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Recent Data from the Thomasville, Georgia, Typhus Investigation Project

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Recent Data from the Thomasville, Georgia, Typhus Investigation Project RECENT DATA FROM THE THOMASVILLE, GEORGIA, TYPHUS INVESTIGATION PROJECT Bernice Utter back Statistician A review of recent data from the Thomasville quent to cessation of dusting, the. incidence of Project shows that the incidence of human typhus typhus was minimal (four cases in each of the two has continued at a low level for more than 2 yearsdusted counties); while during the same period, a after the last DDT dusting* total of 53 confirmed cases was recorded for the The present summary supplements findings pre­ undusted county. viously reported by Hill and Morlan (1), Dent,During the year after dusting, murine typhus anti­ Morlan, and Hill (2), and Morlan, Hill, and Schubert body prevalence reached a low level of 3-7 percent (3). The study h as been carried on in cooperation in rats examined from dusted counties and remained with the Georgia State Department of Health through at this level for nearly 2 years (table 1). Current C. D. Bowdoin, M.D., Director, Division of Pre­data (fig. 2) show a slight rise in 1949. ventable Diseases, and Roy J. Boston, Director, An average of 175-200 rats permonth was Typhus Control Services. trapped in each county during the period of study The_ Thomasville Project was established in(table 2). As previously reported (1, 3), a change 1945 to determine the effectiveness of DDT dust­in the rat population occurred during the course of ing as a murine typhus fever control method. Threethe project. Initially,Rattus rattus appears to have counties in southwest Georgia were included. been the predominant domestic rat species in the Populations in 1940 were: Thomas, 31,256; Brooks, three counties; but by the third year,Rattus nor- 20,476; and Grady, 19,665. Rat runs in and near vegicus had increased in number so that the ratio buildings in Brooks and Thomas Counties wereof R. rattus to R. norvegicus was 2:1 or less in dusted with five applications of 10 percent DDT Thomas and Grady Counties. In Brooks, there was in pyrophyllite during the period April 1946 through a noticeable absence ofR. norvegicus until Novem­ September 1947; Grady County was not treated. ber 1947 and relatively few were trapped Records of human typhus cases were obtained subsequently. through reports from State and local health depart­ More than 96 percent of the total number of ecto­ ments, hospital records, laboratory records, con­parasites collected in the three counties were tact with physicians, and supplementary information among four species:Xenopsylla cheopis, the orien­ which the project personnel obtained informally tal rat flea; Leptopsylla segnis, a second rat flea; from families in the study area. It should be pointed Liponyssus bacoti, the tropical rat mite; andPoly- out that these data on incidence of typhus include plax spinulosa, a rat louse. many cases which would not be reported through The percentage of rats infested withX. cheopis routine channels. A complement fixation testis shown in table 3. Hill and Morlan (1) reported yielding a titer of 1:4 or higher was considered that a greater reduction in flea infestation occurred evidence of the presence of typhus antibodies. in the dusted counties than in the undusted. Recent It has been shown in earlier reports (1) that data indicate that this reduction was maintained incidence of typhus was lower in the year follow­for approximately 1 year after dusting was com­ ing DDT dusting operations in Thomas and Brooks pleted. The infestation rate alsodeclined in Counties than in the year preceding dusting. Nountreated Grady County during the same period, significant change occurred in untreated Grady but the relative decrease was small in comparison County. Figure 1 shows that in the 2 years subse­with that observed in the treated counties. During 12 Courtesy of the David J. Sencer CDC Museum t > Courtesy ofthe David J. Sencer CDC Museum Figure I INCIDENCE OF HUMAN TYPHUS FEVER BY MONTH OF ONSET IN THE UNDUSTED AREA, GRADY COUNTY, AND IN THE DUSTED AREA, THOMAS AND BROOKS COUNTIES OUSTED AREA THOMAS COUNTY DUSTING CYCLES 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CENTER ATLANTA, GEORGIA M ARCH 1 9 5 0 Table 1 PRESENCE OF ANTIBODIES IN COMMENSAL RATS BY COUNTY AND OPERATIONAL YEAR May 1946 - November 1949 Grady Thomas Brooks Operational No. ra