decanter Tank Decanter ACF TREATED WATER TANK SBR (Package unit) (Package SLUDGE HOLDING TANK HOLDING Filter Press Filter EQT TANK SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT TREATMENT SEWAGE O & G O Bar Screen Bar Raw Sewage Raw SEQUENTIAL BATCH REACTOR TECHNOLOGYSEQUENTIAL BATCH (SBR)
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2.2.1.3 Solid Waste Municipal Solid Waste Composition In India the biodegradable portion dominates the bulk of Municipal Solid Waste. Generally the biodegradable portion is mainly due to food and yard waste. The below table presents Composition of Municipal Solid Waste.
Table 2.10 Composition of Municipal Solid Waste Type Composition (%) Solid waste in kg Paper 8 55 Plastics 9 62 Metals 1 7 Glass 1 7 others 4 27 Biodegradable 48 330 Inerts 25 172 Rags 4 27 Total 100 687 NSWAI : National Solid Waste Association of India
Design Stage Solid Waste The domestic solid waste (687 Kg / Day) of the project will be segregated into two categories i.e. Bio-degradable and Non-biodegradable waste. The waste from all the rooms will be collected by the workers and all the waste is sent through service lift to the segregation point which will be collected by the management. Solid waste/garbage waste to be collected in green and blue dustbins. The green bins to be filled with Biodegradable kitchen waste, while the blue bins to be filled with Non Biodegradable waste (recyclable waste) like glass, plastic, paper, etc. The Biodegradable and Non Biodegradable waste is collected by the maintenance department and sent to M.S.W management facility. Table 2.11 presents the anticipated garbage quantity after occupation. The waste management for the hospital is shown in fig 2.7. The responsibility of garbage collection and disposal lies with the municipality, however the project authorities propose to educate the employees/workers to segregate the waste at source before disposal.
Bio-medical waste The hospital is 350 Beds hospital with an average occupancy of about 50%. The Number of patients (OPD) visited the hospital is about 360 persons. The wastes will be segregated at the source in color coded bags as per the Bio-medical waste (management and Handling) rules, 2000. The Bio-Medical wastes such as human waste, infectious waste are stored in yellow bins. The Bio-Medical waste is collected separately and stored. The bio-medical waste from the hospital is outsourced through an approved agency for appropriate disposal. It is expected that about 211 Kg / day of Bio- medical waste will be generated after the development of the proposed hospital and
2 - 16 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement the same will be handled and disposed as per the Bio-medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1998. The bio-medical waste from the hospital is outsourced to M/s. AWM Consulting limited, Pachikapallam (V), Vedurukuppam (M), Chittoor District. The hospital management shall train all the medical and Para medical staff about segregation and disposal.
Fig 2.6 Source of Hospital Waste
Hospital Waste
Bio-Medical Waste General Waste (about 15%) (about 85%)
Human anatomical waste, animal Kitchen waste, waste, micro-biological & bio- packaging materials, technology waste, waste sharps, paper, etc discarded medicines & cytotoxic drugs, soiled waste, incineration ash, chemical waste
* Source: CPCB Bio-Medical Waste Management
Table: 2.11 Solid & Bio-Medical Waste Generation Total No. of Total Solid Total Bio-Medical Land Use persons waste in kgs. waste in kgs. Beds (350 beds) 350 105.0 175 Staff (3 shifts/day) 600 180.0 Visitors (1 persons/bed) 350 105.0 Out Patients 360 36.0 36 Visitors (1 persons/patient) 360 36.0 Cafeteria (450 seats) 450 225.0 Total 687.0 211
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Classification of Biomedical Waste S.No Category Waste Type Human anatomical waste that consists of mainly of 1 Category No. 1 tissues, organs removed during surgery, placenta, etc. Animal wastes i.e. waste generated from the animal 2 Category No. 2 house Microbiology & biotechnology waste i.e. cultures, stocks 3 Category No. 3 and samples Sharps wastes which includes hypodermic needles, 4 Category No. 4 needles attached to tubings, broken glass pieces, scalpel blades, etc. Discarded medicines and cytotoxic waste that comprises 5 Category No. 5 of various anti cancerous drugs used for treating malignant conditions Soiled waste i.e. soiled dressing and any other material 6 Category No. 6 contaminated with blood Solid waste which is the waste generated from 7 Category No. 7 disposable items Liquid waste which consists of waste generated from 8 Category No. 8 laboratory and washing, cleaning, house keeping and disinfectant activities 9 Category No. 9 Ash from incineration of any bio-medical waste Chemical waste are solution such as formaldehyde used for preserving tissues, fixer and developer used in 10 Category No. 10 radiology department and the chemicals used in disinfection * Source: CPCB Bio-Medical Waste Management
FIG 2.7 WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR HOSPITALS
Biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Bio-Medical e - Waste waste Waste Waste
Maintenance Maintenance Department Department
Source Storage Segregation Point Segregation Point Segregation Area Maintenance Municipality Municipality Department M.S.W M.S.W e – parisara/ SEMBRAMKY Ramky Management Management Facility Facility
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2.2.2 Construction Stage The sequence of construction operations and the approximate time requirement is presented in the following table 2.12. The time schedule of the entire project is approximately 24 months.
Table 2.12 Construction Sequence S.No Description of work 1 Clearing and Grubbing 2 Leveling by way of cut and fill 3 Foundation Excavation. 4 Foundation PCC & Concrete & Plinth Beam. 5 Column lifting up to GF Roof. 6 1st floor slab reinforcement & shuttering & Concreting. 7 Stair case slab 8 1st floor column lifting up to 1st floor roof. 9 1st floor roof shuttering, reinforcement & concreting. 10 Deshuttering of GF Roof & cleaning. 11 Deshuttering of 1st Roof & cleaning. 12 Brick work in GF floor. 13 Brick work in 1st floor. 14 Staircase up to terrace. 15 Staircase headroom slab. Plumbing works (concealed works). 16 Electrical conduit junction boxes & board fixing. a. Internal (GF & FF). Plastering works. b. External (GF & FF). 17 Fixing of door & window frames. 18 Plinth filling & floor PCC. 19 Floor Tiling Works, bathroom, kitchen & platform works. 20 Staircase stone works. 21 Terrace waterproofing works. 22 Parapet wall in terrace & miscellaneous works. 23 Fixing of door & window shutters. 24 Fixing of sanitary fittings. 25 Electrical wiring & fixtures. 26 Painting works. 27 External development & compound wall.
The clearing and grubbing activity involves clearing of few trees and shrubs mainly as the greenery is not disturbed in the layout plan. The cut and fill operation for the entire area is presented in table 2.13. There is excess cut material which would be used for construction of roads and the purpose of aggregate for the construction purpose.
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Table 2.13 Earth Work Quantities Qty. of fill Qty of cut Surplus fill Surplus cut S No Area (m3) (m3) (m3) (m3) 1 Site 11595 11595 ------
The construction of this magnitude would require huge quantities of construction materials. The material requirement for the project is presented in table 2.14.
Table 2.14 Material Consumption per Total Units Ready Brick BUA per Aggre Reinfor Mix Cement Sand Water (Nos) Land Use unit in gate cement Concrete (bags) (m3) (m3) x (m2) (m3) steel (MT) (m3) 1000 Total BUA 68096 27919 63329 26557 2928 16479 7899 1566 Total 68096 27919 63329 26557 2928 16479 7899 1566
Thus aggregate requirement will be met from within the plant site. The lead distance for various construction materials is presented in table 2.15.
Table 2.15 Lead Distance for Construction Materials Lead Distance S.No Material Source (Km) Sand ROBOSAND and or Krishna or Godavari river bed areas 1 150 – 200 permitted by Govt. of Andhra Pradesh 2 Aggregate With in the site 0 – 5 3 Cement Manufacturing units 100 – 150 4 Reinforcement Steel SAIL/TATA god owns 5-10 Bricks Local suppliers/ 5 50 Manufacturers 6 Plumbing Material Local suppliers 2 – 9 7 Electrical Material Local Suppliers 2 – 8 8 Sanitary Material Local suppliers 2 – 8 Flooring and 9 Manufacturers 50– 150 Pavement Tiles 10 Paints Local Manufacturers 10 – 30 11 Ready Mix Concrete Local Batch Plants 3 - 7
2.2.2.1 Water Requirement The water required for this project is in the order of 16500 m3 for the entire project implementation period. The peak demand for water may be 90 m3/day, however typical daily consumption will be in the order of 45 m3/day. The required water will be drawn from ground water sources. The project authorities explored the possibility of using treated wastewater to meet partial requirement of water and could not identify a
2 - 20 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement reliable source. The water supply and plumbing will be optimized and low water consuming faucets and flush tanks will be used to conserve water.
2.2.2.2 Construction Debris The construction debris consists of various types of materials. The construction debris will be in both hazardous and non-hazardous categories. The hazardous debris consists of empty containers of adhesives, thinners, paints, and petroleum products. These empty containers will be sold to authorized recyclers. The non hazardous wastes contain recyclable debris like iron and other metal, glass, plastics, cartons of paper, wood etc. These wastes will be sent for reuse/recycle. The waste percentage will be in the order of 2%. Construction debris containing bricks, demolished RCC will be used for land filling in the place of sub grade.
2.2.2.3 Paints All the paints used in the premises will be ensured to have an albedo of at least 0.4 to increase the reflectivity and reduce the heat dissipation and heat island effects.
2.2.2.4 Work Force: The labor/work force requirement is approximately 5000 man-days of various skilled and unskilled employees. Sufficient labor force and skilled employees are available, as Hyderabad is a favorite destination of skilled employees and migrating people from the rural areas. The peak labor force requirement will be in the order of 1500 people. The labor force will be provided with temporary toilet facilities connected to a septic tank followed by sewer liners. The water requirement for the labor force will be approximately 1000 lit/day.
2.2.2.5 Material preparation and transport Most of the construction material except aggregate will be drawn from outside. The material will be transported by trucks and the approximate number of truck trips are 600. The material transport within the site will be facilitated by 5 no. of trippers.
2.2.3 OCCUPATION PHASE A number of facilities will be provided by M/s. Amara Raja Infra Pvt. Ltd., for the occupants and the facilities are shown in table 2.16
Table 2.16 Amenities Proposed Amenity Nos. or Description Sewage Treatment Plant 1 Garbage Collection Bin 1 DG Sets 1040 kVA X 2 no. + 500 kVA. X 2no.
The company shall operate the amenities like sewage treatment plant, DG sets. The major requirement of resource is for electricity and water. The electricity will be drawn from APTRANSCO. Transformers will be provided to reduce voltage fluctuation and to provide quality energy. The power requirement during operation phase is presented in table 2.17.
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Table 2.17 Energy Consumption Statement Connected Diversity Demand S. No. Description Load kW Factor Load kW 1 No. of rooms (350 beds) 1050 0.7 735 2 Operation Theaters 550 0.7 385 3 Guest Corridor 135 0.9 121.5 4 Public Area 250 0.8 200 5 Conventional Power 200 0.6 120 6 Lifts 8 nos. @ 30 kW 240 1 240 7 External & Landscape Lightning 220 0.8 176 8 AC Plant Load 850 0.7 595 9 Pumps and Cooling Towers for 950 0.7 665 HVAC system 10 Plumbing Load 350 0.7 245 11 Kitchen Equipment (Assumed) 550 0.7 385 12 Fire Pumps 110 1 110 13 Jockey Pump 100 1 100 14 AHU/Ventilation 120 0.7 84 15 Guest Laundry (Assumed) 300 0.6 180 TOTAL DEMAND LOAD (kW) 4342 OVERALL DIVERSITY FACTOR 0.7 (kW) 3039 TOTAL DEMAND LOAD IN kVA @ 0.95 POWER FACTOR 3199
SOLAR PANEL Centralized solar based hot water generation with electrical back up is proposed to meet the hot water requirements of the hospital.
Heat pumps (working and stand-by) are planned as electrical back up for hot water generation system. These consume 50 percent less energy compared to regular electric based heating systems.
Based on calculations approximately 158 solar panels with a stainless steel storage tank/ M.S tanks with epoxy lining and red oxide insulation are proposed on the terrace covering an area of 1035 sq m and 160 solar panels are located on site over the bike parking covering an area of 1270 sq m.
2.2.3.1 Domestic Water The domestic water will be drawn from Tirupathi Municipality and during non- availability Ground water will be drawn and used to augment the supplies. The wastewater will be treated and reused for gardening and flush tanks. Dual plumbing system is adopted to reuse the treated wastewater for flushing. Dual plumbing system: Separate tank is provided to store the treated water, the tank is at least 1 foot below the level of other tanks and a distance of minimum 2 feet from the other water pipelines. Separate pipe system is provided to pump the treated water for flushing. All the lines providing treated water will be colored blue. The excess treated water will be let out into the storm water drains. 2 - 22 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement
2.2.3.2 Solid Waste The solid wastes anticipated during occupation stage include garbage, sludge from STP, hazardous waste of used oils, and batteries from generators. The quantity of wastes is presented in table 2.18.
Table 2.18 Solid Waste Generated during Occupation Phase Type of S.No. Quantity Collection/storage Disposal Waste 1 Garbage 687.0 Stored at in green and blue Municipal solid kg/day bins for non-recyclable and waste disposal recyclable wastes respectively. Collected and transported to segregation bin by Maintenance dept. Canteen waste to Bio gas plant. 2 Sewage 11 Collection sump Used as manure and Treatment kg/day or given to farmers. Plant Sludge 3 Used 15 nos. Sold to Authorized Batteries year recyclers or returned to seller 4 Used 250 Stored in HDPE Carboy Sold to authorized lubricant l/year recyclers 5 Bio-Medical 211 Stored in black/yellow/ Sent to M/s. AWM Waste kg/day red/white bins at each Consulting limited, level and collected by Chittoor District for service lift and transported treatment and to the segregation point by disposal management
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3.0 ASSESSMENTS OF IMPACTS
This chapter assesses the nature, type and magnitude of the potential impacts likely on the various relevant physical, biological and cultural environmental components along the project route.
3.1 BACKGROUND The project will be spread over an area of 5.8 hectares in Survey. Nos. 308/3, 308/4, 308/5, 308/6, 308/7, 308/8B, 308/9B, 308/10B, 308/11, 308/12, 309/1A, 309/1B, 309/2, 309/3, 309/4, 309/5, 309/6, 309/7, 309/8, 309/9, 309/10, 309/11, 309/12, 310/1, 310/2, 310/3, 310/4, 310/5, 310/6, 310/12, 311/1, 311/2B, 311/5, 311/6, 311/9 & 311/10, Karakambadi Village, Renigunta Mandal, Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh. The site is surrounded by open lands in all the directions except in west direction. A 100 feet wide road west direction connecting towards Renigunta – Kadapa highway. The nearest railway station is the Renigunta railway Station at a distance of 3.2 km. The impacts of the activities proposed as part of the project can occur during:
. Planning and Design Stage . Construction Stage . Occupation Stage
3.2 METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS The project area is located in a semi arid -tropical region with marked monsoon effects. Though no change in the macro-climatic setting (precipitation, temperature and wind) is envisaged due to the project, the microclimate is likely to be temporarily modified by the addition of increased non-reflective surface and pavement surface. There will be an increase in daytime temperature on the road surface and soil, which in turn might lead to formation of “urban heat islands” especially along the inhabited sections. These heat island effects may increase the temperature of the area slightly. The mitigation measures proposed for the Hospital block is to use less heat radiating material, provide cool roof, while the paved areas will have cool pavements.
This increase in the daytime temperature assumes significance especially to people of the project, as the entire project area experiences temperatures as high as 42o C during summers. Although the impact is significant and long term in nature, it is reversible in nature and shall be compensated for by additional plantation of trees and other mitigation measures. It must be noted that the impact is unavoidable. However, it may be pointed out that the project site is barren land devoid of any plantation, and the development will add greenery to compensate the effect.
3.3 NATURAL AND BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.3.1 Air Air quality along the Project area will be impacted both during the construction and occupation stages. Construction stage impacts will be of short term and have adverse impacts on the construction workers as well as the settlements adjacent to the project, especially those in the downwind direction. Occupation stage impacts will not be as
3 - 1 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement severe as the construction stage impacts and will be confined generally to the project site. The following sections present the impacts of the project activities on this component.
Generation of Dust Pre Construction & Construction Stages Generation of dust is the most likely impact during these stages due to: a) Site clearance and use of heavy vehicles and machinery etc.; b) Procurement and transport of raw materials to construction sites; the impacts will mostly be concentrated in the project site. The impacts due to dust generation are felt downwind of the site along with the site.
As the entire project corridor has a soil type with high clay content and the construction activities to be carried out during the dry season when the moisture content would be less, dust generation, particularly due to earthworks will be marginally significant. Dust is likely to be generated due to the various construction activities.
Generation of dust is a critical issue and is likely to have adverse impact on health of workers in the construction site. This is a direct adverse impact, which will last almost throughout the construction period.
Occupation Stage No dust generation is envisaged during the occupation stage as the Hospital will have greenery and all pavements shall be paved with tiles and all slopes & embankments shall be turfed as per best engineering practices.
Generation of Exhaust Gases Pre Construction & Construction Stages Generation of exhaust gases is likely during the pre-construction stage due to movement of heavy machinery for clearance of the site for construction. This impact is envisaged to be insignificant during the pre-construction stage. Although the impact is much localized, it can spread down wind depending on the wind speeds. The Environment Management Plan needs to ensure that adequate measures are taken especially for health safety of workers such as providing them with safety masks during working hours. Also, the contractor should ensure that stockyards are away from residential areas. If adequate measures are taken, impacts from generated gases can be considered negligible. The source of dust during construction activity is presented in table 3.1.
3 - 2 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement
Table 3.1 Sources of dust during Construction Activity Vehicle and Equipment Exposed Areas Contractor Activities Use Vehicle and equipment Areas of exposed soil that entering and leaving the have been cleared and Land clearing and grubbing project site grubbed Vehicle and equipment Areas of exposed soil that Earthwork including soil movement and use have been excavated, filled, compaction, rough grading within the project site compacted, or graded and final grading. Sediment tracking off- Construction staging areas Drilling site Materials handling, including Temporary parking lots Vehicle and equipment material stockpiling, transfer, and staging areas storage and service areas and processing Onsite Construction Material processing areas and Batch dropping, dumping traffic transfer points Construction roads Conveyor transfer and stacking Bare ground areas of Material transferring construction site Milling and screening Spilled materials operations Construction stockpiles Demolition and debris disposal Soil and debris piles Tilling
Occupation Stage The major impact on air quality will be due to plying of vehicles, usage of DG sets during load shut down by APTRANSCO. The impacts on air quality will, at any given time depend upon period of time the DGs are used and prevailing meteorological conditions. Excess discharge of flue gases from DG set can occur due to (i) inadequate maintenance, (ii) use of adulterated fuel. To predict air quality in the vicinity of project site air pollution modeling has been carried out to quantify the impacts incorporating all these variables.
Modelling of Emissions Predictions of ground level concentrations of the pollutants from 1040 KVA D.G (2 No.) & 500 KVA D.G (2 No.) set was carried out based on site meteorological data collected. For calculation of predicted ground level concentrations using a mathematical model All Terrain Dispersion Model (ATDM) based on USEPA algorithm for ISCST2.
A large number of different mathematical models for dispersion calculations are in practice in many parts of the world. Most of the models for prediction of down wind concentrations are based on Gaussian dispersion. The principle behind the Gaussian dispersion models is Gaussian probability of distribution of concentration in both vertical and horizontal cross wind directions about the plume central line.
