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Jurnal Full Paper Teknologi ASSESSMENT OF UNDERSTOREY VEGETATION OF Article history Received MALAM JABBA FOREST, KPK AFTER CLEANUP 25 October 2015 Received in revised form OPERATION USING MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES 14 December 2015 Accepted Muhammad Faheem Siddiquia*, Arsalana, Moinuddin Ahmedb, 9 February 2016 Muhammad Ishtiaq Hussainc, Javed Iqbalb, Muhammad Wahabd *Corresponding author aDepartment of Botany, University of Karachi 75270, Pakistan [email protected] bLaboratory of Dendrochronology and Plant Ecology, Department of Botany, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan cInstitutue of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China dCentre for Plant Conservation, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan Graphical abstract Abstract In this study vegetation composition of understorey species of Malam Jabba forest is evaluated by multivariate analysis. Thirteen stands were quantitatively sampled by point centered quarter method. Environmental variables were recorded and correlate them with vegetation characteristic. In 13 stands 49 understory species were recorded. Multivariate techniques were employed to assess the vegetation groups and underlying group structure. Agglomerative Cluster analysis (Ward’s method) discloses four main groups of vegetation while Principle Component Analysis (PCA) clearly ordinate these groups on all three axes. The most common species distributed in all four groups were Adiantum capillus veneris, Adiantum venestum, Berberis lyceum, Chrysopogon aucheri, Oxalis corniculata, Pteris cretica and Trifolium repens while these species were observed in three groups i.e. Punica granatum and Plantago amplexicaulis. The Group 1 comprises on 23 species and the dominant species were Androsace rotundifolia, Aristida cynantha, Berberis lyceum, Dryopteris filix, Oxalis corniculata, Pteris cretica and Trifolium repens while Group 2 comprises on 18 species, the dominant were Pteris cretica, Adiantum venestum, Duchesnea indica while some other species included, Berberis lyceum, Chrysopogon aucheri, Chrysopogon aucheri, Dryopteris juxtapostia and Morus alba. Group 3 & 4 comprises 31 species each, in which 18 species were common i.e. Adiantum capillus veneris, Adiantum venustum, Arisaema jacquemontii, Berberis lyceum, Chrysopogon aucheri, Dryopteris filix, Dryopteris juxtapostia, Duchesnea indica, Oxalis corniculata, Plantago amplexicaulis, Polygala erioptera, Prunus avium, Pteris cretica, Punica granatum, Ranunculus muricatus, Rosa macrophylla, Trifolium fragiferum and Trifolium repens. Among the environmental variables elevation and slope played an overriding role in the distribution of vegetation. The relationships between the six PCA ordination axes with environmental factors generally showed few significant relations, only axis 2 showed marked relationship with all edaphic variables (except pH), suggesting that the edaphic gradient has an overriding role in the composition and distribution of understorey vegetation. Some other environmental factors showed weak correlations with ordination axes, it could be spurious correlation. Malam Jabba forests are highly disturbed due to civil war and anthropogenic causes. Slope of the forests prove to be an overriding role in the distribution of vegetation as evaluated by analysis of variance. Keywords: Understorey vegetation; operation cleanup; ward’s cluster analysis; PCA ordination; Malam Jabba; Pakistan © 2016 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved 78: 4–4 (2016) 9–17 | www.jurnalteknologi.utm.my | eISSN 2180–3722 | 10 Muhammad Faheem Siddiqui et al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 78: 4–4 (2016) 9–17 1.0 INTRODUCTION was 21 °C (maximum) and 7 °C (minimum). The lush green meadows and thick green forests of Pine & Malam Jabba is nearly 40 km from Saidu Sharif in Swat Deodar trees of Malam Jabba was due to moderate Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is temperatures 10C to 25 °C give way to. In the winter 314 km from Islamabad and 51 km from Saidu Sharif the temperature falls to –5 °C to –10 °C. Airport. Malam Jabba is considered in moist Current study deals with the vegetation temperate region [1; 2; 3; 4 ]. The climatic conditions in composition and present status of understorey the area vary from sub-tropical; boreal to moist- vegetation of Malam Jabba forest after civil war. temperate the sub-tropical, semi-arid climate of Saidu Phytosociology of this area previously investigated by Sharif is comparable to that in the lower Malam many workers i.e. [6] evaluated the vegetation Jabba. In the upper Malam Jabba Valley the climate description and composition from moist temperate is temperate from 1500 to 2500 m and above 2500 m it area by using Ward’s cluster analysis and PCA is alpine. Precipitation increases