ts Percent No. ra ts Percent No. ra ts Percent year examined* p o sitiv e examined* p o sitiv e examined* p o sitiv e May 1946 — April 1947 1,240 40.7 1,537 39.7 1,483 24.7 May 1947 - April 1948 2,073 36.0 2,190 7.0 2,220 3.3 May 1948 - April 19 49 2,136 26.4 2,992 6.8 3,088 3.0 May 1949 - November 1949 1,499 36.4 1, 579 8.9 1,541 4.0 •Rats for which a serology result was not obtained were excluded. Figure 2 PERCENTAGE OF RATS POSITIVE TO THE MURINE TYPHUS COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST UNDUSTED AREA 1946 1947 1948 1949 DUSTING AREA THOMAS COUNTY DUSTING CYCLE FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CENTER A TLA N TA , GEORGIA MARCH 1 9 5 0 the last year of study, the percentageof rats in­ affected to the extent noted in the rat fleas. fested with X. cheopis began to approach the pre­ In summary, it may be concluded that the DDT dusting level.TheL. segnis infestation rate in the program achieved a substantial reduction in inci­ treated counties decreased in a manner similar to dence of murine typhus fever among humans and in that observed in the oriental rat flea. Practically the prevalence of typhus complement-fixing anti­ no change in the L. segnis infestation rate was bodies in the rat population in the dusted counties. experienced in the untreated county. Infestation ofThis reduction has been maintained for more than rats with L. bacoti and P. s pinulosa was not 2 years following dusting. 14 Courtesy of the David J. Sencer CDC Museum Table 2 SUMMARY OF RATS TRAPPED BY SPECIES, COUNTY, AND OPERATIONAL YEAR May 1946 - November 1949 C ounties Operational year Species Grady Thomas Brooks May 1946 - R. rattus 1,178 1,441 1,919 April 1947 R. norvegicus 352 327 0 Total 1,530 1,768 1,919 May 1947 - R. rattus 1,494 1,697 2,267 E April 1948 R. norvegicus 676 583 49 Total 2,170 2,280 2, 316 May 1948 - R. rattus 1, 312 2,036 3,018 April 1949 R. norvegicus 912 1,060 164 Total 2,224 3, 096 3,182 May 1949 - R. rattus 762 792 1,318 November 1949 R. norvegicus 761 824 255 Total 1,523 1,616 1,573 Figure 3 PERCENTAGE OF COMMENSAL RATS INFESTED WITH _X_. CHEOPIS LEGEND t FEDERAL SECURITY A6ENCY PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CENTER 15 Courtesy of the David J. Sencer CDC Museum Table 1 PRESENCE OF ANTIBODIES IN COMMENSAL RATS BY COUNTY AND OPERATIONAL YEAR May 1946 - November 1949 Grady Thomas Brooks Operational No. ra ts Percent No. ra ts Percent No. ra ts Percent year examined* p o sitiv e examined* p o sitiv e examined* p o sitiv e May 1946 - April 1947 1,240 40.7 1,537 39.7 1,483 24.7 May 1947 - April 1948 2,073 36.0 2,190 7.0 2,220 3.3 May 1948 - April 1949 2,136 26.4 2,992 6.8 3,088 3.0 May 1949 - November 1949 1,499 36.4 1,579 8.9 1,541 4.0 *Rats for which a serology result was not obtained were excluded. Figure 2 PERCENTAGE OF RATS POSITIVE TO THE MURINE TYPHUS COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST UNDUSTED AREA GRADY COUNTY m'j 'j 'a's 'o'n'dIj 'f 'm'a 'm j 'j 'a's 'o'n'dIj 'f 'm 'a m 'j 'j 'a 's'o'n'dIj 'f 'm'a 'm'j 'j 'a's 'o 'n' 1946 1947 1948 1949 DUSTING AREA THOMAS COUNTY DUSTING CYCLE <rO 20 M 1 J ' J A1 SOND J^ F'MAMJ J A'SO^'D J FMAMJ J A rST 0 rN rD J F 1 M ' A 1 M 1 J 1 J A 1 S 1 0 1 N ' 1946 1947 1948 1949 BROOKS COUNTY the last year of study, the percentage of rats in­affected to the extent noted in the rat fleas. fested with X. cheopis began to approach the pre­ In summary, it may be concluded that the DDT dusting level. TheL. segnis infestation rate in the program achieved a substantial reduction in inci­ treated counties decreased in a manner similar to dence of murine typhus fever among humans and in that observed in the oriental rat flea. Practically the prevalence of typhus complement-fixing anti­ no change in the L. segnis infestation rate was bodies in the rat population in the dusted counties. experienced in the untreated county. Infestation ofThis reduction has been maintained for more than rats with L. bacoti and P. spinulosa was not 2 years following dusting. 14 Courtesy of the David J. Sencer CDC Museum Table 2 SUMMARY OF RATS TRAPPED BY SPECIES, COUNTY, AND OPERATIONAL YEAR May 1946 - November 1949 C ounties Operational year Species Grady Thomas Brooks May 1946 - R. rattus 1,178 1,441 1,919 April 1947 R. norvegicus 352 327 0 Total 1,530 1,768 1,919 May 1947 - R. rattus 1,494 1,697 2,267 April 1948 R. norvegicus 676 583 49 Total 2,170 2, 280 2,316 May 1948 - R. rattus 1, 312 2,036 3,018 April 1949 R.
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