3 - 3 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement
All Terrain Dispersion Model (ATDM) was used for the prediction of ground level concentrations of various pollutants, which is based on algorithms contained in USEPA dispersion model Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST) model version-2. These models consider the following in making the computations; Plume rise is calculated using methods suggested by Briggs, Gaussian plume dispersion is assumed, calculations are made as if the atmosphere has reached a steady state conditions. Complete Eddy reflection is calculated for unstable and neutral conditions both from the ground and from the stable layer aloft given by the mixing height. The salient features of the ATDM model are presented below table 3.2.
Table 3.2 Salient Features of the ATDM Model S.No Item Details 1. Model name ATDM (based on USEPA model ISCST2) 2. Dispersion Equation Steady State Gaussian Plume Equation 3. Diffusion Parameters Pasquill Gifford Coefficients 4. Plume Rise Briggs Equation 5. Time Average 1 hour to 24 hours 6. Application Input Data: (i) Source Data Mine coordinates, base elevation, emission rates of pollutants. (ii) Receptor Data Grid interval, number of receptors, receptor elevations. (iii) Meteorological Data Hourly meteorological data i.e. wind speed, direction, ambient temperature, stability and mixing heights. 7. Application Applicable for Point, Area and Volume sources. 8. Special Features The model estimates maximum 1 hour to 24 hours average concentrations. The model considers terrain elevations
Model Formulation The model uses the following steady state Gaussian plume equation. The basic equation for calculating the concentration of pollutants for any point in x, y, z co-ordinates is given below:
C (x,y,z) = Q/2 y z U exp[-1/2(y/y)2] x [2exp{-1/2(z-/z)2}] Where, C = Concentration of pollutants in mg/cu m Q = Strength of emissions in g/sec. y, z = diffusion coefficients in y and z directions in m. U = average wind velocity in m/sec. The following assumptions are made in Gaussian dispersion model. This model assumes no diffusion in the down wind direction and thus applicable to a plume of pollutant. The dispersion parameter values used for horizontal dispersion coefficient and vertical dispersion coefficients are those given in the “Work book of Atmospheric dispersion estimates”. These dispersion coefficients assume a sampling time of about 10 min. 3 - 4 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement
The Gaussian dispersion model has been tested extensively for its validity and found to be reasonably applicable for different atmospheric conditions. BIS has also adopted this basic plume dispersion model. USEPA has also validated ISCST2 algorithms for the prediction of emissions from surface coal mining activity (USEPA 1994). Hence the same model is adopted for predictions of downwind concentrations of pollutants in this report.
Meteorological Data Data recorded by the weather monitoring station at site on wind speed, direction, solar insolation, temperature and cloud cover at one hourly interval for March 2010 to May 2010 been used for computations. Hourly atmospheric stability determined based on the technique suggested by Turner. Visual observations were made on for the solar insolation and cloud cover during study period. The methodology adopted for establishing the hourly stability class is given in table 3.3.
Table 3.3 Atmospheric Stability Classifications Insolation (Day time) Night time Wind Speed Thin over cast or <3/8 (m/sec) Strong Moderate Slight >4/8 low cloud Cloud <2 A A-B B - - 2-3 A-B B C E F 3-5 B B-C C D E 5-6 C C-D D D D >6 C D D D D
Mixing Height: As the site specific mixing height is not available USEPA approved general mixing heights as applicable for Industrial Source Complex (ISC) model have been considered for modeling to establish the worst case scenario. The mixing heights considered for modeling is given table 3.4
Table 3.4 Mixing Heights Considered for Computations Stability Class Mixing Height (m) A 1300 B & C 900 D 750 E & F 400
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Emission Factor For DG Sets Calculation of Stack Height For the DG set the stack height h = 0.2 (Kva)1/2 For 1040 KVA, Stack height = 0.2(1040) ½ = 6.4 Taken as 6.5 meters above roof level For 500 KVA, Stack height = 0.2(500) ½ = 4.47 Taken as 4.5 meters above roof level
Table 3.5 Details of DG Set emissions Dia of Pollutant Stack Temp. of Exit Stack stack Emission Rate (g/sec) Name of Stack Height exhaust Velocity No. at top (m) gases (0C) (m/sec) PM SO NO (m) 2 x 1040 KVA DG set 1 6.5 0.4 468 8 0.004 0.06 0.08 (2No.) 500 KVA DG set 2 4.5 0.2 225 4 0.001 0.03 0.04 (2No.)
Air Quality Predictions The predicted maximum 24 hourly ground level concentrations of SPM and distance of occurrence based on site meteorological data over a grid of 3 km x 3 km with a receptor interval of 50 meters are presented in Table 3.6. The average meteorological conditions as observed during study period are used for the graphical presentation of dispersion of pollutants.
Table 3.6 Maximum Predicted Ground Level Concentrations Distance Maximum Concentration S.No. Pollutant Direction (m) (g/m3) 1 SPM SW 240 1.80 2 SOx SW 240 8.87 3 NOx SW 240 11.43
Indoor Air Quality The indoor environment in any building is a result of the interaction between the site, climate, building system (original design and later modifications in the structure and mechanical systems), construction techniques, contaminant sources (building materials and furnishings, moisture, processes and activities within the building, and outdoor sources), and building occupants. The following four elements are involved in the development of indoor air quality problems:
Source: there is a source of contamination or discomfort indoors, outdoors, or within the mechanical systems of the building.
HVAC: the HVAC system is not able to control existing air contaminants and ensure thermal comfort (temperature and humidity conditions that are comfortable for most occupants). 3 - 6 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement
Pathways: one or more pollutant pathways connect the pollutant source to the occupants and a driving force exists to move pollutants along the pathway(s).
Occupants: building occupants are present Indoor air contaminants can originate within the building or be drawn in from outdoor. A typical list of issues related to indoor air quality are as follows;
Sources of Indoor Air Pollution Outside Building Contaminated outdoor air due to; pollen, dust, fungal spores; industrial pollutants; and general vehicle exhaust. Emissions from nearby sources i.e., exhaust from vehicles on nearby roads or in parking lots, or garages loading docks, odors from dumpsters, re-entrained (drawn back into the building) exhaust from the building itself or from neighboring buildings and unsanitary debris near the outdoor air intake. Moisture or standing water promoting excess microbial growth on the rooftops after rainfall and crawlspace.
Equipment HVAC system: HVAC systems may generate the following indoor air quality problems; dust or dirt in ductwork or other components; microbiological growth in drip pans, humidifiers, ductwork, coils; improper use of biocides, sealants, and/or cleaning compounds; improper venting of combustion products; refrigerant leakage.
Non-HVAC equipment : The other emissions which are non-HVAC equipment related in a typical office complex are; emissions from office equipment (volatile organic compounds, ozone); supplies (solvents, toners, ammonia); emissions from shops, labs, cleaning processes; elevator motors and other mechanical systems
Human Activities The contribution of various human activities related to personal, house keeping and maintenance to indoor air quality is important. Typical list of activities are as follows;
Personal activities: smoking, cooking, body odor, cosmetic odors, cleaning materials and procedures, emissions from stored supplies or trash, use of deodorizers and fragrances, airborne dust or dirt (e.g., circulated by sweeping and vacuuming)
Maintenance activities: microorganisms in mist from improperly maintained cooling towers, airborne dust or dirt, volatile organic compounds from use of paint, caulk, adhesives, and other products, pesticides from pest control activities, emissions from stored supplies.
Building Components and Furnishings Locations that produce or collect dust or fibers; textured surfaces such as carpeting, curtains, and other textiles, open shelving, old or deteriorated furnishings, materials containing damaged asbestos.
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Unsanitary conditions and water damage; microbiological growth on or in soiled or water-damaged furnishings, microbiological growth in areas of surface condensation, standing water from clogged or poorly designed drains, dry traps that allow the passage of sewer gas. Chemicals released from building components or furnishings; volatile organic compounds or inorganic compounds
Other Sources Accidental events; spills of water or other liquids, microbiological growth due to flooding or to leaks from roofs, piping, fire damage (soot, PCBs from electrical equipment, odors). Special use areas and mixed use buildings; smoking lounges, exercise rooms, food preparation areas
Redecorating/remodeling/repair activities; emissions from new furnishings, dust and fibers from demolition, odors and volatile organic and inorganic compounds from paint, caulk, adhesives, microbiological released from demolition or remodeling activities
HVAC The HVAC system includes all heating, cooling, and ventilation equipment serving a building: furnaces or boilers, chillers, cooling towers, air handling units, exhaust fans, ductwork, filters, and steam (or heating water) piping. A properly designed and functioning HVAC system: provides thermal comfort, distributes adequate amounts of outdoor air to meet ventilation needs of all building occupants, isolates and removes odors and contaminants through pressure control, filtration, and exhaust fans.
Pollutant Pathways and Driving Forces Airflow patterns in buildings result from the combined action of mechanical ventilation systems, human activity, and natural forces. Pressure differentials created by these forces move airborne contaminants from areas of relatively higher pressure to areas of relatively lower pressure through any available openings.
The basic principle of air movement from areas of relatively higher pressure to areas of relatively lower pressure can produce many patterns of contaminant distribution, including: local circulation in the room containing the pollutant source, air movement into adjacent spaces that are under lower pressure (Note: Even if two rooms are both under positive pressure compared to the outdoors, one room is usually at a lower pressure than the other.), recirculation of air within the zone containing the pollutant source or in adjacent zones where return systems overlap, movement from lower to upper levels of the building, air movement into the building through either infiltration of outdoor air or reentry of exhaust air.
Building Occupants The term “building occupants” is generally used to describe people who spend extended time periods (e.g., a full workday) in the building. Groups that may be particularly susceptible to effects of indoor air contaminants include, but are not limited to: allergic or asthmatic individuals, people with respiratory disease, people whose immune systems are suppressed due to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, disease, or other causes and contact lens wearers
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3.3.2 Water Resources Design Stage The project site area falls in the drainage basin of Karakambadi tank. The surface water bodies can be subject to adverse impacts due to the various construction activities as well as during the occupation stage of the project. These water bodies were irrigation sources for the agricultural activity before the urbanization and the same are now ill used, with sewage from the surrounding colonies joins into sewer lines. The proposal to discharge storm water into rainwater-harvesting structures, which would enhance the ground water table and also reduce the runoff reaching the drains, the excess runoff will joins into storm water drains and finally joins into sewer lines.
Alteration of Drainage The rainfall in the area is in the range of 700 – 900 m/year, and the drainage pattern of the site is pinnate. The natural drainage of the site will be modified to facilitate the site development. Increased runoff from the impervious surfaces like rooftop and roads will add to the storm water quantity that drains from the site. Hence it is proposed to provide storm water drain and rain water harvesting structures in the site to enhance the ground water table and also reduce the runoff reaching the drains. Suitable cross drainage structures are being designed to facilitate storm water movement. It is proposed to discharge the storm water runoff into the storm water drains. Thereby the excess runoff if any due to the constructed areas will be compensated by these structures. During short bursts of high intensity rainfall the rainwater harvesting structures would act as flow dissipaters, filter media and infiltration trenches.
However the urban runoff compared to the runoff without construction activity will differ significantly as pollutants from various sources also enter the drains, viz; vehicular pollution, lawn and garden maintenance, municipal maintenance, transportation spills, construction activity, runoff from driveways. These pollution sources may have significant negative impact on the receiving body if mitigation measures are not adopted.
Construction Stage The construction activity will mostly take place during non-monsoon season. To avoid sedimentation of storm water during rainy season the stockpiles of soil and other materials should be carefully planned. The construction activity will have significant impact on the withdrawal of water from ground water sources. Occupation Stage The major negative impacts caused by project are the sewage followed by storm water disposal. The water requirement of the project will be drawn from the HMWSSB, which accepted to provide the water required for domestic purposes. During non-availability ground water is proposed to be used for augmenting the supplies.
The sewage generated will have adverse impacts if disposed untreated. The adequacy of the system is observed to be sufficient, but the anthropogenic pressures of urbanization are reducing the areas of tanks and disturbing the water shed systems, which needs to be addressed by the town planning authorities/HMDA. The sludge
3 - 9 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement generated from the treatment plant will either be used as manure within or outside the premises.
The other major impact will be due to the increased run off and may have negative impact on the receiving body if the same is not properly managed. Impacts due to surface runoff include increased soil erosion and local flooding or water logging. Hence the project will be designed with adequate storm water drains and cross drainage structures.
Increased Sediment and Degradation of Water Quality Pre-construction and Construction Stage The degradation of water quality can occur during construction stage from increased sediment load into watercourses near the construction site. This may be aggravated by removal of trees and consequent increase in soil erosion. As soil in the study area is with sand and gravel silt composition, the impacts due to the increased sediment load will be significant and need to be addressed for all water bodies along all the routes.
Degradation of water quality is also possible due to accidental discharges into watercourses from drainage of workers’ camps and from spillage in vehicle parking and/or fuel and lubricant storage areas.
Occupation Phase During the operation phase, there is little chance of degradation of water quality during normal operations, as an STP will be provided for treating the wastewater and storm water drains will be provided to carry the storm water.
Impact on Groundwater sources There is minimal impact on the ground water as the water requirement during occupation is to be met from HMWSSB.
3.3.3 Land Physiography The impact of project on physiography is a function of the terrain of the area. It is most drastically altered in case of hilly terrain or where extensive cut-and-fill operations are involved. The project area has a plain terrain and the design stage deliberations have ensured that the major contours are not disturbed and rocky part is kept for subsequent development of green space. However the physiography impact will be significant non reversible as the contours of the area will be disturbed. The cut and fill operations may cause air pollution, clogging of drains and solid waste for disposal. The design stage has optimized the cut and fills operations and the excess cut material is minimum and the same shall be reused for the construction purposes.
Seismicity The project site is located in Zone II. These are relatively stable areas. Project construction in this area will have little impact on its overall earthquake potential since no major blasting is envisaged at the construction site.
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Loss of productive soil Pre-construction stage The area of the project is non agricultural barren land and has been classified as residential/commercial zone by TUDA. The present usage of land is barren and the development of the land will have a positive impact on the aesthetics.
Construction stage The soils of the project site are clayey or clay loams, Soils in the project site may be negatively impacted due to the proposed project. The loss of productive topsoil due to construction is a direct adverse long-term impact. However the land usage at present is barren and the project would have a positive impact during occupations stage. Mitigation measures are to be adopted for preservation of topsoil.
Occupation Stage The project will have a positive impact on the soils and soil quality as the project will have greening program and the soils will be protected due to conservation.
Soil Erosion The soil in the study area varies from clayey loam to Sandy loam. Therefore the potential for erosion is low. Erosion will be exacerbated if the vegetation is removed from the site since roots are known to hold soil together. This will however be for the duration until the compensatory afforestation and roadside plantation have matured. It is not possible to construct projects without removing trees and disturbing the contours. However, to prevent the eroded material from entering the watercourse, silt fencing can be provided at the end of ditches or cascade arrangements can be provided at the end of ditches as they enter the watercourse. While the former requires frequent cleaning to prevent built-up, the voids in the cascade will be filled up by eroded material and eventually vegetation will be established there. No soil erosion is anticipated, as greening activity will mitigate soil erosion.
Compaction of soil Pre-Construction Stage Compaction of Soil will occur in the pre-construction stage (particularly during site clearance stage) due to movement of heavy machinery and vehicles. Similarly, compaction will take place during setting up of stockyards. However, this is a short duration impact. Appropriate measures need to be specified in the Environmental management plan to minimize the area of soil compaction. Construction Stage Movement of vehicles during construction is the major cause of soil compaction. This impact is direct and will be maximum in the paths, which may be planned for conversion into roads. It is necessary to ensure that there is no adverse impact of soil compaction in areas other than the proposed roads, where vegetation can grow and rain infiltration will take place.
Occupation Stage During the occupation stage, compaction will not occur, and the compaction if any will be restricted to road ROW. And the road ROW compaction cannot be said to be an
3 - 11 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement impact of the occupation stage as the pavement itself is a function of compacted base and sub base.
Contamination of Soil Pre-Construction Stage Contamination of soil in the pre-construction stage may be considered as a short-term residual negative impact. Soil contamination may take place due to solid waste contamination from the construction workers set up during pre-construction stage.
Construction Stage Contamination of soil during construction stage is primarily due to construction and allied activities. The sites where construction vehicles are parked and serviced are likely to be contaminated because of leakage or spillage of fuel and lubricants. Refuse and solid waste from construction workers can also contaminate the soil. Contamination of soil during construction might be a major long-term residual negative impact. Unwarranted disposal of construction spoil and debris will add to soil contamination
Occupation Stage During the occupation stage, soil pollution is a low probability incident.
Solid Wastes Solid wastes of different variety are anticipated from the construction and occupation stages of the project. The Impacts of solid wastes if unmitigated could be environmentally disastrous and economically expensive to mitigate at a later stage. The solid wastes range from garbage from the construction workers during the construction to the sewage treatment plant sludge during the occupation stage. The wastes anticipated and the impacts are tabulated in table 3.7.
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Table 3.7 Solid Waste Details Stage Type of Wastes Impacts Construction Debris/construction wastes Soil contamination, storm water flow obstruction Packing Material Soil contamination Empty drums and carboys Soil contamination Spillage of fuels/construction Soil contamination leading to materials/hazardous chemicals storm water pollution Sediment from stockpiles due to Soil contamination, storm water rain water and wind erosion flow obstruction, downstream water body pollution Wastes from Vehicle and Soil contamination, storm water equipment maintenance like pollution and some of the Waste oils, cleaning solvents, used impact could be irreversible. batteries, used tyres Occupation Garbage Soil contamination leading to ground water pollution over long periods of time. STP Sludge Soil contamination and ground water pollution over long periods of time if stored improperly Used Oils and batteries Soil contamination and storm drain pollution Spills and leakages Soil contamination and storm water drain pollution
3.3.4 Consumption of Natural Resources The proposed project requires number of construction materials, which are natural resources. The resources required for construction include directly natural resource like sand, aggregate, water, gravel etc. The rough bill of quantities of materials required for the project are presented in table 3.8.
Table 3.8 Material Consumption for Project Ready Brick BUA per Aggre Reinfor Mix Cement Sand Water (Nos) Land Use unit in gate cement Concrete (bags) (m3) (m3) x (m2) (m3) steel (MT) (m3) 1000 Total BUA 68096 27919 63329 26557 2928 16479 7899 1566 Total 68096 27919 63329 26557 2928 16478 7899 1566
The source of various materials is presented in table 3.9
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Table 3.9 Lead Distance for Construction Materials Lead Distance S.No Material Source (Km) Sand ROBOSAND and or Krishna or 1 Godavari river bed areas permitted 150 – 200 by Govt. of Andhra Pradesh 2 Aggregate With in the site 0 – 5 3 Cement Manufacturing units 100 – 150 4 Reinforcement Steel SAIL/TATA god owns 5-10 5 Bricks Local suppliers/ Manufacturers 50 6 Plumbing Material Local suppliers 2 – 9 7 Electrical Material Local Suppliers 2 – 8 8 Sanitary Material Local suppliers 2 – 8 Flooring and 9 Manufacturers 50– 150 Pavement Tiles 10 Paints Local Manufacturers 10 – 30 11 Ready Mix Concrete Local Batch Plants 3 - 7
The material requirement during construction stage has both positive and negative impacts as the requirement of resources which are industrially produced will give impetus to industrial growth. While the unsustainable natural resources requirement of sand will have negative impact at the mining areas. It is necessary that the sand is transported from the areas identified by Government of Andhra Pradesh. The manmade resources like Cement, Steel, Bricks, Tiles would need minerals which are unsustainable, and yet the necessity of project development compensates the impacts.
3.3.5 Noise Though the level of discomfort caused by noise is subjective, there is a definite increase in discomfort with an increase in noise levels. Hospital projects tend to cause noise indirectly as the roads provided for connectivity would lead to increased noise levels. Road noise depends on factors such as traffic intensity, the type and condition of the vehicles plying on the road, acceleration/deceleration/gear changes by the vehicles depending on the level of congestion and smoothness of road surface (IRC: 104-1988).
