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1 Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organization 1 Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organization. "A. Philip Randolph Challenges President Franklin Roosevelt." Audio. Library of Congress. 1941. Accessed April 10, 2020. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/multimedia/randolph-challenges-fdr.html. This audio clip was used in the Civil Rights Movement page. Philip Randolph talks about how Roosevelt originally denied his request for more rights but after threatening to create a huge scene, Roosevelt decided to create Executive Order 8802. Bector, Julius Wesley, Jr. "Interview with Julius Wesley Becton, Jr." Audio file. Veterans History Project. October 11, 2009. Accessed February 6, 2020. https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp-stories/loc.natlib.afc2001001.75519/afc2001001_0755 19_mv0001001_640x480_800.stream?start=490&clipid=d88325e95. Lieutenant General Julius Becton served with a racially segregated unit in Morotai and the Philippines and led troops through a number of harrowing situations and was wounded twice himself. He was an example of not letting segregation stop him from doing his duty. I used his interview to explain his achievements in the military and breaking many barriers. Chicago Defender (Chicago, United States of America). "President Truman Wipes Out ​ Segregation in the Armed Forces." 1948. Accessed February 28, 2020. http://African American Odyssey. This image is a newspaper article from after President Truman ordered Executive Order 9981. It highlights the success of Executive Order 9981 and why it was a good call. I used this picture in the President Truman's Impact. Edwards, Regina. Tuskegee Airman. 2016. Photograph. ​ ​ https://www.af.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2001673683/mediaid/1592530/. Retired Master Sgt. Leroy Smith became a Tuskegee Airman at the age of 16 in 1943. The Tuskegee Airmen were a group of African-American and Caribbean-born military pilots who fought in World War II. They were an incredibly important in desegregating the military. Smith faced a lot of segregation but he didn't let it stop him from performing his job. This image was used in the Tuskegee Airmen page. 2 Exec. Order No. 8802, 3 C.F.R. (). Accessed April 11, 2020. https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc_large_image.php?flash=false&doc=72. This executive order was used in the Civil Rights Movement page. This executive order was created by Roosevelt in order to prohibit ethnic or racial discrimination in the nation's defense industry. It also set up the Fair Employment Practice Committee. I Have A Dream. By Martin Luther King, Jr. 1963, compact disc. Recorded August 28, 1963. ​ Accessed March 3, 2020. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm. Martin Luther King was an activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He fought for equality through marches, protests, and speeches. I used his most famous speech "I Have a Dream" in my Racial Mindset page to quote how he wanted everyone to work together and sit together without racism and segregation. "Interview with Odra W. Bradley." Audio file. The Library of Congress. October 26, 2011. Accessed January 27, 2020. https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp-stories/loc.natlib.afc2001001.99995/afc2001001_0999 95_mv0001001_640x480_800.stream?start=430&clipid=d107338e388. In Odra Bradley's interview, he describes how his military service broadened his view of the world and taught him to coexist with a wide range of people, including the German civilians he interacted with during his time with 3053rd Quartermaster Salvage Collection Company in the European Theater. The respect extended to him by Europeans demonstrated that poor treatment on the basis of skin color only existed in America even for an African American soldier serving in the segregated Army. This interview was used in the Rise of the African American Community page. "John Gragg - Segregation in Korean War Units." Audio. Korean War Legacy Foundation. Posted by Korean War Legacy Foundation, 2013. Accessed April 14, 2020. https://koreanwarlegacy.org/interviews/john-e-gragg/. This audio clip was used in the Racial Mindset page. John Gragg talks about the racism he faced during his time serving in the Korean War. This audio clip helped prove that there were one of two reactions to segregation in the military. 3 Korean War Legacy Foundation. "Victor Burdette Spaulding - Racial Segregation Issues." Audio. Korean War Legacy Foundation. 