with altitude while ordination but after civil war this is the first study to evaporation decreases [5]. The maximum temperature investigate the post war effects on vegetation 38 °C was recorded in July is and minimum was 1 °C composition. was observed during January. The normal temperature Table 1 Site characteristics of Malam Jabba, Swat valley, Malakand division of Khyber Pakhtoonkhua Stand Location and sites Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Elevation Slope Aspect Canopy No. (m) ( º ) Malam Jabba, Swat valley, Malakand division 1 Sur Glu 33º 37’ 12’’ 73 º 71’ 41’’ 2120 25º E Moderate 2 Mangerkot 33º 37’ 12’’ 73 º 71’ 41’’ 2120 30º N Open 3 Bela 33º 37’ 12’’ 73 º 7’ 41’’ 2240 41º N Moderate 4 Kuo 33º 37’ 12’’ 73 º 71’ 41’’ 2330 30º N Open 5 Dur Sher 33º 37’ 12’’ 73 º 71’ 41’’ 2410 35º W Open 6 Pendy 33º 37’ 12’’ 73 º 71’ 41’’ 2300 25º S Close 7 Pechao 33º 37’ 12’’ 73 º 71’ 41’’ 2400 50º E Close 8 Falak Gel 33º 37’ 12’’ 73 º 71’ 41’’ 2110 25º W Moderate 9 Malikabad 33º 37’ 12’’ 73 º 71’ 41’’ 2120 50º S Open 10 Malikabad 33º 37’ 12’’ 73 º 71’ 41’’ 2100 30º W Open 11 Malam Jabba 33º 37’ 12’’ 73 º 71’ 41’’ 2600 34º E Close 12 Malam Jabba 33º 37’ 12’’ 73 º 71’ 41’’ 2350 30º W Close 13 Miandam 33º 37’ 12’’ 73 º 71’ 41’’ 2700 49º W Moderate 2.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY [8]. Species were identified with the help of flora of Pakistan [9] and [2]. The main aim of this study is to explore the after effects of civil war on natural vegetation composition 3.2 Estimation of Soil Chemical Properties and distribution of species in Malam Jabba forests, KPK Province of Pakistan. The role of topographic Soil samples from the depth of 5 to 10 cm were and edaphic factors in controlling the abundance collected from all stands using a soil auger. Three soil and distribution of vegetation. Multivariate samples randomly collected in each stand then techniques are used to explore this relationship. pooled to obtain a composite sample for each stand. Edaphic variables were analyzed by different techniques. A pH meter (Model Adwa 1000, 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS Hungary) was used to analyze the electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and soil pH. By the method of [10] as modified by [11] was follow for the 3.1 Vegetation Sampling And Computation determination of water holding capacity of soil. Organic matter of soil was determine with the help of Undisturbed or natural sites were selected for method describe by [12]. quantitative sampling then thirteen stands were sampled by Point Centered Quarter method 3.3 Statistical Analysis following [7]. Twenty circular points (2.5m radius) were taken in each stand. Frequency and relative Agglomerative Cluster analysis, using Ward’s Linkage frequency were calculated following the method of strategy and the Euclidean (Pythagorean) as a 11 Muhammad Faheem Siddiqui et al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 78: 4–4 (2016) 9–17 distance measure [13] was used to classify the plant venestum, Centaurea solstitialis, Dryopteris filix and species into different groups. For the purpose of Nepeta laevigata (30% each). Some rare species ordination, Principle component analysis (PCA) [14] were also reported in this group i.e. Delphenium was employed to seek the compositional variation uncinatum, Buxus papillosa, Cynodon dactylon, and any trend in the data set. The computations Euphorbia hispida, Fragaria indica, Galium boreale, were performed using the program PC-ORD (version Punica granatum, Sarcococca saligna, Dryopteris 5.10) [13] & [15]. Correlations were sought between juxtapostia, Hypericum perforatum and Chrysopogon ordination axes and environmental variables [16]. aucheri occupied less than 30% frequency. Group II attained comparatively low frequency as group I. Dryopteris juxtapostia attained the highest frequency (20%) in this group while Viburnum cylindricum, Onychium contiguum, Morus alba, Chrysopogon aucheri and Pteris cretica occupied the frequency between 19 to 12%. The following species exhibited the frequency less than 10% i.e. Berberis lyceum, Adiantum venestum, Duchesnea indica, Oxalis corniculata, Trifolium repens, Plantago amplexicaulis, Picea smithiana seedling, Adiantum capillus veneris, Rubus biflorus, Cynodon dactylon, Podophylum emodi and Pinus wallichiana seedling. Group III occupied the highest frequency among all groups; predominant by a key stone species of moist temperate area i.e. Pteris cretica attained 80% frequency. Dryopteris juxtapostia, Adiantum venestum, Duchesnea indica, Prunus avium, Chrysopogon aucheri and Arisaema jacquemontii attained high frequency (77, 70, 50, 50, 43 and 33% respectively). Figure 1 Study area map. Details of the sites and stands are Pteris cretica and Berberis lycium were the given in Table 1 dominant species in Group

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