The impacts on noise due to the project will be of significance in both the construction as well as the occupation stages.
Pre Construction stage Noise levels during the pre construction stage are mostly expected to be indicative of prevalent baseline levels apart from localized noise levels at locations where pre construction stage activities are taking place such as establishment of construction workers, stockyards. These increased noise levels will prevail only for a short duration during the pre construction stage.
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Construction Stage Due to the various construction activities, there will be temporary noise impacts in the immediate vicinity of the project corridor. The construction activities will include the excavation for foundations and grading of the site and the construction of structures and facilities. Movement of heavy vehicles, loading, transportation and unloading of construction materials produce significant noise during construction stage. The typical noise levels associated with the various construction activities and the various construction equipments are presented in Table 3.10.
Table 3.10 Typical noise levels of principal construction equipments (Noise Level in dB (A) at 50 Feet) CLEARING STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION Bulldozer 80 Crane 75-77 Front end loader 72-84 Welding generator 71-82 Jack hammer 81-98 Concrete mixer 74-88 Crane with ball 75-87 Concrete pump 81-84 Concrete vibrator 76 EXCAVATION & EARTH MOVING Air compressor 74-87 Bulldozer 80 Pneumatic tools 81-98 Backhoe 72-93 Bulldozer 80 Front end loader 72-84 Cement and dump trucks 83-94 Dump truck 83-94 Front end loader 72-84 Jack hammer 81-98 Dump truck 83-94 Scraper 80-93 Paver 86-88 GRADING AND COMPACTING LANDSCAPING AND CLEAN-UP Grader 80-93 Bulldozer 80 Roller 73-75 Backhoe 72-93 Truck 83-94 PAVING Front end loader 72-84 Paver 86-88 Dump truck 83-94 Truck 83-94 Paver 86-88 Tamper 74-77 Dump truck 83-94 Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Noise From Construction Equipment and Operations. Building Equipment and Home Appliances. NJID. 300.1. December 31. 1971
Though the noise levels presented for the various construction activities far exceed the permissible standards, it is important to note that the construction noise is generally intermittent and depends on the type of operation, location and function of the equipment. Proper mitigation measures as to regulate the timings of construction, employing noise protection measures etc. need to be worked out.
Occupation Stage The noise levels at various locations are monitored and the noise levels at the site would change due to occupation of the projects. There are no sensitive receptors with in the immediate vicinity. The noise levels increase due to the project will be negligible 3 - 15 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement in the Project impact area, however the project site after occupation may have higher noise levels due to human activity, transport etc. The noise reduction levels due to construction materials and enclosures is presented in table 3.11.
Table 3.11 Noise reduction due to Barriers Table 1 TRANSIMISSION LOSS VALUE FOR COMMON BARRIER MATERIALS THICKNESS, TRANSIMISSION MATERIAL (inches) LOSS, dBA (1) WOODS ½ 17 Fir 1 20 2 24 ½ 16 Pine 1 19 2 23 ½ 16 Red Wood 1 19 2 23 ½ 15 Cedar 1 18 2 22 ½ 20 Ply Wood 1 23 Particle Board ½ 20 METALS 1/16 23 Aluminum 1/8 25 ¼ 27 24 ga 18 Steel 20 ga 22 16 ga 15 Lead 1/16 28 CONCRETE, MASONRY, etc 4 36 Light Concrete 6 39 Dense Concrete 4 40 4 32 Concrete Block 6 36 Cinder Block (Hollow Core) 6 28 Brick 4 33 Granite 4 40 COMPOSITES Aluminum faced plywood ¾ 21-23 Aluminum faced particle Board Plastic ¾ 21-23 Lamina on plywood plastic ¾ 21-23
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Table 1 TRANSIMISSION LOSS VALUE FOR COMMON BARRIER MATERIALS THICKNESS, TRANSIMISSION MATERIAL (inches) LOSS, dBA (1) Lamina on particle Board ¾ 21-23 MISCELLANEOUS 1/8 22 Glass (Safety glass) ¼ 26 Plexiglass (Shatterproof) 22-25 Masonite ½ 20 Fiber glass/ Resin 1/8 20 Stucco on Metal Lath 1 32 Polyester with aggregate surface 3 20-30 A weighted TL based on generalized truck spectrum. Source: Noise Barrier Design Handbook. FHWA.
Reference Noise Levels The vehicular noise emission levels significantly vary with vehicle speed. It is therefore necessary that speed dependency of noise emissions for various categories of vehicles be taken into account while using the model for noise prediction due to the roadway. In this work the speed-noise relations presented by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) in their report on Environmental and Social Assessment Delhi - NOIDA Bridge Project have been adopted (Table 3.12). Table 3.12 Speed-noise relationships for various motor vehicles Cars Trucks & Buses 2/3 Wheelers Speed (Kmph) (dB (A)) (dB (A)) (dB (A)) 30 56.0 73.0 58.0 40 59.0 76.0 61.0 50 63.0 80.0 66.0 60 68.0 81.0 68.0 70 68.0 81.5 70.0 80 70.0 82.0 72.0 90 72.0 83.0 74.0 100 74.0 83.5 76.0
Traffic Volumes and Speed The traffic volumes within the site will be less as the expected number of vehicles owned by the residents is in the range of 500 - 600. This will facilitate the additional transport due to the project. The connectivity improvement will enhance the air quality of the area in general, however the site area may be impacted with higher noise levels.
3.3.6 Energy Consumption The construction project of this scale will require energy from the grid of APTRANSCO for construction activities and subsequent occupation stage. The energy consumption
3 - 17 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement from the APTRANSCO during construction activity would be limited pumps, motors and compressors in the order of 50 KVA. While the consumption/requirement during the occupation stage is presented in chapter 2. The energy requirement for the project also involves consumption of fuels for construction machinery, transport vehicles. The impacts of spillages and leakages of these fuels on soil are to be mitigated. The energy consumption will have additional demand on the grid, which necessitates additional production of energy. The energy requirement of Andhra Pradesh is mainly drawn from the Thermal power, and the power consumption reflects in additional pollutant release into atmosphere. Though the impacts are not localized in the PIA the impacts can be felt elsewhere necessitating mitigation/energy conservation measures.
3.3.7 Energy Efficiency The energy efficiency of the buildings will depend on the building envelop, fenestration and roof quality, reflecting in transmissivity of the building. The Energy conservation building code for India are yet to be promulgated, and the energy efficiency principles in vogue should be applied to ensure that the “U” and “R” values are within the limits. The failure of which may lead to higher consumption of energy, urban heat island effect. The design guidelines available today in India shall be strictly implemented.
3.3.8 Flora Plantations and Greening The principal impact on flora involves the clearing and grubbing activity. There are no major trees with a girth of more than 15 cm in the site. The area is denudated due to anthropogenic pressures, and the site is devoid of any major trees. The removal of plants involves removal of small plants, shrubs only.
Pre Construction Stage The project has a significant, direct and long-term positive impact on the site as it is proposed to provide avenue plantation all along the internal roads and to provide a green area. Most visible impact is the availability of shade, and will increase the comfort levels for traffic and pedestrians. The plantation will take into consideration the importance of native species and will be planted.
The micro-ecosystems supported by the trees are also a point of environmental importance. The plantation will enhance the aesthetics and improve ground water table and reduce erosion. The project Impact Area has a reserve forest in Momanduru at a distance of 11.21 km which was denudated and monoculture plantation of eucalyptus. The forest is recently revived to be made into a Botanical park. This project will not have any significant impact on the Botanical Park due to the distance. The list of plants proposed for greening concept is presented in table.
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List of Plants Proposed for Greening S. No Plant Name 1 Anthocephalus Chinensis 2 Roystonea Regia 3 Tabebuia Rosea 4 Bauhinea Blakeana 5 Lagerstroemia Speciosa 6 Delonix Regia 7 Cassia Spectabilis 8 Alstonia Scholaris 9 Tabebuia Chrysantha 10 Kigelia Pinnata 11 Fillicium Decipens 12 Mimusops Elengi 13 Ficus Benjamina 14 Alstonia Scholaris 15 Cassia Fictula
Construction Stage The project site is uneven with rocky out crops, hence it is necessary to reclaim the soil properly, to prepare for plantation. Wherever the land area is rocky it is necessary to provide a 2’ x 2’ x 2’ pit and fill it with excess top soil available. The plantation should begin even before the construction activity, to enhance the greenery.
Occupation Stage The impacts on flora during the occupation stage can be due to the air pollution associated with traffic. Moreover, increased pollutant concentrations on roadsides will mean harsher conditions for the newly planted roadside trees. However the central green proposed to preserve the natural contour and provide a lung space to the project will ensure better environment.
3.3.9 Fauna The fauna in the urban areas of the city is limited domestic animals and other common animals. There are no endangered species in the project impact area including the botanical park in Tirumala. However pet animals will have an impact on the storm water drains as the same to address in concert with the project management association, which would look after the house keeping.
3.3.10 Human Use Values Land Acquisition There is no requirement of land acquisition for this project.
Amenities and community facilities There are very few amenities and community facilities proposed in the project. The amenities include canteen and ancillary area, DG sets for emergency purpose, Sewage
3 - 19 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement treatment plant, and dust bins in every street for collection of road side litter. The parking facility provided will cater to the need of the traffic/parking due to the project.
Change in land use The development due to the Project will induce changes in the land use in the project Impact area. However it must be mentioned that the area is already urbanized and the surrounding lands are under various stages of development. There will be a positive impact on the landuse in the impacted area.
Cropping Pattern and Crop Productivity The proposed project is likely to bring in its wake, urbanization and change in land use. Although the spatial impact is likely to be insignificant, the impact will be irreversible in nature.
Exploitation of Resource base Development of such vital infrastructure will lead to over exploitation of the environmental. While the medium term impacts may not be large enough to be noticed, the long-term implications of such depletion are potentially disastrous. The severe depletion of water resources in certain areas are likely if the expanded urban areas continue to use bore wells for their domestic water supply.
3.4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL/PROTECTED MONUMENTS AND OTHER CULTURAL PROPERTIES There are no protected monuments or archeological monuments located within 300 meters of the proposed site.
3.5 SOCIAL IMPACTS There are no displacements of population for this project and the project is meant to meet the growing demands for Hospitals of Tirupati. The project will have positive long term social impacts as it will set an example in Hospital sector of the state which provide employment. The indirect benefits/impacts due to this project are immense as the Hospital is known for its high wages and higher life styles.
3.6 INDUCED IMPACTS The impacts of the proposed project will not be limited the direct impact discussed above. The project will generate employment but also will put a additional burden on the already loaded infrastructure of the city and the project area. The project would enhance the water quality in the watershed, as the treated water will be sent into sewer lines. And release of storm water into rainwater-harvesting structures, would indirectly help the recharging of the ground water table and also reduce the runoff reaching the drains, the excess runoff will joins into storm water drains and finally joins into sewer lines.
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4.0 MITIGATION, AVOIDANCE AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
The chapter details out the measures incorporated during the project preparation stage to avoid and mitigate adverse impacts on the various environmental components. The enhancement measures envisaged to increase the acceptance of the project by the host populations are also described. The final section describes the management plans for the implementation of the environmental provisions during and after construction.
4.1 Approach to Mitigation Measures This chapter details the need for the project, description of the proposed project and alternatives, and identifies the valued ecosystem components. The project is envisaged to provide build to suit Hospital building in Karakambadi Village, Renigunta Mandal, Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh. The project will be spread over an area of 5.8 hectares in Survey. Nos. 308/3, 308/4, 308/5, 308/6, 308/7, 308/8B, 308/9B, 308/10B, 308/11, 308/12, 309/1A, 309/1B, 309/2, 309/3, 309/4, 309/5, 309/6, 309/7, 309/8, 309/9, 309/10, 309/11, 309/12, 310/1, 310/2, 310/3, 310/4, 310/5, 310/6, 310/12, 311/1, 311/2B, 311/5, 311/6, 311/9 & 311/10, Karakambadi Village, Renigunta Mandal, Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh. The site is surrounded by open lands in all the directions except in west direction. A 100 feet wide road west direction connecting towards Renigunta – Kadapa highway. The nearest railway station is the Renigunta railway Station at a distance of 3.2 km.
The development of the project has a number of positive long term impacts and it is imperative that a development of this magnitude will have certain negative impacts which are spatially limited to the site, municipal authority and or the wider environment. These impacts can be seen during preconstruction, construction and occupation stages. Though conscious efforts have been made to minimise the impacts of environmental and social components, certain adverse impacts have been inevitable.
The development of procedures for mitigation as well as avoidance of adverse impacts of the proposed project development has been an iterative process. There has been continued interaction between the design and environmental teams to arrive at measures acceptable to both sides. The avoidance and mitigation of negative impacts involve reduction in magnitude of the adverse impacts during various stages of the project through: a. Alterations during design, site clearance, construction and operation stages of the project to avoid adverse impacts, and b. Additional mitigation measures for unavoidable negative impacts on the environmental components. These measures were incorporated into the various stages of the project. Based on their applicability, both general and case specific measures were incorporated as follows:
Standard: The ‘Standard designs’ of Hospitals, amenities, etc were arrived at after detailed deliberations between the architects and the Environment teams based on the town planning regulations.
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General measures: To avoid or mitigate impacts on environmental components, general mitigation measures were identified based on the characteristic features.
Generic: For various typologies, enhancement designs were prepared at a generic level so that they could be applied to locations selected by the architects and supervising consultants in consultation with the designs and the working drawings for implementation.
The project designs were finalised after due deliberations between the architects, IALA and various consultants. The deliberations covered not only the environmental aspects but also the projected growth of the city, infrastructure development and relevant issues. The designs thus finalised are not only environment friendly and have resource conservation as an objective.
The avoidance of adverse impacts on the environmental components of the project impact area is given first preference over commercial benefit. Thus the designs identified are tentative, as the town planning authority is yet to approve the same.
4.2 Avoidance and Mitigation Measures The avoidance and mitigation measures are discussed in the same order as impacts identified in Chapter 4 where impacts have been assessed for each of the environmental components.
4.2.1 Meteorological Parameters The mitigation measures suggested to avoid or mitigate the urban heat island effect is to provide a lot of unpaved area which will ensure the reflectivity of the site area. However the construction project envisages construction in approximately half of the area and may lead to a slight increase in temperatures in the surrounding areas. The mitigation measures identified are cool roofs for the blocks and cool pavements in the open area. Cool Roof The cool roof materials have two important properties; high solar reflectance or Albedo and high thermal emittance. Solar reflectance and thermal emittance have noticeable effects on temperature. Conventional roof surfaces have low reflectance (0.05 to 0.25) and high thermal emittance (typically over 80%) and heat up to 150 to 190°F (66 to 88°C) at midday during the summer. Bare metal or metallic surfaced roofs have high solar reflectance (0.5 or higher) and may have low thermal emittance (20 to 60%, depending on their surface treatment) and warm to 140 to 170°F (60 to 77°C). Cool roofs with both high reflectance and high emittance warm to only 100 to 120°F (38 to 49°C) in the summer sun. Most cool roof applications have a smooth, bright white surface to reflect solar radiation, reduce heat transfer to the interior, and save on summer time air conditioning. These properties also can extend the life span of a roof. By limiting the quantity of absorbed solar energy, damage from ultraviolet radiation and daily temperature fluctuations – which cause repeated contraction and expansion – can be reduced. The albedo values of various roof materials are presented in fig. 4.1.
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Fig. 4.1 Albedo values of various types of roof material The colour choice of the exteriors and the roof would be based on the albedo of the material. Trees and Vegetation Planting trees and vegetation is a simple and effective way to reduce heat islands. Widespread planting in a city can decrease local surface and air temperatures. Strategic planting around homes and buildings directly cools the interior of Hospital buildings, decreasing air conditioning costs and peak energy demand. Trees and vegetation cool the air by providing shade and through evapotranspiration (the evaporation of water from leaves). Shade reduces the amount of solar radiation transmitted to underlying surfaces, keeping them cool. Shaded walls may be 9 to 36°F (5° to 20°C) cooler than the peak surface temperatures of unshaded surfaces. These cooler walls decrease the quantity of heat transmitted to buildings, thus lowering air conditioning cooling costs. Cooler surfaces also lessen the heat island effect by reducing heat transfer to the surrounding air.
Another way trees and vegetation cool the air is by absorbing water through their roots and evaporating it through leaf pores. This process uses heat from the air to convert water contained in the vegetation into water vapour. A mature tree with a 30-foot crown transpires approximately 151.41 liters of water per day. Evapotranspiration alone can result in peak summer temperature reductions of 2 to 9°F (1° to 5°C). While this process reduces air temperatures, it does add moisture to the air. The positive cooling effect of vegetation usually outweighs any undesirable gains in humidity. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service estimates that every 1% increase in canopy cover results in maximum mid-day air temperature reductions of 0.07 to 0.36°F (0.04° to 0.2°C). To shade from summer sun, plant deciduous trees to the west, southwest, southeast, and east of a building. Special care should be given to trees planted directly to the 4 - 3 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement south. These trees may not provide much shade in the summer, when the sun is high in the sky, and may block desired wintertime sun, when the sun is low in the sky. Deciduous trees work well, as they balance energy requirements over the course of a year. In summer, foliage cools buildings by blocking solar radiation. In winter, after the leaves have fallen, the sun's energy passes through trees and helps to warm buildings. If there is not enough space for trees, grow vines on a vertical or horizontal trellis to shade the west and east windows and walls of buildings.
These suggestions will be given to the occupier and the project authorities shall assist the employees.
4.2.2 Natural and Biophysical environment 4.2.2.1 Air The impacts identified with respect to the air quality during the construction of the project are temporary, and the impacts identified during occupation stage are irreversible and the same must be mitigated to ensure a better air quality in the project site area and the surroundings.
Generation of Dust Pre Construction & Construction Stages Dust will be generated from transport, construction, and utility operations. The mitigative measure proposed is water sprinkling of the roads, and covered construction activity so as to ensure the dust does not fly. The road condition is a major cause of the dust and permanent black top roads will be provided as far as possible in the construction area. Exposure of labour and employees during construction will be mitigated by provision of facemasks to employees at dust generating sources.
All precautions to reduce the level of dust emissions from the construction equipments and other transportation of materials will be taken up including Vehicles delivering loose and fine materials like sand and fine aggregates shall be covered with tarpaulin to reduce spills on existing roads. Water will be sprayed on earthworks, temporary haulage and detour roads on a regular basis. During and after compaction of the sub- grade, water will be sprayed at regular intervals to prevent dust generation.
Occupation Stage No dust generation is envisaged during the occupation stage as the area will have greenery and all roads shall be paved and all slopes & embankments shall be turfed as per best engineering practices.
Generation of Exhaust Gases Pre Construction & Construction Stages The best mitigation measure proposed to be adopted by the project authorities is to ensure that all the vehicles in the premises and all the transportation vehicles from out side would be insisted on Pollution under control certificate from RTA. The other sources of exhaust gases i.e., heavy construction machinery etc. will have proactive maintenance to ensure they do not cause both excess exhaust gas Generation and
4 - 4 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement noise. The DG sets that are required to supply power to the electrical implements of the construction would be provided with enclosure and a stack with effective height as prescribed by CPCB. This will ensure effective dispersion of air pollutants.
Occupation Stage The mitigation measure proposed is the same, as the construction stage mitigation measure to ensure that all the vehicles that enter this gated community should have pollution under control certificate. The DG sets shall be provided with the stack which is enclosed and has a stack height as prescribed by the CPCB. The effective stack height calculations are presented below; the emissions from the restaurant are unavoidable, as the source of emissions is essential. However the mitigation of these emissions could be adopted by way of a kitchen chimney. The heat generated by essentially the hospital equipment in the building may lead to additional load on the HVAC system. Indoor pollution may be abated by the provision of HVAC system, which will filter the out door air and reduce the temperature. The indoor air quality would also be affected by human activity like breathing, smoking etc.
