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Anciennes Mesures De Longueur Et De Superficie Agraires Mutations Et Continuité De L'antiquité Romaine Au XIX E Siècle Essa

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Anciennes Mesures De Longueur Et De Superficie Agraires Mutations Et Continuité De L'antiquité Romaine Au XIX E Siècle Essa Anciennes mesures de longueur et de superficie agraires e Mutations et continuité de l’Antiquité romaine au XIX siècle Essai de métrologie historique Olivier Reguin chercheur associé Département d’histoire Université du Québec à Montréal [email protected] 2021 1 À Betty, mon cœur, pour son si aimant, constant et précieux soutien. À la mémoire de mon grand-père, Paul Reguin, charpentier, et de mon père, Robert Reguin, architecte, qui trouvaient tous deux le mètre « un peu trop long, ou alors carrément trop court ». * * * Remerciements Le Département d’histoire de l’Université du Québec à Montréal a bien voulu accueillir cette recherche. Mes remerciements vont en particulier à la professeure Lyse Roy, sa directrice ; à Kouky Fianu, professeure à l’Université d’Ottawa, et à Jean-François Cottier, professeur à l’Université de Montréal aujourd’hui à Paris 7. Toute ma reconnaissance est acquise aux professeurs Jean-Claude Hocquet (Lille III), Bernard Garnier (Caen) et Pierre Portet (Arch. nat.), alors animateurs du Comité français pour la métrologie historique, pour avoir accueilli mes premiers essais dans leurs Journées et dans les Cahiers de métrologie. Et j’ai bénéficié au long des années de fructueux échanges avec Eric C. Fernie (dir. hon., Courtauld Institute, Londres), Emanuele Lugli (Stanford), Magali Watteaux (Rennes 2) et Cédric Lavigne (Bordeaux 3). 2 TABLE DES MATIÈRES Introduction : sur la trace d’une évolution ordonnée.......................................................................................... 9 01.0. Repérage d’un substrat..............................................................................................................................16 01.1. Le problème du pied romain................................................................................................................................17 Origines du pied romain..............................................................................................................................................17 Valeurs du pied romain................................................................................................................................................19 Choix d’un pied romain................................................................................................................................................22 01.2. Rappel du système romain de mesures agraires.........................................................................................24 Les mesures linéaires ...................................................................................................................................................25 Les mesures de superficie...........................................................................................................................................26 La limitation et l’assignation......................................................................................................................................27 01.3. Dérivation des mesures linéaires antiques....................................................................................................29 Les mesures fondamentales.......................................................................................................................................29 Tableaux synthétiques .................................................................................................................................................32 Pieds de 15 et de 18 doigts.........................................................................................................................................34 Pied ptolémaïque-philétairien : pied manuel.....................................................................................................35 L’encombrant pied ptolémaïque court de Hygin ..............................................................................................35 Le pied byzantin..............................................................................................................................................................38 01.4. Problématique de la continuité...........................................................................................................................39 Intégrations en puissance...........................................................................................................................................40 Présence des mesures byzantines...........................................................................................................................41 Retour sur le jugum du Bas-Empire .......................................................................................................................44 Bilan......................................................................................................................................................................................47 01.5. Point métrologique...................................................................................................................................................49 02.0. Éléments d’un système « carolingien »...............................................................................................51 02.1. Divergences..................................................................................................................................................................52 02.2. La perche et le pied agraires « carolingiens »...............................................................................................55 Une formule de conversion ........................................................................................................................................55 Rapprochements.............................................................................................................................................................55 Origine byzantine ...........................................................................................................................................................56 3 02.3. Les trois unités de mesure agraires d’époque carolingienne ................................................................60 Une unité agréée : le jugère…...................................................................................................................................60 Une unité majorée : l’ansange/acre........................................................................................................................61 Une unité créée : le Joch impérial............................................................................................................................62 D’autres mesures ?.........................................................................................................................................................64 Bilan......................................................................................................................................................................................66 02.4. Point métrologique...................................................................................................................................................69 03.0. Premières conversions de l’acre et du jugère carolingiens....................................................... 70 03.1. De l’acre au journal : le pied « néo-romain ».................................................................................................72 Mesure au carré...............................................................................................................................................................72 Calcul....................................................................................................................................................................................73 Datation ..............................................................................................................................................................................74 03.2. De l’acre à l’arpent de Paris : le pied « néo-drusien »................................................................................75 Calcul....................................................................................................................................................................................75 03.3. Symétrie des conversions de l’acre ...................................................................................................................76 Ajustement ........................................................................................................................................................................76 En pratique........................................................................................................................................................................77 Le journal de Bourgogne .............................................................................................................................................80 Bilan......................................................................................................................................................................................81 03.4. Jugère carolingien et ansange du Rhône au Rhin........................................................................................84 Jugère et/ou ansange double.....................................................................................................................................84
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