2013. Accessed April 14, 2020. https://koreanwarlegacy.org/chapters/african-americans-in-the-korean-war/. This audio clip was used in the Racial Mindset page. Victor Spaulding talked about how he had African American friends during his time serving in the Korean War, and he supported them during the racially segregated times. This audio clip helped prove that there were two reactions to African American participation in the military. Moskos, Charles C. "Success Story: Blacks in the Military." The Atlantic, May 1996. Accessed ​ ​ February 19, 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1986/05/success-story-blacks-in-the-milit ary/306160/. This newsletter explains the success rate of African Americans in the military and how they're an integral part in making our military a success. The number of African American's as well as the success rate of African American's in the military has significantly increased since Executive Order 9981. This article was used in the Aftermath of the Order page. Newby, John L. "Forgotten Negro Protest Movement and EO 9981." Race, Racism, and the Law on the Web since 1995. Last modified 2014. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://www.racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=872:justice10 -1&catid=114&Itemid=140&showall=1&limitstart=. This article discusses about how African American soldiers felt when they were subjected to discrimination because of their race. Brigadier General Benjamin O. Davis, Sr., accurately expressed the deep-felt resentment held by virtually every black military member during World War II. This website was used in the Racial Mindset page. Pittsburgh Courier (Pittsburgh). "Double V Campaign." 1942. Accessed February 29, 2020. ​ https://www.newspapers.com/topics/world-war2/double-v-campaign/. This image of a newspaper article about the Double V campaign was used on the Double V campaign page. Like many other newspaper articles, this article discusses the positive effects of the Double V campaign on stopping segregation in the armed forces. 4 President Harry S. Truman Shakes Hands with African American Air Force Sergeant. October ​ 12, 1950. Photograph. Accessed February 6, 2020. https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/photograph-records/65-2494. This image shows that President Truman was very friendly with African American soldiers and he was willing to contribute a lot of resources and time to helping their cause. This image is on the President Truman's Impact page, and shows the relationship between African American soldiers and the government was not tense, and instead it was very joyful as they were not being subjected to scrutiny and segregation in that setting. Truman, Harry S. "To Secure These Rights." The Report of the President's Committee on Civil ​ Rights. Accessed January 30, 2020. ​ https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/to-secure-these-rights. This report was created by President Truman and explained why African American soldiers were an integral part of the military and America. He talks about how every man deserves the same rights and equality. This report and the committee that Truman created were the keys to creating the order and desegregating the military. I used this report in my Moral and Economic Reasons page as well as the President Truman's Impact page. "Vernon Baker." Video file. PBS. Posted January 22, 2007. https://www.pbs.org/video/the-war-stories-from-the-northwest-wwii-vernon-baker/. Vernon Baker, who was the only living black veteran awarded the Medal of Honor for valor in World War II, receiving it 52 years after he wiped out four German machine-gun nests on a hilltop in northern Italy. He talks about how the military was very discriminatory and segregated but he knew he had one job to do, and that was to protect his country. His interview is used in the Rise of the African American Community page. Secondary Sources African American Civil War Memorial and Museum Freedom Foundation. USCT Regiment and ​ Union Officers. Accessed April 2020. https://www.nps.gov/afam/learn/index.htm. ​ This image was used in the Role African Americans Played Before the Order page. It's an image of African American soldiers who fought in the Civil War for the Union under Lincoln's supervision. 5 Alconte. Wallace Terry. Photograph. Wikimedia. November 8, 2007. Accessed March 2, 2020. ​ ​ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wallace_Terry_(cropped).jpg. Wallace Houston Terry, II was an African-American journalist and oral historian, best known for his book about black soldiers in Vietnam, Bloods. This image was used in the Racial Mindset page to explain a quote from Martin Luther King Jr that Terry used in his book. Ambrose, Stephen. "Jim Crow and Black Segregation." World War 2 History Info. Last modified 1997. Accessed February 16, 2020. http://www.worldwar2history.info/Army/Jim-Crow.html. This article discusses how Jim Crow laws created the tyranny of African American segregation not only in the military but in regular day activities. I used this article to explain how Jim Crow laws had a huge impact on how the American people saw African American people and especially how they treated them. Athey, Philip. Marines with India Company, 3rd Recruit Training Battalion. Photograph. Marine ​ ​ Corps Times. October 30, 2019. Accessed March 11, 2020. https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2019/10/30/parris-island-m arines-to-start-training-with-second-gender-integrated-boot-camp-class/. This picture shows the many different cultures and races in the military.
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