Indoor Air Quality The indoor air pollution shall be avoided/mitigated by adopting various measures during the design stage. The strategies proposed for indoor air pollution control are; source control, Ventilation, Air Cleaning and Exposure control.
The following are the important measures of source control; prohibit smoking indoors or limit smoking to areas from which air is exhausted, not recirculated. Relocate contaminant-producing equipment to an unoccupied, better ventilated, or exhaust-only ventilated space, seal surfaces of building materials that emit VOCs such as formaldehyde, improve storage of materials that produce contaminants.
.Ventilation can be used to control indoor air contaminants by diluting contaminants with out side air by way of increasing the number of air changes, improving distribution of air. Air cleaning shall be done at the HVAC system to ensure air supplied in side does not contain any contaminant/dust. Exposure control shall be achieved by isolating emission producing activity and also by informing the susceptible individuals before hand or relocating them.
4.3. Water Resources Water resources are necessary for both construction and occupation stage. The requirement for construction phase will be from treated sewage from existing phase and for occupation to be drawn from Tirupati Municipality. The resource conservation, resource reuse is the major mitigation measures proposed. The mitigation and avoidance measures are discussed as follows;
Alteration of Drainage The drainage alteration is unavoidable as the present drainage which is natural has to be altered during cut and fill operations and to ensure optimisation of land use. The mitigative measure proposed is to provide storm water drain system (600mm wide with perforated precast slabs) that can carry all the rain water that is anticipated due to
4 - 5 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement impervious surface and increased runoff. The storm water drain would also ensure that the sedimentation does not occur as rainwater harvesting structures will also help in controlling the sedimentation. The rainwater harvesting system proposed would enhance the water retention and increase the water table. The drainage would in effect reduce the runoff and increase the percolation. Based on the catchment area, potential inflows and rainfall intensity determine the drain size so as to minimize damage resulting from high intensity storms. Energy dissipaters such as drop structures will be provided along the channel where runoff velocities may become excessive. The building shall be provided with rainwater harvesting structures/ Soakpits and will be located at downspouts in the plot area. Rainwater Harvesting: The quantity of rainwater, which can be harvested, depends upon the annual rainfall, the area of the plot (catchment area) and soil characteristics. The amount of water infiltrated into soil varies with the condition of soil surface and the moisture content of the soil at the time of rainfall. The total amount of water infiltered depends on the infiltration opportunity time, which depends mainly on the slope of the land and the field structure like contour bunds, terraces and other structures, which tend to hold the runoff water over long periods on the land surface.
1. Rainwater Harvesting Pits 2. Harvesting by sumps Roof top water shall be used for domestic purpose/landscaping after filtration & disinfection. Construction Stage The natural drains will not be obstructed during construction activity and the stockpiles of material will be away from natural drains. The stockpiles will be provided with sediment traps to ensure no sediment from the material joins the storm water.
Occupation Stage Urban runoff significantly varies from natural runoff in the rural areas as the drainages are violated by way of washings, leaves and other matter. The avoidance measure is to ensure that wastes are sent to solid waste and drains maintained properly every pre monsoon season. The storm water is let out into the Storm water drain provided by municipality.
Increased Sediment and Degradation of Water Quality Pre-construction and Construction Stage The water quality may get affected if mitigation measures are not adopted to reduce sediment joining the runoff. The mitigation measures proposed to ensure that sediment does not reach the drains is by way locating the stockpiles of materials away from the drains, by providing the stockpiles with filter fences, and by ensuring that the construction activity generating dust is conducted during non monsoon season. The mitigation measure proposed to ensure that sewage does not enter the water course is by the provision of septic tank and soak pit for the sewage collection. The vehicle parking and storage of hazardous materials will be kept away from the natural drains.
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Occupation Phase During the operation phase, the storm water drains will be maintained before the monsoon, and vehicle washings would not be allowed to join the drains. The rainwater harvesting structures provided would act as a filter and ensures sediment does not reach the water bodies.
Impact on Groundwater sources Ground water drawl (it’s a marginal quantity) for the purpose of construction will not have any major impact as the quantity of water drawn is supposed to be drawn in case of shortage of water from Tirupati Municipality. It is also proposed to restrict the ground water usage only for augmenting the supply of water. The impetus that this project plays in increasing the urbanization may lead excess water withdrawal and the concerned authorities should ensure that sufficient resources are available before permitting the expansion of urbanization.
Water Conservation Water usage during occupation phase in the project would be mainly for personal hygiene, washing and greening purposes. Water conservation measures proposed for the project which will mitigate the impacts due to exploitation of the natural resource of water is as follows; Recycling: All the blocks in the building will be provided with treated water recycling for flushing purposes which will recycle about 20 l/head/day. The savings in water requirement is in the order of 40 Kl/day. The water consumption in the flush system will be reduced by provision of flush systems which have regulators and with a capacity of 8 l/flush. It is proposed to provide faucets with half turn valves, and foam flow water saving aerators. 4.4. Land
4.4.1 Physiography Design and Construction stage The mitigation measures proposed to maintain the physiographic undisturbed or impacted to the minimum is to maintain the contour levels and to keep the higher contour levels undisturbed. The mitigation measure proposed for reducing the air pollution during cut and fill operation is to use machinery and tippers which have pollution under control certificate, using water sprinkling of he cut and fill areas, and ensure that natural drainage is not filled with cut material.
Occupation stage The change in the physiography of the project site is enhanced by greening program of the area.
4.4.2 Seismicity All the design of the structures considers the seismicity of the area and the construction will be earthquake proof.
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4.4.3 Loss of productive soil Pre-construction stage The area of the project is non agricultural barren land with rocky terrain and has been classified as IT zone by the government. The land is acquired by M/s. Amara Raja Infra Pvt. Ltd., and there is no productive use of the land at present. The denudation of plants and trees due to anthropogenic pressures lead to erosion and loss of productive soil. Construction stage Where ever topsoil is removed during cut operations and during the foundation earthwork it will be stockpiled separately and spread on the surface after the cut operation. The topsoil from the earth works of the foundation would be used in the rocky area, so that productive soil would be available for future greening. The stockpiling will be done in slopes of 2:1, to reduce surface runoff and enhance percolation through the mass of stored soil. The stored topsoil will be spread back to maintain the physico-chemical and biological activity of the soil. The stored topsoil will be utilized for:
Covering all disturbed areas including for the redevelopment of cut areas. Top dressing of the road embankments and fill slopes. Filling up of tree pits, proposed as part of greening.
Occupation Stage The soil during the occupation stage would have been either covered with greening and or pervious/impervious surface. This cover would ensure that soil is not lost due to wind erosion, sedimentation etc. Suitable measures will be adopted to ensure that the slopes and embankments are turfed.
4.4.4 Soil Erosion Design and Construction stage The soil in the study area varies from clayey loam to loam. Therefore the potential for erosion is high. Hence it is proposed to provide silt fencing and cascade arrangements in the slopes during construction to ensure soil is not eroded and the sediment/silt does not join watercourses. While the former requires frequent cleaning to prevent built-up, the voids in the cascade will be filled up by eroded material and eventually vegetation will be established there. The following mitigation measures are proposed to reduce erosion, a. Construction activity is scheduled to non monsoon seasons, b. Minimize exposed area: by grading only one part of a construction site at a time, c. Protect disturbed soil: from rainfall by preserving as much natural cover, topography and drainage as possible during construction, d. Stabilize disturbed slopes as promptly as possible and use recommended plant cover and mulches to establish protective land cover, e. Control surface runoff: to reduce erosion by directing flowing water away from critical areas and by reducing runoff velocity, diversion structures –such as terraces, dykes and ditches- collect and divert runoff water around vulnerable areas to prepared drainage outlets,
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f. Contain the sediment: when conditions are too extreme for treatment by only surface protection. Temporary sediment traps, filter fences, inlet protectors, vegetative filters and buffers, or settling basins detain runoff water long enough for the sediment particles to settle out.
Occupation Stage No soil erosion is anticipated, as greening activity will mitigate soil erosion. This will however be for the duration until the compensatory afforestation and roadside plantation have matured. To check soil erosion on critical road embankment slopes turfing with grasses and shrubs will be carried out, in accordance with the recommended practice for treatment of embankment slopes for erosion control
4.4.5 Compaction of soil Pre-Construction Stage The construction camp and stockyards can be located in areas which are rocky with sheet rock outcrops. Suitable areas will be identified by the site engineer.
Construction Stage The mitigation measure proposed to avoid soil compaction is to provide the future road courses as the roads during construction stages. The areas which are meant for greening should be ploughed during monsoon season to mitigate the impact of soil compaction.
Occupation Stage The compaction of soil during occupation stage is unlikely in the building area except roads; the soil would be maintained by the management authority to grow plantations hence soil would be conditioned by them periodically.
4.4.6 Contamination of Soil Design Stage The solid waste/garbage from the construction site will be sent to municipal garbage bins, from where it is send to Jawaharnagar Garbage disposal centre.
Construction Stage Proactive maintenance will be scheduled periodically for all the transport vehicles and equipment to reduce spillages and leakages. Vehicles are not allowed to be washed in the site. Mixing plant and other equipments shall be located at areas which are away from residential areas and on land which has exposed sheet rock. Construction debris of RCC will be used as sub grade in road construction. The construction debris which is recyclable will be collected and stored at designated locations to be sold to recyclers. The storage locations are ensured to be away from natural drains.
Occupation Stage The mitigation measure would be to provide a disincentive for unauthorized garbage dumping and accidental spills or leaks if any would be plugged immediately through periodic maintenance.
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4.5 Consumption of Natural Resources The proposed project requires number of construction materials which are natural resources. The resources required for construction include directly natural resource like sand, aggregate, water, gravel etc. The avoidance measures adopted will be to restrict the levelling activity to match with the excess cut materials available. The excess cut will be used for aggregate requirement. The material requirement of sand may be replaced with robosand wherever possible. The mitigation measures to be adopted are essentially avoidance of purchase of excess materials and to use the principle of just in time, and to account for all the resources and minimize the wastage. Bricks shall be purchased from kilns that are using coal ash. Recycled steel shall be used wherever feasible. The wastage of material on site during construction shall be minimized by adopting resource conservation measures.
4.6 Noise Levels Design Stage The noise causing construction activity shall be taken up during daytime. The activity adjacent to the major roads will be restricted to commercial and other construction.
Construction Stage The plants and equipment used for construction will strictly conform to CPCB noise standards. Vehicles and equipments used shall be fitted with exhaust silencers. During routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers shall be checked and if found to be defective shall be replaced. The noise level from any item of plants (measured at one metre from the edge of the equipment in free field) such as compactors, rollers, front loaders, concrete mixers, cranes, vibrators and saws shall not exceed 75 dB (A), as specified in the Environmental Protection Rules, 1986. The construction activity within 150m of the nearest habitation, noisy construction work such as concrete mixing will be restricted to daytime and there will not be any construction during the night-time between 9:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. To protect construction workers from severe noise impacts, noise standards of industrial enterprises will be strictly enforced, and workers shall be provided with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
Occupation Stage The building area and area adjacent to the road will be checked for noise levels and based on the results additional mitigation measures will be taken up like double glazing of windows if necessary.
4 .7 Energy Consumption The construction project of this scale will require energy from the grid of APTRANSCO for construction activities and subsequent occupation stage. The energy consumption from the APTRANSCO during construction activity would be limited pumps, motors and compressors in the order of 50 KVA. While the consumption/requirement during the occupation stage is presented in chapter 2. The energy requirement for the project also involves consumption of fuels for construction machinery, transport vehicles. The energy requirement of Andhra Pradesh is mainly drawn from the Thermal power, and 4 - 10 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement the power consumption reflects in additional pollutant release into atmosphere. Though the impacts are not localized in the PIA the impacts can be felt elsewhere necessitating mitigation/energy conservation measures.
4.7.1 Energy Conservation Energy conservation is incorporated in the design stage to ensure reduction in energy consumption and also enhance the mitigation effects on the heat island effect. The mitigation measures proposed are Building management system where all the electrical utilities are maintained under standard protocols and are connected to PLC controls. Compact Fluorescent lamp usage and setting the Air conditioning temperature at 23 oC are the major mitigation measures which will optimise the energy consumption.
4.8 Flora Design Stage There are no major plants or trees within the site area. The plantation shall be taken up during the design stage wherever the residential area is not proposed. Typical landscape plans have been prepared for plantation. Native species are proposed to be planted.
Construction Stage Soil development of areas of greening area shall be taken up during construction stage. No tree needs to be removed in the zone of construction. Construction vehicles, machinery and equipment will move or be stationed in the designated area only preferably in the proposed internal road areas, to prevent compaction of soil.
Occupation Stage The management will guide and advised to take up greening of open space as measure of reducing the heat island effect, and individual plans for greening of these plots will be prepared. Green Area: There is a central green area which is an open space as per the town planning regulations. The central green area will have lawns, hedges, shrubs and trees along with water bodies.
4.9 Fauna Construction Stage All construction activities will be carried out in such a fashion that the damage and disruption to fauna will be minimum.
Operation Stage Although no impacts on fauna in operation stage are anticipated directly due to the project, certain measures shall be taken. Animals will not be allowed in the site especially during construction.
Occupation Stage The management shall take all measures to enhance greening while in occupation stage.
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4.10 Human Use Values Amenities and community facilities There are very few amenities and community facilities proposed within the project. The amenities include green area, DG sets for emergency purpose, internal roads and Sewage treatment plant. The parking facility provided will cater to the need of the traffic due to the project. The connectivity to this site will be excellent with the existing transport network of roads and availability of public.
Change in land use The development due to the Project will induce positive changes in the land use in the project Impact area. However it must be mentioned that the area is already urbanized and the surrounding lands are under various stages of development. There will be a positive impact on the land use in the impacted area.
Cropping Pattern and Crop Productivity The proposed project will likely to have no negative impact on the cropping as the area immediate vicinity is for infrastructure and no farming. Although the spatial impact is likely to be insignificant, the impact will be irreversible in nature.
Exploitation of Resource base Development of such vital infrastructure will lead to over exploitation of the environmental. While the medium term impacts may not be large enough to be noticed, the long-term implications of such depletion are potentially disastrous. The severe depletion of water resources in certain areas are likely if the expanded urban areas continue to use bore wells for their domestic water supply.
4.11 Safe Construction Practices Safe construction practices shall be adopted to ensure compliance with the building construction act 1996. The construction employees will be provided with personal protective equipment like gumboots, goggles, helmets, and facemasks depending on the requirement and nature of work. The employees will be educated about resource conservation and environmental protection and encouraged to advise and suggest safer methods of construction and environmental protection measures.
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5.0 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN The project is envisaged to provide build to suit Hospital building in Karakambadi Village, Renigunta Mandal, Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh.
5.1 PROJECT DETAILS The project will be spread over an area of 5.8 hectares in Survey. Nos. 308/3, 308/4, 308/5, 308/6, 308/7, 308/8B, 308/9B, 308/10B, 308/11, 308/12, 309/1A, 309/1B, 309/2, 309/3, 309/4, 309/5, 309/6, 309/7, 309/8, 309/9, 309/10, 309/11, 309/12, 310/1, 310/2, 310/3, 310/4, 310/5, 310/6, 310/12, 311/1, 311/2B, 311/5, 311/6, 311/9 & 311/10, Karakambadi Village, Renigunta Mandal, Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh. The site is surrounded by open lands in all the directions except in west direction. A 100 feet wide road west direction connecting towards Renigunta – Kadapa highway. The nearest railway station is the Renigunta railway Station at a distance of 3.2 km.
The project is proposed to built Hospital building typically contain acute care hospitals, long term acute care hospitals, speciality hospitals. The land allocation will be optimized to ensure compliance with the FAR regulations of TUDA. The water requirement of the project during operation will be drawn from Tirupati Municipality. Sewage treatment plant will be provided to treat the wastewater. Water conservation measures will be incorporated in the plumbing designs. Water recycling/reuse will be adopted by way of using treated sewage for toilet flush systems and green belt development. The treated effluent and storm water will be let-out into the storm water drain, which will join the drains. The required power will be drawn from the APTRANSCO and the energy requirement will be optimized by adopting energy efficient design for lighting and for HVAC systems. Construction materials will be drawn from local sources. The parking provision exceeds the guidelines prescribed by FAR and Building policy of Andhra Pradesh.
5.2 MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE EIS An EIS was conducted and the major findings of the EIS study are presented below;
5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Impact on Physical Resources Construction of proposed project requires huge quantities of natural resources like sand, sub grade and aggregate, and materials produced from natural resources like bricks, cement and steel. The material shall be drawn from local sources, and the lead distances range from 2 – 250 km. The impacts on physical resources of sand will be irreversible. While bricks will be brought from kilns which use Coal ash. The material requirement of steel, cement etc. will be purchased from manufacturers within state. Hence, no major impacts on physical resources as regards the availability and procurement of construction material are anticipated due to the project.
Impacts on Air Quality Impacts on air quality during construction stage are likely to be due to operation of construction yards, material transport on trucks and fugitive emissions from the construction sites. The model results for occupation stage show slight increase in the air
5 - 1 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement quality and the results are within the prescribed limits. Mitigation measures required for offsetting the air quality impacts is presented in the Table 5.1, Environmental Management and Action Plan.
Impacts on Noise Quality Impacts on noise quality during construction stage will be significant. Hence the construction near the habitation is proposed only during daytime. The impacts during occupation stage will be mainly due to the volume of traffic generated due to the existence of the project. Construction workers will be provided with protection equipment to guard against the noise impacts. Noise mitigating measures will be suggested for construction equipment and DG sets.
Impact on Flora The project site and its surroundings do not form a habitat to any endangered flora. There are no trees within & in vicinity of the project site due to anthropogenic pressures. The project will enhance the aesthetics of the site due to the provision of avenue plantation. This would ensure minimum impact on flora.
Impact on Fauna As there are no endangered species of wild life in and around the project site, it is likely to have minimal impact. The avifauna will find abode on the trees proposed to be planted. This would enhance the aesthetics of the area.
Impact on Land use There is no land acquisition for this project. However the topography of the land being rocky plains involves cut and fill operation where there is an excess cut. The cut material is proposed to be used for aggregate requirement in construction. Erosion and sedimentation are impacts anticipated during construction. Mitigation measures shall be adopted to avoid the same. The area development would increase the commercial/housing activity in the surroundings, which is a positive impact, as barren lands will be used for productive usage, and the negative impacts will be pressure on the infrastructure facilities.
Impact on Surface Water Resources The degradation of water quality can occur during construction phase from increased sediment load into watercourses near the construction site. Suitable mitigation measures proposed, as part of the EMP will ensure that the residual impacts are minimal. Storm water runoff would increase due to the increase in impervious surface, and rainwater harvesting structures will be provided as mitigation measure. The design of the storm water drain will consider the additional runoff. The storm water will be let out into the storm water drain.
Impact on Ground Water Resources Ground water shall be drawn during construction only in case of shortage, and will be used to augment the municipal supply during non-monsoon season if necessary. Exploitation of ground water will have a minor impact, but the same shall be restricted to ensure resource conservation. This impact will be marginal, as the ground water will not be drawn continuously.
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Impact on Infrastructure The infrastructure of communication available at present is saturated; the proposed hospital will have additional burden on the already semi-saturated infrastructure of the area. The additional requirement of power would increase the pressure on the electrical infrastructure and requires additional power generation in the overall context. Development of such vital infrastructure will lead to over exploitation of the environment. While the medium term impacts may not be large enough to be noticed, the long-term implications of such depletion are potentially disastrous.
Impact on Human Use Values The dominant land use in the area is for Hospitals, other business institutions etc. The impact on Human use values is marginal. The development due to the Project will induce changes in the land use in the project Impact area. A positive impact is predicted on the human use values in the project area.
Impact on Socio Economic Status The development of the project shall provide additional space for the proposed Hospital units which generate direct and indirect employment. While the direct employment may not be area specific, the benefits of indirect employment would normally accrue to the local areas.
5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES PROPOSED A description of the various management measures during the various stages of the project is provided in the following sections.
5.4.1 Pre-construction stage During the design and preconstruction stage the management proposes to comply with the regulations of town planning, explore the availability of sufficient resources, provide plantation and sink bore wells after obtaining the necessary permission.
5.4.2 Construction stage This will be the most crucial and active stage for the Environment Management Plan. In addition to the monitoring of the construction activity itself to the pollution levels within permissible limits, mitigation and enhancement measures for water resources will go on simultaneously as the construction progresses. To facilitate implementation of the enhancement and mitigation measures suggested, working drawings of the same would be prepared after completion of detailed project report. In addition, the need for a balanced evaluation and planning for risks associated with construction activities related to project will be part of the supervising contractor’s responsibility. The resource conservation by way of identification of materials and construction debris recycle/disposal will be formulated by the supervising consultants. The responsibility of environment management plan lies with the project authorities that would implement the plan in consultation with other consultants, by including appropriate provisions in the contract/sub contract documents and providing the necessary facilities.
5.4.3 Operation stage The environment management plan will be implemented by M/s. Amara Raja Infra Pvt. Ltd., management, and while the management plan related to the utilities like roads,
5 - 3 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement street lighting and common open spaces lies with the Tirupati Municipality. The management in operation stage will essentially entail maintenance of sewage treatment plant, maintenance of utilities, and monitoring activity in the project site. Monitoring for pollutants specified in the Monitoring Plan will serve the two purposes. In addition to checking the efficacy of the protection/mitigation/enhancement measures implemented, this will help verify or refute the predictions made as a part of the impact assessment. Thus, it will complete a very important feedback loop for the project.
The measures adopted and/or to be adopted during different stages of the project have been detailed in Table 5.1. Table 5.1 Environmental Management Plan and Action Plan Environmental Enhancement/ Mitigation Management Action Issues/Impacts Measures PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE The layout design shall be Following the FSI prescribed Consultants for various on the basis of town and or reducing the FSI. activities are identified and planning rules of TUDA. Provision of additional parking mandate given to identify Enhancement of open space environmentally sound area into a park. practices and resource conservation measures. Provision of avenue plantation. Provision of storm water drains, for infiltration, filtration, flow dissipation and sediment control. Provision for disposal of storm water and treated wastewater. CONSTRUCTION PHASE Dust generation due to Roads in the construction Plantation to be ensured construction activities. area will be sprinkled with Horticulturists to identify water to reduce the raising of the species. dust. Supervising Plantation taken up at initial consultants/contractor to stage. ensure the water sprinkling
Exhaust gases from heavy Vehicle and equipment Contractors to be educated machinery and maintenance. and supervising consultant transportation of materials PUC for all transport vehicles. to ensure the same. Avoidance of idling of equipment. Sedimentation of storm Avoiding stockpiles of Architects, in consultation water during rainy season materials near natural drains. with Supervision consultants should identify
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Environmental Enhancement/ Mitigation Management Action Issues/Impacts Measures Provision of filter fence the measures needed. Provision of storm water drains wherever possible before the beginning of construction. Sewage transfer Lead bearing piping to be Project authorities and avoided plumbing consultant in coordination with the Supervision consultant should implement the same. Sewage Treatment Sewage to be treated in the STP shall be provided by the STP and reused/disposed. project authorities and ensured that the design of STP is optimised to meet the prescribed standards with energy efficiency. Alteration of Drainage Storm water drains to follow Architects in consultation the natural course as far as with sanitary engineering possible. consultants. Storm water drains to have a Supervision consultant to minimum water velocity of 1 ensure the same. m/s and a maximum 3 m/s. Minimum width of 0.6 meters and depth based on the gradient. Provision of rainwater harvesting structures. Ground water drawl Water conservation measures Sub contractors to be during construction. educated on water conservation measures. Loss of productive soil The site area is rocky. Topsoil Supervision consultant to to be stock piled separately ensure the same in with 1:2 slope and reused for consultation with greening purpose. horticulturist and architect. Soil Erosion Cut and fill operation to be Supervision consultant to done during non-monsoon ensure the same in season. consultation with project Silt fence to ensure silt does authorities. not enter storm water drains. Side slopes will be kept flatter wherever possible, and in case of steeper slopes it is
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Environmental Enhancement/ Mitigation Management Action Issues/Impacts Measures mulched. Compaction of Soil Movement of construction Architects to identify the vehicles preferably in the road areas. proposed road areas. Heavy vehicle movement restricted in central green area. Ploughing the area after construction. Contamination of Soil Vehicle washing and Subcontractors and machinery washing to be Project authorities should avoided in site. ensure. Parking of vehicles and Designate the parking areas maintenance of vehicles to be Provision of Garbage bin by avoided in site. project authorities and Disposal of solid wastes by arrangements to be for construction camps to be disposal of the same. made in garbage bins only. Accidental Leakage and spillage of fuels and other construction materials to be controlled by providing road signs and covered trucks. Natural Resource Identify sand availability from The design team in consumption government authorised consultation with project locations. authorities and supervision Identify and use bricks from consultants must identify coal ash users. the suppliers. Aggregate to be made from the excess materials of cut operations. Identify and use recycled steel wherever possible. Proper availability of drinking water and sanitation facilities. Damage to services running Relocation of any potentially Potentially affected services parallel or across the site affected services prior to com- identified in design stage. during construction leading mencement of any Service undertakers to be to interruption in supply construction works notified for relocation and Contractors to be responsible necessary programming to for identifying and avoid construction delays safeguarding services adjacent (incl. payments). to works and for com- Relocation works to be
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Environmental Enhancement/ Mitigation Management Action Issues/Impacts Measures pensating statutory completed by statutory undertakers for any accidental undertakers before damage to such services. construction works precede in accordance with an agreed programme. Inclusion of appropriate clauses in construction contracts; monitoring of compliance during construction and proper ad- ministration of contracts. Fire Prevention Adopt safe work practice and Provision of adequate fire have adequate fire fighting fa- fighting equipment cilities. Noise Pollution from heavy Noise causing activities near Inclusion of appropriate machinery, and residential areas to be clauses in construction transportation. conducted during daytime. contracts; monitoring of Maintenance of equipment compliance during and vehicles to mitigate noise construction and proper ad- generation. ministration of contracts. Pressures on Infrastructure Identification of alternative Transporting the materials routes for transport of during nighttime. materials from outside the site Consultation with preferably using inner ring APTRANSCO by project road. authorities. Transport of materials during non-peak hours. Installing Electrical Transformer if necessary based on APTRANSCO advice to avoid power fluctuations in the site and also the neighbouring residential areas. Construction debris Construction debris to be used Provision of waste disposal for aggregate and or sub grade site for waste from purpose in the case of RCC. construction and storage Recyclable metals to be yard. collected and sold to recyclers. Supervision consultant in Avoidance of excess inventory consultation with the sub of materials. contractors. Packing materials to be sent Inclusion of appropriate for reuse/recycling. clauses in construction contracts; monitoring of
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Environmental Enhancement/ Mitigation Management Action Issues/Impacts Measures Hazardous waste containers to compliance during be returned to construction and proper ad- seller/authorised recyclers. ministration of contracts.
Plantation and Soil reclamation Horticulture consultant Environmental greening. Use of top soil shall prepare the plan for Initiation of plantation soil reclamation and use of topsoils in consultation with architects and supervision consultants. Social Impacts Additional employment to Qualified locals to be locals. chosen for employment. Occupational Safety and Construction workers are Ensure adequacy and Health provided with personal availability of Personal protective equipment (PPE) protective equipments. such as earplugs, helmets, Project authorities to safety shoes, gloves, etc. ensure compliance with Follow the relevant statutory statutory requirements. guidelines Project authorities to fence Comply with Building the boundaries to avoid construction acts. unauthorised trespassing. The premises shall be fenced and no trespassing be allowed. OPERATION STAGE Urban Heat Island Effect Cool roof Cool roof with light shades Vegetation having low albedo values to Cool Pavements be provided. Vegetation to be provided by horticulturist for the avenues, and central green Pavements will be made impervious for footpaths and jogging paths by provision of pavers. Pervious roads using pavers on compacted soils.
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Environmental Enhancement/ Mitigation Management Action Issues/Impacts Measures Dust Generation from Avenue plantation. Horticulturist should ensure traffic. Maintenance of roads by way avenue plantation of sweeping. The managing committees should ensure maintenance of avenue plantation. Local municipal authorities should ensure the road maintenance.
Generation of Exhaust Avenue plantation. To be maintained by the gases from transport and Rule to allow only vehicles cooperative society utilities. with PUC. To be implemented by the Proper maintenance of cooperative society. vehicles. To be maintained by Stack heights of the DG sets individual owners. must be provided as per CPCB Project authorities must guidelines and the emission ensure that the DG sets are levels should meet the CPCB provided with acoustic standards. enclosures and proper stack heights. Sewage Management All Sewage will be collected by A Cooperative society underground drainage system. (society) of owners will The sewage will be treated in maintain the STP, and sewage treatment plant sewerage. The treated sewage is reused Local body authorities will for on land irrigation for the be appraised during rainy development of green belt. season when excess Treated water line will be quantities are released into provided for reuse for flushing the drain. and for HVAC cooling. Treated water lines will be Excess sewage will be let out colored blue and a distance into drains of 2 feet will be maintained from the other lines by the project authorities. Records of influent and treated effluent quality and quantity should be maintained by the society, and the treatment must be ensured to meet the standards prescribed by GSR 422 E. Storm water Management Storm water will be disposed Storm water drain system into storm water drain and disposal point to be
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Environmental Enhancement/ Mitigation Management Action Issues/Impacts Measures provided by local authorities. provided by the project Storm water drains will be authorities. maintained periodically before Maintenance of storm monsoon. water drains by Local body Accidental discharges authorities spillages will not be allowed to Sweeping by municipal join storm water drains. authorities to be supervised Roads, pavements and other by the society. surfaces are swept regularly. Rainwater harvesting structures will be connected and maintained periodically to remove sediment. Washings of the front portions and porticos should be avoided as it may join the drain and sweeping should be preferred. Ground water usage Ground water sources to be Ground water to be used used during non availability of sparingly and water sufficient supplies from conservation measures to Tirupathi Municipality. be adopted, society shall Occupants not allowed to sink educate and implement bore wells. among residents. Society holds the responsibility of bore wells in the campus. Water Conservation Water conservation measures Society to educate the Measures to be adopted to reduce workers/employees and resource consumption. provide a book let of measures to reduce water consumption. Loss of productive soil Workers/employees to be Society to educate the educated about importance residents. greening to avoid loss of productive soil. Solid Wastes Solid waste/garbage to be The project authorities to collected in green and blue make arrangements with dustbins. The green bin to be the Local authority. filled with Biodegradable The society shall educate kitchen waste, while the blue the segregation of wastes dustbin to be filled with The society shall ensure the recyclable waste like glass, transfer of wastes to the plastic, papers etc.
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Environmental Enhancement/ Mitigation Management Action Issues/Impacts Measures The biodegradable wastes to segregation point. be removed everyday while Society shall interact with the recyclable wastes to be the local body and removed once a week from implement the each residence. management plan updated The dustbins along the streets if any. to be emptied once a day by The project authorities the society and or its must identify the users for representative NGO. STP sludge and authorised Solid waste/garbage to be recyclers for hazardous picked by society or its wastes and inform the representative NGO. society for implementation. Transporting the garbage to segregation point by NGO. Local body authorities shall transport the wastes to dump yard or other designated location. The sludge from the STP may be used as manure for greening program is disposed to farmers. The used oils and used batteries, and used transformer oils should be sent to authorised recyclers. The Bio-Medical wastes such as human waste, infectious waste are stored in yellow bins. The Bio-Medical waste is collected separately and stored. Consumption of natural The major natural resource Consumption of natural resource consumed during operation resources shall be stage is ground water during optimised by education and in sufficient availability of conservation measures by water from Tirupati the Society. Municipality. Noise Levels Noise levels due to traffic and The project authorities other livelihood activity will shall ensure that the increase in the area and the material of construction mitigation measures of shall use best sound construction and Greening will transmission class materials reduce the same. to ensure that the sound
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Environmental Enhancement/ Mitigation Management Action Issues/Impacts Measures Noise levels from DG sets to levels with in the residence be mitigated by the provision are within the prescribed of acoustic enclosures. limits for residential areas. Noise levels during festivals Avenue plantation should and other community be completed before the functions. operation stage to ensure that the noise levels are mitigated. The project authorities must ensure the provision of acoustic enclosures to the DG sets. The society must ensure that the noise from public address systems if any during festivals should follow the guidelines of police and local body. Society must educate the residents/employees/worke rs about the noise level mitigation measures suggested by various agencies during festivals.
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Environmental Enhancement/ Mitigation Management Action Issues/Impacts Measures Traffic Volumes and parking Traffic volumes will increase The colony roads shall not facilities over a period of time and put be made a thoroughfare pressure on the infrastructure. and the project authorities Subsequent increase in air shall ensure the same by pollution loads on the project declaring the project a site and its surroundings. gated community. Provision of car parking The project authorities facilities in the areas over and must ensure public above the prescribed number. transport bus stations in the Provision of Parking at immediate vicinity of the common amenities like club site and the maximum house, commercial areas. distance from the site area and the bus stand should be Traffic and road safety signals less than 1 km. to be provided. The society should educate and encourage public transport by road, rail and car pool systems by providing incentives like awards etc. Parking facility should not be converted into living space/commercial space by the residents and the society must ensure the same during the operation stage. The project authorities must provide the traffic and road safety signals in the project. Two-way mirrors must be provided at blind corners. Flora The impacts on flora are due The Project authorities to to air pollution from exhaust ensure greening the central of vehicles to be mitigated by open space and avenue the choice of species. plantation. The flora of the site shall Horticulturists to assist the increase with the greening workers/employees in program in the central green identifying the plant species area/totlots and other open with an objective of spaces. reducing the energy costs The flora of the site shall and mitigating the urban increase with the greening heat island effect.
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Environmental Enhancement/ Mitigation Management Action Issues/Impacts Measures plans. The society should The impacts on the participate in urban surrounding area fauna will be greening programs of TUDA minimal and Municipality actively. Fauna/pets Pet refuse should be removed The society must educate and dumped in the dustbins the employees/workers and only and should not be ensure the same. allowed into storm water drains. Energy Conservation The white goods used by the The project authorities shall management should have install CFLs in all common optimum energy consumption. areas and green areas. Usage of Compact fluorescent The society shall collect and lamps in common areas, park disseminate information areas. regarding the white goods and their energy efficiency. Fire Safety Hospital shall be provided The project authorities with fire safety measures as must provide the measures per the fire safety regulations. and obtain the NOC from the Director General of fire safety.
5.5 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS The responsibility of implementing the mitigation measures lies with project authority during design and construction stages while the responsibility lies with the M/s. Amara Raja Infra Pvt. Ltd., Management and Municipality during occupation stage. All construction activities taken up by the project authorities will be supervised by the Supervision Consultant (SC). Implementation schedule will be worked for phase wise implementation of the mitigation measures after completion of detailed designs. In the pre-construction phase of the project the supervision consultants shall review the EMP to identify environmental and social issues and arrive at a suitable strategy for implementation. The activities to be carried out and the target dates will be worked out after completion of detailed designs.
5.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 5.6.1 Introduction The environmental monitoring programme provides such information on which management decision may be taken during construction and occupation phases. It provides basis for evaluating the efficiency of mitigation and enhancement measures and suggests further actions that need to be taken to achieve the desired effect.
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The monitoring includes:
(i) Visual observations; (ii) Selection of environmental parameters at specific locations; (iii) Sampling and regular testing of these parameters.
5.6.2 Objectives The objectives of the environmental monitoring programme are: Evaluation of the efficiency of mitigation and enhancement measures; Updating of the actions and impacts of baseline data; Adoption of additional mitigation measures if the present measures are insufficient; Generating the data, which may be incorporated in environmental management plan in future projects.
5.6.3 Methodology Monitoring methodology covers the following key aspects: Components to be monitored; Parameters for monitoring of the above components; Monitoring frequency; Monitoring standards; Responsibilities for monitoring; Direct responsibility, Overall responsibility; Monitoring costs. Environmental monitoring of the parameters involved and the threshold limits specified are discussed below.
5.6.4 Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) Monitoring Ambient air quality parameters recommended are Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM), Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2). These are to be monitored at designated locations starting from the commencement of construction activity. Data should be generated over three days at all identified locations in accordance to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (Table 5.2) location, duration and the pollution parameters to be monitored and the responsible institutional arrangements are detailed out in the Environmental Monitoring Plan.
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Table 5.2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards S. No Pollutant Time Concentration in Ambient Air Weighted Industrial, Ecological Methods of Average Residential Sensitive Area Measurement , Rural and (Notified by Other Area Central Government) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1 Sulphur Dioxide Annual* 50 20 - Improved west 3 (SO2), µg/m and Gaeke 24 80 80 - Ultraviolet Hours** fluorescence 2 Nitrogen Dioxide Annual* 40 30 - Modified Jacob 3 (NO2), µg/m & Hochheiser 24 80 80 (Nn-Arsenite) Hours** - Chemiluminesc ence 3 Particulate Annual* 60 60 - Gravimetic Matter (Size Less - TOEM than 10 µm) or 24 100 100 - Beta 3 Attenuation PM10 µg/m Hours** 4 Particulate Annual* 40 40 - Gravimetic Matter (Size Less - TOEM than 2.5µm) or 24 60 60 - Beta 3 Attenuation PM2.5 µg/m Hours** 5 Ozone (O3) 8 100 100 - UV Photometric µg/m3 hours** - Chemilminesce 180 180 nce 1 hour** - Chemical Method 6 Lead (Pb) µg/m3 Annual* 0.50 0.50 - AAS /ICP method after 24 1.0 1.0 sampling on hours** EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper - ED-XRF using Teflon filter 7 Carbon 8 02 02 - Non Dispersive Monoxide (CO) hours** Infra Red (NDIR) mg/m3 04 04 - Spectroscopy 1 hour** 8 Ammonia (NH3) Annual* 100 100 - Chemilminesce µg/m3 24 400 400 nce hours** - Indophenol blue method - Gas Benzene (C6H6) 9 3 Annual* 05 05 Chromotograph µg/m y based
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S. No Pollutant Time Concentration in Ambient Air Weighted Industrial, Ecological Methods of Average Residential Sensitive Area Measurement , Rural and (Notified by Other Area Central Government) continuous analyzer - Absorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis 10 Benzo(o)Pyrene( Annual* 01 01 - Solvent BaP) – extraction Particulate followed by Phase only, HPLC/GC ng/m3 analysis 11 Arsenic (As), Annual* 06 06 - AAS/ICP ng/m3 method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper 12 Nickel (Ni), Annual* 20 20 - AAS/ICP ng/m3 method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper Source:Anon 1996-97, National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Series NAQMS/a/1996- 97, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi. *Average Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken for a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. **24 hourly/8 hourly values should meet 98 percent of the time in a year
5.6.5 Water Quality Monitoring The physical and chemical parameters recommended for analysis of water quality relevant are pH, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, oil and grease, COD, chloride, lead, zinc and cadmium. The location, duration and the pollution parameters to be monitored and the responsible institutional arrangements are detailed in the Environmental Monitoring Plan. The monitoring of the water quality is to be carried out at all identified locations in accordance to the Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification – IS 10500: 1991 (stated in Table 5.3)
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Table 5.3 Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification – IS: 10500:1991 Sl Substance or Requirem Undesirable Methods of Remarks No Characteristic ent Effect Outside Test (Ref. To s (Desirabl the Desirable IS) Source Alternate
e Limit) Limit ofAbsence Limit in the Limit in Permissible ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS 1 Colour, 5 Above 5, 25 3025 (Part 4) Extended to 25 Hazen units, consumer 1983 only if toxic Max. acceptance substances are decreases not suspected, in absence of alternate sources 2 Odour Unobjecti - - 3025 (Parts a) Test cold and onable 5):1984 when heated b) Test at several dilutions 3 Taste Agreeabl - - 3025 (Part 7 Test to be e and 8) conducted only 1984 after safety has been established 4 Turbidity 5 Above 5, 10 3025 (Part 10) - NTU, Max. consumer 1984 acceptance decreases 5 pH Value 6.5 to 8.5 Beyond this No 3025 (Part 11) - range, the water relaxati 1984 will affect the on mucous membrane and/or water supply system 6 Total 300 Encrustation in 600 3025 (Part 21) - hardness (as water supply 1983 CaCO3) mg/l, structure and Max adverse effects on domestic use 7 Iron (as Fe) 0.3 Beyond this 1 32 of 3025 : - mg/l, Max limit 1964 taste/appearanc e are affected, has adverse effect on domestic uses
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Sl Substance or Requirem Undesirable Methods of Remarks No Characteristic ent Effect Outside Test (Ref. To s (Desirabl the Desirable IS) Source Alternate
e Limit) Limit ofAbsence Limit in the Limit in Permissible and water supply struc- tures, and promotes iron bacteria 8 Chlorides (as 250 Beyond this 1000 3025 (Part 32) - CI) mg/l, Max limit, taste, 1988 corrosion and palatibility are affected 9 Residual, free 0.2 - - 3025 (Part 26) To be applicable chlorine, 1986 only when mg/l, Min water is chlorinated. Tested at consumer end. When protection against viral infection is required, it should be Min 0.5 mg/l DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS 1 Dissolved 500 Beyond this 2000 3025 (Part 16) - solids mg/l, palatability 1984 Max decreases and may cause gastro intestinal irritation 2 Calcium (as 75 Encrustation in 200 3025 (Part 40) - Ca) mg/l, water supply 1991 Max structure and adverse effects on domestic use 3 Magnesium 30 Encrustation to 100 16, 33, 34 of IS - (as Mg), water supply 3025: 1964 mg/l, Max structure and adverse effects on domestic use 4 Copper (as 0.05 Astringent taste, 1.5 36 of 3025: - Cu) mg/l, discoloration 1964
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Sl Substance or Requirem Undesirable Methods of Remarks No Characteristic ent Effect Outside Test (Ref. To s (Desirabl the Desirable IS) Source Alternate
e Limit) Limit ofAbsence Limit in the Limit in Permissible Max and corrosion of pipes, fitting and utensils will be caused beyond this 5 Manganese 0.1 Beyond this 0.3 35 of 3025: - (as Mn) mg/l, limit 1964 Max taste/appearanc e are affected, has adverse effects on domestic uses and water supply structures 6 Sulphate (as 200 Beyond this 400 3025 (Part 24) May be 200 SO4) causes gastro 1986 extended up to mg/l, Max intestinal irrita- 400 provided tion when (as Mg) does magnesium or not exceed 30 sodium are present 7 Nitrate (as 45 Beyond this, 100 3025 (Part 34) - NO2) mg/l, may cause 1988 Max methaemoglobi nemia 8 Fluoride (as 1 Fluoride may be 1.5 23 of 3025: - F) mg/l, Max kept as low as 1964 possible. High fluoride may cause fluorosis 9 Phenolic 0.001 Beyond this, it 0.002 54 of 3025: - compounds may cause 1964 (As C6H5OH) objectionable mg/l, Max taste and odour 10 Mercury (as 0.001 Beyond this, the No (see Note) To be tested Hg) mg/l, water becomes relaxati Mercury ion when pollution Max toxic on analyser is suspected 11 Cadmium (as 0.01 Beyond this, the No (See note) To be tested Cd), mg/l, water becomes relaxati when pollution Max toxic on is suspected 12 Selenium (as 0.01 Beyond this, the No 28 of 3025: To be tested
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Sl Substance or Requirem Undesirable Methods of Remarks No Characteristic ent Effect Outside Test (Ref. To s (Desirabl the Desirable IS) Source Alternate
e Limit) Limit ofAbsence Limit in the Limit in Permissible Se), mg/l, water becomes relaxati 1964 when pollution Max toxic on is suspected 13 Arsenic (As 0.05 Beyond this, the No 3025 (Part 37) To be tested As) mg/l, max water becomes relaxati 1988 when pollution toxic on is suspected 14 Cyanide (As 0.05 Beyond this No 3025 (Part 27) To be tested CN), mg/l, limit, the water relaxati 1986 when pollution Max becomes toxic on is suspected 15 Lead (as Pb), 0.05 Beyond this No (see note) To be tested mg/l, Max limit, the water relaxati when pollution becomes toxic on is suspected 16 Zinc (As Zn). 5 Beyond this 15 39 of 3025: To be tested Mg/l, Max limit it can 1964) when pollution cause astringent is suspected taste and an opalescence in water 17 Anionic 0.2 Beyond this 1 Methylene- To be tested detergents limit it can blue extraction when pollution (As MBAS) cause a light method is suspected mg/l, Max froth in water 18 Chromium 0.05 May be No 38 of 3025: To be tested (As Cr6+) carcinogenic relaxati 1964 when pollution mg/l, Max above this limit on is suspected 19 Poly nuclear - May be - - - aromatic carcinogenic hydrocarbons above this limit (as PAH) g/1, Max 20 Mineral oil 0.01 Beyond this 0.03 Gas - mg/l, Max limit un- Chromatograp desirable taste hic method and odour after chlorination take place 21 Pesticides Absent Toxic 0.001 - - mg/l, Max 22 Radioactive materials: 58 of - 3025:01964 23 a) Alpha - - 0.1 - - emitters Bq/l,
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Sl Substance or Requirem Undesirable Methods of Remarks No Characteristic ent Effect Outside Test (Ref. To s (Desirabl the Desirable IS) Source Alternate
e Limit) Limit ofAbsence Limit in the Limit in Permissible Max 24 Beta emitters - - 1 - - pci/1, Max 25 Aluminium 200 Beyond this 600 13 of - (as Al), mg/l, limit taste 3025:1964 Max becomes unpleasant 26 Aluminium 0.03 Cumulative 0.2 31 of 3025: - (as Al), mg/l, effect is 1964 Max reported to cause dementia 27 Boron, mg/l, 1 - 5 29 of 3025: - Max 1964 Source: Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification-IS10500: 1991 5.6.6 Noise Level Monitoring The measurements for monitoring noise levels would be carried out at all designated locations in accordance to the Ambient Noise Standards formulated by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in 1989 (refer Table 8.4) Sound pressure levels would be monitored on twenty-four hour basis. Noise should be recorded at a “A” weighted frequency using a “slow time response mode” of the measuring instrument. The location, duration and the noise pollution parameters to be monitored and the responsible institutional arrangements are detailed in the Environmental Monitoring Plan (Table 5.5)
Table 5.4 Noise level standards (CPCB) Type Noise level for Day Noise level for Time Leq dB(A) Night Time dB(A) Industrial area 75 70 Commercial area 65 55 Residential area 55 45 Silence zone 50 40 Day time - 6.00 am - 9.00 pm (15 hours) Night time - 9.00 pm - 6.00 am (9 hours) The monitoring plan along with the environmental parameters and the time frame is presented in the Table 5.5 environmental monitoring plan.
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Table 5.5 Environmental Monitoring Plan Institutional MONITORING Responsibilities Paramet Special Standard Freque Impleme Supervisi Location Duration
Environment component Project Stage ers Guidance s ncy ntation on SPM, High Air Location Once Continu Contract Environ RSPM, volume (Preven- of every ous 24 or mental SO2, sampler tion and constructi season hours/ through Enginee NOX, CO, to be Control on area for 2 or for 1 ap- r, TUDA HC located of Pollu- years full proved 50 m tion) working moni- from the Rules, day toring plant in CPCB, agency the 1994 down- wind direc-
Constructionstage tion. Use method speci- fied by CPCB for analysis Air SPM, High Air Location Once Continu Contract Environ RSPM Volume (Preven- of every ous 24 or mental Sampler tion and constructi month hours/ through Enginee to be Control on area for 2 or for 1 ap- r, M/s. located of Pollu- years full proved Amara 40 m tion) working moni- Raja from the Rules, day toring Infra ROW in CPCB, agency Pvt. the 1994 Ltd., down- wind direc-
Constructionstage tion. Use method speci- fied by CPCB for analysis
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Institutional MONITORING Responsibilities Paramet Special Standard Freque Impleme Supervisi Location Duration
Environment component Project Stage ers Guidance s ncy ntation on SPM, High Air 1 Hi-Tech Thrice Continu Society Society RSPM, Volume (Preven- city in ous SO2, Sampler tion and 2. operat 24 hours NOx, CO, to be Control Madhap ion Pb, HC located of Pollu- ur stage. at 15 m tion) 3. Decem from the Rules, Gachibo ber edge of CPCB, wli 2015, pave- 1994 Januar Operationstage 4. ment y 2016 Kottagud and a Januar y 2019 pH, Grab Water 1. Durgam End of - Contract Environ BOD, sample quality Cheruvu sum- or mental COD, collecte standar 2.Maisam mer through Enginee TDS, d from ds by ma before ap- r, M/s. TSS, DO, source CPCB cheruvu the proved Amara Oil & and 3.Kaithalu onset moni- Raja Grease analyse pur of toring Infra and Pb as per chervu mon- agency Pvt. Standar soon Ltd., 4. d Mundlak every Method year
WaterQuality atwa s for for 2 Constructionstage tank Examina years tion of Water and Wastew ater
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Institutional MONITORING Responsibilities Paramet Special Standard Freque Impleme Supervisi Location Duration
Environment component Project Stage ers Guidance s ncy ntation on pH, Grab Water 1. End of - M/s. M/s. BOD,CO sample quality Durgam sum- Amara Amara D,TDS,T collecte standar Cheruvu mer Raja Raja SS, DO, d from ds by 2.Maisa before Infra Infra Pb, Oil source CPCB mma the Pvt. Ltd., Pvt. cheruvu and and onset Ltd.,. Grease. analyse 3.Kaitha of lupur as per chervu mon- Standar soon 4. d in Mundlaka Method 2015, twa s for 2016 tankSTP Examina and Influent tion of 2019 Water STP
WaterQuality treated
Operationstage and Wastew Effluent ater Daily
Daily
Society
Society
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Institutional MONITORING Responsibilities Paramet Special Standard Freque Impleme Supervisi Location Duration
Environment component Project Stage ers Guidance s ncy ntation on Noise Free Noise At Once Reading Contract Environ levels on field at 1 stan- equipmen every s to be or mental dB (A) m from dards by t yards month taken at through Enginee scale the CPCB (max) 15 ap- r, M/s. equipm for seconds proved Amara ent two interval moni- Raja whose years, for 15 toring Infra noise as minutes agency Pvt. levels requir every Ltd., are ed by hour being the and deter- engine then mined. er average d. Noise Equivale Noise As Thrice Reading Contract Environ levels on nt noise stan- directed a year s to be or mental Noiselevels dB (A) levels dards by by the for 2 taken at through Enginee
Constructionstage scale using an CPCB Engineer years 15 ap- r, M/s. inte- (At during seconds proved Amara grated maximum the interval moni- Raja noise 5 constr for 15 toring Infra level locations) uction minutes agency Pvt. meter period. every Ltd., kept at a hour distance and of 15 then from the average internal d. roads
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Institutional MONITORING Responsibilities Paramet Special Standard Freque Impleme Supervisi Location Duration
Environment component Project Stage ers Guidance s ncy ntation on Noise Equivale Noise 1. At all Thrice Reading Society Society levels on nt noise stan- boundari in op- s to be through dB (A) levels dards by es of the eratio taken at an scale using an CPCB site. n 15 approve inte- period, seconds d grated in interval monitori noise Decem for 15 ng level ber minutes agency meter 2015, every kept at a Januar hour
Operationstage distance y 2016 and of 15 and then from Januar average edge of y 2019 d. paveme nt Monitori Sample Threshol At Once a - Contract Environ ng of Pb, of soil d for productiv year or mental Cr, Cd collecte each e for 2 through Enginee d to contami agricultur years an r, M/s. acidified nant set al lands in approve Amara and by IRIS the d Raja analysed databas project monitori Infra using e of impact ng Pvt.
Soil absorpti USEPA area to be agency Ltd., on until identified spectrop national by the Constructionstage ho- stan- environm tometry dards ental are engineer promulg ated.
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Institutional MONITORING Responsibilities Paramet Special Standard Freque Impleme Supervisi Location Duration
Environment component Project Stage ers Guidance s ncy ntation on Monitori Sample Threshol At As per Thrice in Society Society ng of of soil d for accident/ the op- heavy collecte each spill occurr eration metals, d to contami locations ence stage for oil and acidified nant set involving of such monitori grease and by IRIS bulk incide ng analysed databas transport nts turbidity using e of carrying absorpti USEPA hazardous on until materials
Operationstage spectrop national (5 ho- stan- locations tometry dards maximum are ) promulg ated. Turbidit Visual As At the Pre- Engineer M/s. y in obser- specifie drains monso Amara Storm vations d by the on and Raja water during Water post- Infra site quality mon- Pvt. Silt load visits standar soon Ltd., in ponds ds season Constructionstage s for 2 years Turbidit Visual As Thrice Society Society y in obser- specifie in pre- Storm vations d by the monso
Soil ErosionSoil water during Water on and site quality post- Silt load visits standar monso in ponds ds on season s in Operationstage 2015, 2016 and 2019.
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Institutional MONITORING Responsibilities Paramet Special Standard Freque Impleme Supervisi Location Duration
Environment component Project Stage ers Guidance s ncy ntation on Monitori Visual To the At Quarte Supervis M/s. ng of: obser- satisfac- Storage rly in ion Amara 1. vations tion of area and the Engineer Raja Storag will the con- constr /consult Infra e Area suffice. Global struction uction ant Pvt. 2. These Shelters camps stage. Ltd., Draina are to and the ge be stan- Arrang checked dards ement as given in s specifie the
ConstructionStage d in the reportin 3. Sanitat EMP. g form. ion in Constr ConstructionSitesConstructionand Camps uction Camps
5.7 REPORTING SYSTEM Reporting system provides the necessary feedback for project management to ensure quality of the works and that the program is on schedule. The rationale for a reporting system is based on accountability to ensure that the measures proposed as part of the Environment Management Plan get implemented in the project.
The reporting system will operate linearly with the contractor who is at the lowest rung of the implementation system reporting to the Supervision Consultant, who in turn shall report to the Project Authorities. All reporting by the contractor and Supervision Consultant shall be on a quarterly basis. The Project Authorities shall be responsible for preparing targets for each of the identified EMAP activities. All subsequent reporting by the contractor shall be monitored as per these targets set by the Project Authorities before the contractors move on to the site. The reporting by the Contractor will be a monthly report like report of progress on construction and will form the basis for monitoring by the Project Authorities, either by its own Environmental Cell or the Environmental Specialist hired by the Supervision Consultant.
Monitoring of facilities at construction camps Monitoring of air, noise, soil and water parameters including silt load Monitoring of survival rate of plantation. Monitoring of cleaning of drains and water bodies.
5.8 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT BUDGET The environmental budget for the various environmental management measures proposed in the EMP is detailed in Table 5.6. There are several other environmental
5 - 29 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement issues that have been addressed as part of good engineering practices, the costs for which has been accounted for in the Engineering Costs. Moreover, since environmental enhancements have not been finalized at this stage, the table projects the typical costs unit wise.
Table 5.6 Environmental Budgets for Project Capital cost in Rs. Lakhs Recurring cost in Rs. Lakhs S. Description Construction Occupation Construction Occupation No. Phase Phase Phase Phase 1 Air Pollution Control 8.5 -- 0.7 2.9 Water Pollution 30.6 -- 1.7 22.0 2 Control Noise Pollution 1.4 -- 0.7 0.3 3 Control Environment Monitoring & 0.2 4.4 0.3 -- 4 Management Green belt & Open 10.6 2.1 0.3 1.4 5 area development 6 Solid Waste 1.5 0.2 0.6 1.2 7 others 85.0 -- 1.8 2.8 Total 137.9 6.7 6.2 30.7
5.9 HORTICULTURAL AND LANDSCAPING WORKS (a) Scope The Horticultural and Landscaping works may be entrusted to a contractor or may be taken by the Project Authorities. It would generate local employment if the plantation, upkeep and maintenance of the green belt is entrusted to local VSS bodies. Detailed drawings and designs of landscaping will be drawn after completion of the detailed designing. The scheme of plantation and the figures are presented in mitigation chapter. The upkeep and the management of the greening is presented as follows;
(b) Materials Plant Materials Plant Materials shall be well formed and shaped true to type, and free from disease, insects and defects such as knots, sun-scaled, windburn, injuries, abrasion or disfigurement. All plant materials shall be healthy, sound, vigorous, free from plant diseases, insect’s pests, of their eggs, and shall have healthy, well-developed root systems. All plants shall be hardy under climatic conditions similar to those in the locally of the project. Plants supplied shall to confirm to the names listed on both the plan and the plant list. No plant material will be accepted if branches are damaged or broken. All material must be protected from the sun and weather until planted.
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Any nursery stock shall have been inspected and approved by the Environmental Specialist or the Engineer. All plants shall conform to the requirements specified in the plant list. Except that plants larger then specified may be used if approved, but use of such plants shall not increase the contract price. If the use of the larger plant is approved, the spread of roots or ball of earth shall be increased in proportion to the size of plant. Top Soil (Good Earth) Topsoil or good earth shall be a friable loam, typical of cultivated topsoils of the locality containing at least 2% of decayed organic matter (humus). It shall be taken from a well- drained arable site. It shall be free of subsoil, stones, earth skids, sticks, roots or any other objectionable extraneous matter or debris. It shall contain no toxic material. No topsoil shall be delivered in a muddy condition. It shall have pH value ranging between 6 and 8.5.
Fertilizer Measurement of sludge shall be in stacks, with 8% reduction for payment. It shall be free from extraneous matter, harmful bacteria insects or chemicals. (Subjected to safety norms).
Root System The root system shall be conducive to successful transplantation. While necessary, the root-ball shall be preserved by support with Hessian or other suitable material. On soils where retention of a good ball is not possible, the roots should be suitably protected in such a way that the roots are not damaged.
Condition Trees and shrubs shall be substantially free from pests and diseases, and shall be materially undamaged. Torn or lacerated roots shall be pruned before dispatch. No roots shall be subjected to adverse conditions such as prolonged exposure to drying winds or subjection to water logging between lifting and delivery.
(c) Supply and Substitution Upon submission of evidence that certain materials including plant materials are not available at time of contract, the contractor shall be permitted to substitute with an equitable adjustment of price. All substitutions shall be of the nearest equivalent species and variety to the original specified and shall be subjected to the approval of the Landscape Architect.
(d) Packaging Packaging shall be adequate for the protection of the plants and such as to avoid heating or drying out.
(e) Marking Each specimen of tree and shrub, or each bundle, shall be legibly labelled with the following particulars: Its name. The name of the supplier, unless otherwise agreed. The date of dispatch from the nursery.
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(f) Tree Planting Plants and Shrubs Trees should be supplied with adequate protection as approved. After delivery, if planting is not to be carried out immediately, balled plants should be placed back to back and the ball covered with sand to prevent drying out. Bare rooted plants can be heeled in by placing the roots in prepared trench and covering them with earth, which should be watered into, avoid air pockets round the roots. Trees and shrubs shall be planted as shown in architectural drawings and with approval of site supervision engineer.
Digging of Pits Tree pits shall be dug a minimum of three weeks prior to backfilling. The pits shall be 120 cm in diameter and 120 cm deep. While digging the pits, the topsoil up to a depth of 30 cm may be kept aside, if found good (depending upon site conditions), and mixed with the rest of the soil. If the side of the below, it shall be replaced with the soil mixture as specified further herein. If the soil is normal it shall be mixed with manure; river sand shall be added to the soil if it is heavy. The bottom of the pit shall be forked to break up the subsoil.
Back Filling The soil back filled watered through and gently pressed down, a day previous to planting, to make sure that it may not further settle down after planting. The soil shall be pressed down firmly by treading it down, leaving a shallow depression all round for watering.
Planting No tree pits shall be dug until final tree position has been pegged out for approval. Care shall be taken that the plant sapling when planted is not been buried deeper than in the nursery, or in the pot. Planting should not be carried out in waterlogged soil. Plant trees at the original soil depth; soil marks on the stem is an indication of this and should be maintained on the finished level, allowing for setting of the soil after planting. All plastic and other imperishable containers should be removed before planting. Any broken or damage roots should be cut back to sound growth. The bottom of the planting pit should be covered with 50mm to 75mm of soil. Bare roots should be spread evenly in the planting pit; and small mound in the centre of the pits on which the roots are placed will aid on even spread. Soil should be placed around the roots, gently shaking the tree to allow the soil particles to shift into the root system to ensure close contact with all roots and prevent air pockets. Back fill soil should be firmed as filling proceeds, layer by layer, care being taken to avoid damaging the roots, as follows: The balance earth shall be filled in a mixture of 1:3 (1 part sludge to 3-part earth by volume) with 50 gm potash, (Mop) 50gms of Super Phosphate and 1Kg. Neem oil cake. Aldrin or equivalent shall be applied every 15 days in a mixture of 5ml in 5 litres of water.
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Staking Newly planted trees must be held firmly although not rigidly by staking to prevent a pocket forming around the stem and newly formed fibrous roots being broken by mechanical pulling as the tree rocks
Methods: The main methods of staking shall be: (a) A single vertical shake, 900mm longer than the clear stem of the tree, driven 600mm to 900mm into the soil. (b) Two stakes as above driven firmly on either side of the tree with a cross bar to which the stem is attached. Suitable for bare- rooted or Ball material. (c) A single stake driven in at an angle at 45 degrees and leaning towards the prevailing wind, the stem just below the lowest branch being attached to the stake. Suitable for small bare- rooted or Ball material (d) For plant material 3m to 4.5m high with a single stem a three wire adjustable guy system may be used in exposed situations. The end of stake should be pointed and the lower 1m to 1.2m should be coated with a non-injurious wood preservative allowing at least 150mm above ground level. Tying Each tree should be firmly secured to the stake so as to prevent excessive movement. Abrasion must be avoided by using a buffer, rubber or Hessian, between the tree and stake. The tree should be secured at a point just below its lowest branch, and also just above ground level; normally two ties should be used for tree. These should be adjusted or replaced to allow for growth. Watering The Landscape Contractor should allow for the adequate watering in of all newly planted trees and shrubs immediately after planting and he shall during the following growing season, keep the plant material well watered. Fertilizing Fertilising shall be carried out by application in rotation of the following fertilisers, every 15 days from the beginning of the monsoon till the end of winter: (1) Sludge or organic well-rotted dry farm yard manure: 0.05 cum or tussle. (2) Urea 25 gm. (3) Ammonium sulphate 25 gm. (4) Potassium sulphate 25 gm. All shrubs, which are supplied pot grown, shall be well soaked prior to planting. Watering in and subsequent frequent watering of summer planted container- grown plants is essential.
(g) Shrub Planting in Planter Beds All areas to be planted with shrubs shall be excavated, trenched to a depth of 750 mm, refilling the excavated earth after breaking clods and mixing with sludge in ratio 8:1 (8 parts of stacked volume of earth after reduction by 20%: 1 part of stacked volume of sludge after reduction by 8%.)
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Tall shrubs may need staking, which shall be provided if approved by the contracting consulting engineer, depending upon the conditions of individual plant specimen. For planting shrubs and ground cover shrubs in planters, good earth shall be mixed with sludge in the proportion as above and filled in planters. Positions of planters shall be planted should be marked out in accordance with the architectural drawing. When shrubs are set out, precautions should be taken to prevent roots drying. Planting holes 40 cm in diameter, and 40 cm deep should be excavated for longer shrubs. Polythene and other non-perishable containers should be removed and any badly damaged roots carefully pruned. The shrubs should then be set in holes so that the soil level, after settlement, will be original soil mark on the stem of the shrub. The holes should be back filled to half of its depth and firmed by treading. The remainder of the soil can then be returned and again firmed by treading.
(h) Grassing Preparation During period prior to planting the ground shall be maintained free from weeds. Grading and final weeding of the area shall be completed at least three weeks prior to the actual sowing. Regular watering shall be continued until sowing by dividing the area into portions of approximately 5m squares by constructing small bunds to retain water. These 'bunds' shall be leveled just prior to sowing of grass plants; it shall be ensured that the soil has completely settled.
Soil The soil itself shall be ensured to the satisfaction of Landscape Architect to be a good fibrous loam, rich in humus. Sowing the grass roots Grass roots (cynodon, dectylon or a local genus approved by the Landscape Architect) shall be obtained from a grass patch, seen and approved before hand. The grass roots stock received at site shall be manually cleared of all weeds and water sprayed over the same after keeping the stock in place protected from sun and dry winds. Grass stock received at site may be stored for a maximum of three days. In case grassing for some areas is scheduled for a later date fresh stock of grass roots shall be ordered and obtained.
Execution Small roots shall be dibbled about 5 cm apart into the prepared grounds. Grass will only be accepted as reaching practical completion when germination has proved satisfactory and all weeds have been removed.
Maintenance As soon as the grass is approximately a 3cm high it shall be rolled with a light wooden roller – in fine, dry weather – and when it has grown to 5 to 8 cm, above to ground weeds must be removed and regular cutting with the scythe and rolling must be begun. A top-dressing of an ounce of guano to the square yard or well decomposed well broken sludge manure shall be applied when the grass is sufficiently secure in the ground to bear the mowing machine, the blades must be raised an inch above the
5 - 34 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement normal level for the first two or three cuttings. That is to say, the grass should be cut so that it is from 4 to 5 cm in length, instead of the 3 cm necessary for mature grass. In the absence of rain, in the monsoon, the lawn shall be watered every ten days heavily, soaking the soil through to a depth of at least 20 cm.
Damage failure or dying back of grass due to neglect of watering especially for seeding out of normal season shall be the responsibility of the contractor. Any shrinkage below the specified levels during the contract or defect liability period shall be rectified at the contractor's expense. The Contractor is to exercise care in the use of rotary cultivator and mowing machines to reduce to a minimum the hazards of flying stones and brickbats. All rotary mowing machines are to be fitted with safety guards.
Rolling A light roller shall be used periodically, taking care that the area is not too wet and sodden.
Edging These shall be kept neat and must be cut regularly with the edging shears.
Fertilizing The area shall be fed once in a month with liquid manure prepared by dissolving 45gms of ammonium sulphate in 5 litres of water.
Watering Water shall be applied at least once in three days during dry weather. Watering whenever done should be thorough and should wet the soil at least up to a depth of 20 cm.
Weeding Prior to regular mowing the contractor shall carefully remove rank and unsightly weeds.
Cultivating The Landscape Contractor shall maintain all planted areas within Landscape contract boundaries for one year until the area is handed over in whole or in phases. Maintenance shall include replacement of dead plants, watering, weeding, cultivating, control of insects, fungus and other diseases by means of spraying with an approved insecticide or fungicide, pruning, and other horticulture operations necessary for proper growth of the plants and for keeping the landscape sub-contract area neat in appearance.
Pruning and Repairs Upon completion of planting work of the landscape sub-contract all trees should be pruned and all injuries repaired where necessary. The amount of pruning shall be limited to the necessary to remove dead or injured twigs and branches and to compensate for the loss of roots and the result of the transplanting operations. Pruning shall be done in such a manner as not to change the natural habit or special shape of trees.
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Tree Guards Where the tree guards are necessary, care should be taken to ensure that they do not impede natural movement or restrict growth. Circular iron tree guards shall be provided for the trees at enhancement locations. The specifications for which one given below: Circular Iron Tree Guard with Bars. The tree guard shall be 50 cm. in diameter.
(i) Nursery Stack Planting should be carried out as soon as possible after reaching the site. Where planting must be a necessity and/or be delayed, care should be taken to protect the plants from pilfering or damage from people animals. Plants with bare-roots should be heeled- in as soon as received or otherwise protected from drying out, and others set closely together and protected from the wind. If planting is to be delayed for more than a week, packaged plants should be unpacked, the bundles opened up and each group of plants heeled in separately and clearly labelled. If for any reason the surface of the roots becomes dry the roots should be thoroughly soaked before planting.
(j) Protective Fencing According to local environment, shrubs shall be protected adequately from vandalism until established.
(k) Completion On completion, the ground shall be formed over and left tidy.
5.10 WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES Water conservation measures must be adopted during the occupation stage that would conserve the natural resource and also reduce the pressure on other users. A typical list of water conservation measures are presented as follows;
Water Saving Measures 1. There are a number of ways to save water and they all start with you. 2. Check your sprinkler system frequently and adjust sprinklers so only your lawn is watered and not the blocks, sidewalk, or street. 3. Avoid planting turf in areas that are hard to water such as steep inclines and isolated strips along sidewalks and driveways. 4. Install covers on pools and check for leaks around your pumps. 5. Use the garbage disposal less often. 6. Plant during rainy season and or winter when the watering requirements are lower. 7. Always water during the early morning hours, when temperatures are cooler, to minimize evaporation. 8. Wash your produce in the sink or a pan that is partially filled with water instead of running water from the tap. 9. Use a layer of organic mulch around plants to reduce evaporation and save hundreds of liters of water a year. 10. Collect the water you use for rinsing produce and reuse it to water interior plants. 11. Water your lawn in several short sessions rather than one long one. This will allow the water to be better absorbed.
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12. We’re more likely to notice leaky faucets indoors, but don’t forget to check outdoor faucets, pipes, and hoses for leaks. 13. Only water your lawn when needed. You can tell this by simply walking across your lawn. If you leave footprints, it’s time to water. 14. Install low-volume toilets. 15. Water small areas of grass by hand to avoid waste. 16. Use porous materials for walkways and patios to keep water in your yard and prevent wasteful runoff. 17. Designate one glass for your drinking water each day. This will cut down on the number of times you run your dishwasher/wash your utensils. 18. Instead of using a hose or a sink to get rid of paints, motor oil, and pesticides, dispose of them properly by recycling or sending them to a hazardous waste site. 19. Install a rain shut-off device on your automatic sprinklers to eliminate unnecessary watering. 20. Choose water-efficient drip irrigation for your trees, shrubs, and flowers. Watering roots is very effective, be careful not to over water. 21. Grab a wrench and fix that leaky faucet. It’s simple, inexpensive, and can save 529.958 liters a week. 22. Cut back on the amount of grass in your yard by planting shrubs and ground cover or landscaping with rock. 23. Remember to check your sprinkler system valves periodically for leaks and keep the heads in good shape. 24. Don’t water your lawn on windy days. After all, sidewalks and driveways don’t need water. 25. Water deeply but less frequently to create healthier and stronger landscapes. 26. Make sure you know where your master water shut-off valve is located. This could save liters of water and damage to your home if a pipe were to burst. 27. When watering grass on steep slopes, use a soaker hose to prevent wasteful runoff. 28. To get the most from your watering time, group your plants according to their water needs. 29. Remember to weed your lawn and garden regularly. Weeds compete with other plants for nutrients, light, and water. 30. While fertilizers promote plant growth, they also increase water consumption. Apply the minimum amount of fertilizer needed. 31. Avoid installing ornamental water features unless the water is being recycled. 32. Teach your employees how to shut off your automatic watering systems so anyone can turn sprinklers off when a storm is approaching. 33. Make sure your toilet flapper doesn’t stick open after flushing. 34. Make sure there are aerators on all of your faucets. 35. Next time you add or replace a flower or shrub, choose a low water use plant for year-round landscape color and save up to 2081.976 liters each year. 36. Spot spray or remove weeds as they appear. 37. Use a screwdriver as a soil probe to test soil moisture. If it goes in easily, don’t water. Proper lawn watering can save thousands of liters of water annually. 38. Install a drip irrigation system around your trees and shrubs to water more efficiently. 39. Mow your lawn as infrequently as possible. Mowing puts your lawn under additional stress, causing it to require more water.
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40. Don’t use the sprinklers just to cool off or for play. Running through water from a hose or sprinkler wastes gallons of water. 41. Direct downspouts or gutters toward shrubs or trees. 42. Insulate hot water pipes so you don’t have to run as much water to get hot water to the faucet. 43. If you have an evaporative air conditioner, direct the water drain to a flowerbed, tree, or your lawn. 44. Make suggestions to your employer to save water (and dollars) at work. 45. Use a hose nozzle and turn off the water while you wash your car and save more than 378.541 liters. 46. Install a toilet dam or bottle filled with water in your toilet tank to cut down on the amount of water used for each flush. Be sure these devices do not interfere with operating parts. 47. Prune back heavy foliage. Reducing leaf area reduces water needs. 48. Pick-up the phone and report significant water losses from broken pipes, open hydrants and errant sprinklers to the society. 49. If your grass is brown, it’s not dead, it’s just dormant. Dormant grass only needs to be watered every three weeks. When the rain begins, your grass will turn green again. 50. Listen for dripping faucets and toilets that flush themselves. Fixing a leak can save 1892.71 liters each month. 51. More plants die from over-watering than from under-watering. Be sure only to water plants when necessary. 52. Water only as rapidly as the soil can absorb the water.
5.11 Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Construction sites in general do not handle toxic and or hazardous chemicals in large quantities, and the usage of the same is temporary for specific tasks. However the construction activity has a number of hazards resulting injuries and fatalities, and are not reported widely due to the unorganized nature of construction professions. The proposed project shall ensure the safety of workers and equipment to reduce and mitigate hazards. The hazards and mitigation measures due to various construction activities, and hazards to specific professions of construction are discussed as follows;
Site planning and layout Site planning is essential to ensure safety and health of workers, in urban work sites which have space constraints. Site planning shall reduce and or help avoiding accidents due to collision of men with material and equipment etc. It is essential to plan the sequence of construction operations, access for workers on and around the site with signage, location of work shops for welding, carpentary etc., location of first air facility, adequate lighting for work areas, site security by provision of fence or barricades, arrangements to keep the site tidy and for collection and removal of wastes.
Site tidiness All the construction workers are briefed about the importance of keeping the site tidy, by clearing the rubbish and scrap at the end of the day, to keep the work area clear of equipment and material, by depositing the waste in a designated location, by cleaning up spills of materials.
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Excavation Excavation for foundation and trenches involves removal of soil and rock. Excavation or trenching plan shall consider underground services if any. The hazards related to excavation are face collapse and injury or burial of workers by soil and rock, fall and slip of people in excavated pits and trenches, and injury to workers due to falling material or equipment. The precautions to be taken are protection of excavation faces by support material, erection of shoring along trenches. Urban areas have building properties adjacent to the developing site, in such cases it is necessary to shore the face of adjacent property to avoid fall or collapse of neighboring land or wall. Vehicular movement surrounding the excavated area needs to be restricted so as to avoid face collapse, and possible injury to workers. Excavation areas shall be provided with adequate lighting.
Scaffolding One of the important and serious safety risk in construction activity is fall of person from a height and fall of materials and objects from height resulting in injury to workers. Scaffold is a supporting structure connecting two are more platforms used for either storage of materials or as a work place. Guard rails and toe boards shall be provided at every place where the height of scaffolding is more than 2 m. It shall be ensured that scaffold is anchored and tied to the building, it is not overloaded with men and material, it is examined (both bamboo or wood and rope) frequently for infection by insects, and that timber, if used, is not painted.
Ladders Ladders are most commonly used equipment, as it is readily available and inexpensive, and is used widely. However the limitations of ladders are overlooked resulting in injuries and fatalities. Ladders have limitations; allows only one person to work, climb, and carry materials or work with one hand, restricts movement, should be secured all the time either using ropes or other people. It is essential to secure the ladder before use. The safe use of ladder involves; ensuring that there are no overhead power lines, ladder extends at least one meter above the landing place, never use props to extend the height of ladder, facing the ladder while climbing or descending, making sure foot ware of ladder user is free of mud and grease, not to over balance or over reach and using a hoist line instead of carrying materials.
Steel Erection Steel erection of building frames requires construction work at heights and in exposed positions. However planning at the design stage, setting the sequence of operations, supervising during construction, and usage of personal protective equipment like safety belts in addition to provision of safety nets, anchorage points etc.
Confined Spaces Construction work in confined spaces like open manholes, sewers, trenches, pipes, ducts etc. may have dangerous atmosphere due to lack of oxygen or due to presence of flammable or toxic gases. Work confined space is always conducted under supervision, with adequate safety measures like; checking the atmosphere in confined space before entry, provision of rescue harness to everyone, involvement of minimum of two persons – one person for monitoring and ready for rescuing if needed, provision of
5 - 39 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement safety equipment like atmospheric testing device, safety harness, torch light, first aid equipment, fire fighting apparatus, and resuscitation equipment.
Vehicles The construction area shall have multiples of vehicles moving material with in the site and from out side the site. The most common causes of onsite traffic incidents are; bad driving technique, carelessness, carrying unauthorized passengers, poor maintenance of vehicles, site congestion, overloading, and uneven ground and debris. It is proposed to ensure that all drivers have appropriate driving license, routes are planned, marked and leveled, enlisting additional workers during reversing, switching off the engine during idling, and periodic maintenance schedule for all vehicles.
Movement of materials – Cranes and Hoists Cranes and hoists are used for movement of materials within the site. The operators of these machines are qualified and the cabins will have a signal chart to understand the signals given by site workers. The site workers are trained in signals for transmitting to the operators of these machines. Stability of these machines and overloading are major concerns while operating these machines, hence it is necessary to avoid overloading, and to ensure structural stability of these machines before use. The cranes will have safety hooks, and the workers are trained in using the same, and criticality of the hook. In case of hoists, it will be ensured that a gate is provided at each platform, travel of passengers is avoided, and platforms are always aligned with landing points.
Lifting and Carrying Construction work involves a lot of manual labour resulting in stress and injury to the workers. It is proposed to provide wheel burrows, trolleys etc., to avoid manual carrying of materials. In situations where manual lifting of materials is needed, the workers are trained in safety related to correct lifting technique, throwing technique in addition to provision of personal protective equipment.
Working positions tools and equipment There is an increased reliance of tools and equipment in the construction industry in the past 15 years resulting in reduced risk of physical exhaustion. However the equipment, working positions in using the equipment have its own hazards, which need to be avoided to reduce risks like musculoskeletal disorders. It will be ensured that workers preferably work in sitting posture with necessary tools handy, to avoid physical exertion, the right tools are provided, and carrying tools in pockets avoided, and worn out tools are replaced in time. In case of power driven tools, the dangerous part of the machinery is always covered, the tool is never left in operation when not in use, and power is switched off immediately in case of any incident, to avoid physical injury to workers.
Working Environment Many chemical substances like adhesives, cleaning agents, floor treatments, fungicides, cements, grouts, insulants, sealants, paints, solvents etc. Solvents are critical substances which require due attention as they are flammable and or toxic in few cases. The usage of these chemical substances is always ensured to follow the instructions
5 - 40 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement mentioned by the manufacturers. Solvents will not be used for removal of paints and grease from skin. Personal protective equipment is provided by the proponent and or the contractor and the site safety executive shall ensure the same. Construction sites are also major sources of noise resulting in hearing impairment. Hence it will be ensured that all emission sources are provided with mufflers or silencers, motors are covered, machinery panels are secured and are not allowed to rattle, and noise attenuating screens are provided to segregate noisy working areas, in addition to provision of personal protective equipment. Gloves are used when using Vibration causing equipment. Adequate lighting is provided in work areas to mitigate hazards.
Health Hazards on Construction Sites Construction works involve various trades with variable times of operation. Construction operations have a number of potential hazardous operations and resulting in health hazards to workers. Exposure differs from trade to trade, from job to job, by the day, even by the hour. Exposure to any one hazard is typically intermittent and of short duration, but is likely to reoccur. A worker may not only encounter hazards related to his profession, but also encounters hazards related to other professions in the vicinity. This pattern of exposure is a consequence of having many employers with jobs of relatively short duration and working alongside workers in other trades that generate other hazards. The hazard severity is contingent on concentration and duration of exposure in a specific construction work. A list of hazards present for workers in various trades is presented in table 5.7.
Table 5.7 list of hazards present for workers in various trades Occupations Hazards Brick masons Cement dermatitis, awkward postures, heavy loads Stonemasons Cement dermatitis, awkward postures, heavy loads Hard tile setters Vapour from bonding agents, dermatitis, awkward postures Carpenters Wood dust, heavy loads, repetitive motion Drywall installers Plaster dust, walking on stilts, heavy loads, awkward postures Electricians Heavy metals in solder fumes, awkward posture, heavy loads, asbestos dust Electrical power installers and Heavy metals in solder fumes, heavy loads, asbestos repairers dust Painters Solvent vapours, toxic metals in pigments, paint additives Paperhangers Vapours from glue, awkward postures Plasterers Dermatitis, awkward postures Plumbers Fumes and particles, welding fumes Pipefitters Fumes and particles, welding fumes, asbestos dust Carpet layers Knee trauma, awkward postures, glue and glue vapour Soft tile installers Bonding agents
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Occupations Hazards Concrete and terrazzo Awkward postures finishers Glaziers Awkward postures Insulation workers Asbestos, synthetic fibers, awkward postures Paving, surfacing and tamping Asphalt emissions, gasoline and diesel engine equipment operators exhaust, heat Sheet metal duct installers Awkward postures, heavy loads, noise Structural metal installers Awkward postures, heavy loads, working at heights Welders Welding emissions Solderers Metal fumes, lead, cadmium Drillers, earth, rock Silica dust, whole-body vibration, noise Air hammer operators Noise, whole-body vibration, silica dust Pile driving operators Noise, whole-body vibration Hoist and winch operators Noise, lubricating oil Crane and tower operators Stress, isolation Excavating and loading Silica dust, histoplasmosis, whole-body vibration, machine operators heat stress, noise Grader, dozer and scraper Silica dust, whole-body vibration, heat noise operators Highway and street Asphalt emissions, heat, diesel engine exhaust construction workers Truck and tractor equipment Whole-body vibration, diesel engine exhaust operators Demolition workers Asbestos, lead, dust, noise Hazardous waste workers Heat, stress
Construction Hazards Hazards for construction workers are typically of four classes: chemical, physical, biological and social.
Chemical hazards Chemical hazards are mainly due to inhalation of dusts, fumes, mists, vapours or gases, although some airborne hazards may settle on and be absorbed through the intact skin (e.g., pesticides and some organic solvents). Chemical hazards also occur in liquid or semi-liquid state (e.g., glues or adhesives, tar) or as powders (e.g., dry cement). Skin contact with chemicals in this state can occur in addition to possible inhalation of the vapor resulting in systemic poisoning or contact dermatitis. Chemicals might also be ingested with food or water, or might be inhaled by smoking.
Several illnesses have been linked to the construction trades, among them: Silicosis among sand blasters and rock drill operators; Asbestosis (and other diseases caused by asbestos) among asbestos insulation workers, steam pipe fitters, building demolition workers and others; Bronchitis among welders, Skin allergies among masons and others
5 - 42 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement who work with cement: Neurologic disorders among painters and others exposed to organic solvents.
Physical hazards Physical hazards are present in every construction project. These hazards include noise, heat and cold, radiation, vibration and barometric pressure. Construction work often must be done in extreme weather conditions. The usage of machines for construction is resulting in noise. The sources of noise are engines of all kinds (e.g., on vehicles, air compressors and cranes), winches, paint guns, pneumatic hammers, power saws, sanders, planers and many more. It affects not only the person operating the machine, but all the workers close-by. This may not only cause noise-induced hearing loss, but also may mask other sounds that are important for communication and for safety. Pneumatic hammers, many hand tools and earth-moving and other large mobile machines also subject workers to segmental and whole-body vibration. Heat and cold hazards arise primarily because a large portion of construction work is conducted while exposed to the weather, the principal source of heat and cold hazards. Heavy equipment operators may sit beside a hot engine and work in an enclosed cab with windows and without ventilation. Those that work in an open cab with no roof have no protection from the sun. A shortage of potable water or shade contributes to heat stress as well. The principal sources of non-ionizing ultraviolet (UV) radiation are the sun and electric arc welding. Lasers are becoming more common and may cause injury, especially to the eyes, if the beam is intercepted. Strains and sprains are among the most common injuries among construction workers. These, and many chronically disabling musculoskeletal disorders (such as tendinitis, carpal tunnel syndrome and low- back pain) occur as a result of either traumatic injury, repetitive forceful movements, awkward postures or overexertion. Falls due to unstable footing, unguarded holes and slips off scaffolding and ladders are very common.
Biological hazards Biological hazards are presented by exposure to infectious micro-organisms, to toxic substances of biological origin or animal attacks. Excavation workers, for example, can develop histoplasmosis, an infection of the lung caused by a common soil fungus. Since there is constant change in the composition of the labour force on any one project, individual workers come in contact with other workers and, as a consequence, may become infected with contagious diseases-influenza or tuberculosis, for example. Workers may also be at risk of malaria disease if work is conducted in areas where these organisms and their insect vectors are prevalent.
Social hazards Employment in construction sector is intermittent, and control over many aspects of employment is limited because construction activity is dependent on many factors over which construction workers have no control, such as the state of an economy or the weather. Because of the same factors, there can be intense pressure to become more productive. Since the workforce is constantly changing, and with it the hours and location of work, and many projects require living in work camps away from home and family, construction workers may lack stable and dependable networks of social support. Features of construction work such as heavy workload, limited control and limited social support are the very factors associated with increased stress in other
5 - 43 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement industries. These hazards are not unique to any trade, but are common to all construction workers in one way or another.
Decreasing exposure concentration Three general types of controls can be used to reduce the concentration of occupational hazards. These are, from most to least effective: engineering controls at source, environmental controls that remove hazard from environment, personal protection equipment provided to the worker.
Engineering controls Hazards originate at a source. The most efficient way to protect workers from hazards is to change the primary source with some sort of engineering change. For example, a less hazardous substance can be substituted for one that is more hazardous. Water can be substituted for organic solvents in paints. Similarly, non-silica abrasives can replace sand in abrasive blasting (also known as sand blasting). Or a process can be fundamentally changed, such as by replacing pneumatic hammers with impact hammers that generate less noise and vibration. If sawing or drilling generates harmful dusts, particulate matter or noise, these processes could be done by shear cutting or punching. Technological improvements are reducing the risks of some musculoskeletal and other health problems. Many of the changes are straightforward-for example, a two-handed screwdriver with a longer handle increases torque on the object and reduces stress on the wrists.
Environmental controls Environmental controls are used to remove a hazardous substance from the environment, if the substance is airborne, or to shield the source, if it is a physical hazard. Provision of flexible Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) may be used. The simple and effective method for controlling exposure to radiant physical hazards (noise, ultraviolet (UV) radiation from arc welding, infrared radiant (IR) heat from hot objects) is to shield them with some appropriate material. Plywood sheets shield IR and UV radiation, and material that absorbs and reflects sound will provide some protection from noise sources. Major sources of heat stress are weather and hard physical labour. Adverse effects from heat stress can be avoided through reductions in the workload, provision of water and adequate breaks in the shade and, possibly, night work.
Personal protection When engineering controls or changes in work practices do not adequately protect workers, workers may need to use personal protective equipment (PPE). In order for such equipment to be effective, workers must be trained in its use, and the equipment must fit properly and be inspected and maintained. Furthermore, if others who are in the vicinity may be exposed to the hazard, they should either be protected or prevented from entering the area.
Eating and sanitary facilities A lack of eating and sanitary facilities may also lead to increased exposures. Often, workers cannot wash before meals and must eat in the work zone, which means they may inadvertently swallow toxic substances transferred from their hands to food or
5 - 44 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement cigarettes. A lack of changing facilities at a worksite may result in transport of contaminants from the workplace to a worker’s home. It is proposed to provide separate temporary canteen and changing place for employees.
5.12 FIRE PROTECTION PLAN/SYSTEM List of Input Parameters and Design Criteria The proposed fire protection system conforms to requirements of Amendment No.3, January 1997 to National Building code of India 1983 (SP 7: 1983 Part-IV). As Per NBC, The Hospital Building Is Classified as Group-E. Source of water for Fire fighting is from metro water supply.
Codes & Standards The applicable codes & standards will be the latest version of the following: IS: 1978 – Line Pipes IS: 1367,GL – 4B, 4 – Technical supply conditions for threaded steel fasteners IS: 1239 – Mild steel tubes, tubular and other wrought steel fittings IS: 10221 – Code of practice for coating and wrapping of underground mild steel structures IS: 903 – Fire hose delivery couplings, branch pipe, nozzles and nozzle spanner IS: 4927 – Unlined flax canvas hose for fire fighting IS: 8423 – Controlled percolating hose for fire fighting IS: 5290 – Landing valves IS: 2878 – Specification for fire extinguisher, carbon-do-oxide type (portable and trolley mounted) IS: 933 – Portable chemical foam fire extinguisher IS: 2171 – Portable fire extinguishers, dry powder (cartridge type) IS: 4308 – Specification for dry powder for fire fighting IS: 4861 – Dry powder for fire fighting in burning metals IS: 2871 – Specification for branch pipe, universal for fire fighting purposes IS: 2189 – Selection, installation and maintenance of automatic fire detection and alarm system IS: 636 – Non- percolating flexible fire fighting delivery hose IS: 3034 – Fire safety of industrial buildings: electrical generating and distributing stations. IS: 9137 - Code for acceptance tests for centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumps – Class C IS: 10981 – Class of acceptance test for centrifugal flow and axial pumps Tariff Advisory Committee (TAC) of India/NFPA standards OISD – 117 – Oil Installations System Description The fire protection system contains; Firewater pumping system, Wet riser system and Hose reel system, Yard hydrant system, Automatic sprinkler system, The Pressurization system, Portable First Aid fire extinguishers, Fire safety plans, Analogue addressable Automatic fire detection and alarm system.
5 - 45 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement
Fire water pumping system Firewater to the complete fire protection system shall be catered through an RCC Underground (UG) storage tank of capacity 300 cum located at the ground floor of the Hospital building. Water to this tank shall be fed by gravity tapped off from the bore well water supply line. The following are the motor driven and diesel driven firewater pumps that shall be located adjacent to the UG storage tank. i) Fire Hydrant pump (Motor driven) -1 No. 2850 lpm @100m head. ii) Sprinkler pump (Motor Driven) – 1 No. 2850 lpm @ 100 m head iii) Common standby pump (Engine driven) 1 No. 2850 lpm @ 100m head. iv) Jockey pump (Motor driven) -1 No.180 lpm @ 100m head shall be provided for maintaining system pressure at all times and to compensate the minor losses. v) Terrace level booster pump (motor driven) – 1No. 900 lpm @35m head. All the pumps will be of horizontal centrifugal end suction type. These pumps shall draw water from the underground RCC static tank of capacity 300 m3 for hydrant and sprinkler system. The level switches shall be provided in the Underground tank and terrace tank. Breaching inlet shall be provided at the inlet of the storage tank for quick filling by fire brigade.
Wet riser and Hose reel system Wet riser shall be provided at all floor landings of the staircase of the Hospital building. Water supply to the wet risers shall be fed directly from the motor driven wet riser pump. This system shall consist of double hydrant outlet landing valve installed at a height of 1000 mm above finished floor level and a separate tap off for hose reel associated with hoses, branch pipe and nozzles for Hospital building at each floor on each riser. The system shall be designed hydraulically to meet the flow and pressure requirements as per NBC. Hydrant accessories such as hose reel, branch pipe and nozzles etc. shall be provided in separate enclosures/cabinet with glass panels. Four way breaching inlets with sluice check valve shall be installed and connected to each wet riser. The breaching inlets shall be located at 1000 mm above the ground floor level. The pipe material for Wet risers shall be Galvanised Iron (GI) "C" class as per requirements of the local fire Hospital from pump house to discharge to Wet riser and hose reel system topmost hydrant/ hose reel. In the event of fire, if the hydrant or hose reel are opened, the pressure in the wet riser main will drop due to the resulting flow, thereby the booster pump comes in to operation at a preset low pressure. If the pressure drops further, at a preset low pressure in the wet riser, the wet riser pump shall start automatically by getting an impulse from a pressure switch provided on the main. In case the wet riser pump fails to start, the pressure in the main will drop further and at a pre-set low pressure, the common stand by pump diesel shall come into operation by getting an impulse from a pressure switch provided. Stopping of the pump shall be manual.
5 - 46 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement
Automatic Sprinkler Systems Automatic sprinkler system shall be provided to cover all the floors of the Hospital building. Sprinklers shall be provided in two layers in all the floors of the Hospital area, upright type sprinkler at RCC ceiling level and pendent type sprinkler with rosette plate at false ceiling level. Water supply to the sprinkler system shall be fed from the motor driven sprinkler pump. This system shall be designed hydraulically to meet the flow and pressure requirements as per codes and standards. This system shall comprise of network of piping, valves, sprinkler heads, flow switches etc. The sprinklers shall be designed to produce spherical type of discharge with a portion of water being thrown upwards to the ceiling. Sprinklers shall be of satin chromed finish to architect's requirement. Ceiling plates shall be of steel construction and shall be either chromed or painted to architect's requirement. Sprinkler pipes shall be so installed that the system can be thoroughly drained. Four Way breaching inlets with check valves shall be provided and connected to the each sprinkler riser. The mode of operation of the sprinkler system is as follows: In the event of fire in any section of the area to be protected by the sprinkler system, the sprinklers in that particular section shall open initiating the flow of water and annunciating the flow of water through flow switch provided at each sprinkler tap off riser. The motor driven sprinkler pump shall start automatically due to consequential pressure drop in the sprinkler system piping. In case motor driven sprinkler pump fails to start, standby diesel engine driven pump shall come into operation by getting an impulse from a pressure switch provided at a preset low pressure. During sprinkler system operation a local alarm shall be raised by activation of flow switch. Stopping of the pumps shall be manual.
Yard Hydrant System The yard hydrant shall be located at various places around the building. The water supply for yard hydrant shall be tapped off from wet riser system headers. Each single headed yard hydrant shall be provided with hoses, nozzles and accessories. All Hydrant accessories shall be located in a Hose box adjacent to Hydrant valve. Brick masonry valve chambers with cast iron covers shall be provided wherever required for isolating the system to enable maintenance if any without affecting the complete system.
The mode of operation of the hydrant system is as follows. In the event of fire, hydrant valves are opened, at the preset low pressure the wet riser pumps shall start as furnished in Wet riser system. In case of failure of wet riser pump stand by common pump shall come into operation.
Pressurization System The common pressurization system of wet riser system shall comprise of one (1) Jockey pump operating automatically. In the event of minor system leakages either in wet riser system the Jockey pump will start automatically by getting an impulse from pressure switch provided on the discharge header of the Jockey pump. The Jockey pump shall stop automatically once the mains pressure is restored to original set value. All pressure switches shall have two (2) contacts -one for starting / stopping the Jockey pump and
5 - 47 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement the other for Jockey pump running annunciation in the panel. The control panel shall have all necessary control and interlock for operation and control of the pumps. Jockey pump shall not be running when main pump/booster pump are under operation.
Portable First Aid Fire Extinguishers Portable extinguishers such as carbon-di-oxide extinguishers, dry chemical powders etc. shall be provided in all areas of the building. The type of portable fire extinguishers and their numbers shall be as per NBC. Service tags shall be provided and attached on all extinguishers installed. 4.5kg extinguisher to be provided for every 500sqft of work area, every electrical room, and in every AHU room. A 22.5kg DCP cylinder on trolley for every DG set and UPS. All safety equipments like fire buckets with one spare filled cylinder shall be provided.
Fire Safety Plans Fire escape route printed in signal red colour shall be fixed near fire exit staircases, which shall show directions to the inmates for escape in case of fire. Fire order as per NBC shall be fixed near lift/lift lobby, which shall guide action to be taken in case of fire.
Analogue Addressable Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm system Automatic fire alarm and detection and alarm system shall be provided for the Hospital building. The fire detection and alarm system proposed consists of: Multi sensor Smoke detectors which shall be provided in the electrical switchgear room, electrical riser/ducts, lift shaft, lift machine room, BAS, communication room, and in Hospital area of all the floors above and below the false ceiling. Heat detectors shall be provided in pantry, DG room and kitchen. Manual call points shall be provided at all the entrances and exits. Hooters with strobe lights shall be provided at all the entrances and exits, staircases and also inside Hospital areas. Mimic panel shall be located in the smoke free lobby at each floor of Hospital building to indicate the location of fire. A central fire alarm panel shall be located at the Fire command centre. This panel shall have the indication to identify the location of fire in the building. Fire alarm panel shall be located at the reception area and the repeater panel shall be located in the guardhouse. The provisions shall conform to the requirements of the National Building Code (NBC) 1983, AMD3 (SP-7 1983, part- IV).
Fire Suppression System FM200 Gas fire suppression system is recommended for the server rooms.
Inspection and Testing Inspection & testing will be carried out as per the Approved Quality Assurance plan. Minimum requirement will be as indicated below. Shop Tests on Hydrant Valves:
5 - 48 Team Labs and Consultants Hospital @ Tirupati Environmental Impact Statement a) Dimensional b) Hydro test of body c) Flow test on 5% of valves d) Seat leakage Test e) Operational check Shop Tests on hose cabinets: a) Hydro Test of hose pipe/coupling/nozzle b) Percolation test c) Burst test (Type test or Type test report)
Dimensional Inspection On completion of erection, at Site, Pipes will be hydro tested at 1.5 times the pump shut-off head, or twice the operating pressure, whichever is higher.
5 - 49 Team Labs and Consultants HOSPITAL @ TIRUPATI M/s. Amara Raja Infra Pvt. Ltd., Survey. Nos. 308/3, 308/4, 308/5, 308/6, 308/7, 308/8B, 308/9B, 308/10B, 308/11, 308/12, 309/1A, 309/1B, 309/2, 309/3, 309/4, 309/5, 309/6, 309/7, 309/8, 309/9, 309/10, 309/11,309/12, 310/1, 310/2, 310/3, 310/4, 310/5, 310/6,310/12, 311/1, 311/2B, 311/5, 311/6, 311/9 & 311/10, Karakambadi Village, Renigunta Mandal, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh
Studies and Documentation by: Team Labs and Consultants (An ISO 9001:2008 Certified company) B-115 - 117 & 509, Annapurna Block, Aditya Enclave, Ameerpet, Hyderabad- 500 038 Phone: 91-040-23748555/23748616 Fax : 91-040-23748666 e-mail: [email protected]