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Career Choices, Return Paths and Social Contributions

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Career Choices, Return Paths and Social Contributions Career Choices, Return Paths and Social Contributions THE AFRICAN ALUMNI PROJECT Abridged Report, May 2016 Report prepared for The MasterCard Foundation TABLE OF CONTENTS 04 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY • Setting the Stage • Survey Respondents • Key Findings 09 RESEARCH GOALS AND METHODS • Learning Framework • Methodology • Survey Response • Multi-University Collaboration 12 MAIN FINDINGS • African Alumni from UC Berkeley and MSU • Survey and Interview Findings [A] Career and Life Trajectory [B] Return Paths [C] Leadership and Social Engagement [D] Value of an International Education 33 ADVICE FOR CURRENT SCHOLARS 35 PROGRAMMING AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS • The MasterCard Foundation • Partner Institutions 38 FUTURE RESEARCH 39 APPENDICES • Appendix A – Institutional Learning • Appendix B – Transformative Leadership THE AFRICAN ALUMNI PROJECT | 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study and resulting report have been a Undergraduate and graduate students collaborative effort of many dedicated contributed to all phases of this project and researchers, students and supportive staff were critical to its success, including Ben from our respective universities. The lead Gebre-Medhin, Sidee Dlamini (MasterCard researcher and author, Dr. Robin Marsh at the Foundation Scholar), Tessa Emmer, Rami University of California, Berkeley, was joined Arafah, Shelley Zhang, David Sung and Ji- by principal researchers Dr. Amy Jamison hern Baek from UC Berkeley, Pam Roy and (Michigan State University — MSU), Dr. Lina Yeukai A. Mlambo from MSU, Geoffrey Plint di Genova and Professor Andre Costopoulos and Beverlyne Nyamemba from McGill, (McGill University), Suying Hugh (University Stephanie Chow from U of T, and Tess Gregory of Toronto — U of T), Dr. Nancy Johnston and from SFU. Rachel Clift provided pivotal Shaheen Nanji (Simon Fraser University — assistance in converting the full report to this SFU), and Nico Evers (EARTH University). abridged version. Other critical team members were Dr. Andrew We are grateful to The MasterCard Foundation Smith (Graduate Division, UC Berkeley), for believing in the potential of this study to Professor Rosemary Joyce (UC Berkeley), shed new light on the role of scholarships Dr. Meggan Madden (Middlebury/Monterrey in promoting social change in Africa and Institute for International Studies), Dr. Aryn globally, and in providing the funding to carry Baxter (Arizona State University), Dr. Bret out the work. Finally, and most importantly, Shaw (University of Wisconsin, sabbatical at this study is the product of the African alumni EARTH), Professor David Wiley (MSU) and who gave generously of their time to share Barry Burciul (Senior Manager, Learning their experiences and perspectives through and Strategy, The MasterCard Foundation). comprehensive surveys and interviews. We We particularly thank Jeff Royal of UC Berkeley express our sincere appreciation to all of the for managing the multi-university survey data alumni who participated in the study. component with expertise and good humour. THE AFRICAN ALUMNI PROJECT | 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SETTING THE STAGE with international universities, within and outside Africa, to provide comprehensive Globally, the demand for higher education undergraduate and master’s-level scholarships is at an all-time high, and rates of growth in to talented, economically disadvantaged this sector are very strong.1 A central feature African youth who demonstrate leadership of this demand is its international character: potential and a commitment to “giving back” contemporary students are more likely than to their communities. ever to cross borders seeking the credentials, technical skills, subject area expertise, and Five of these universities from the United training in scientific and critical thinking States (University of California, Berkeley, available at the tertiary level. As a result, Michigan State University), Canada (McGill universities around the world have increasingly University, University of Toronto) and Costa prioritized recruiting and supporting these Rica (EARTH University), plus Simon Fraser international students. University in Canada3, have partnered to conduct this pioneering study on the career In spite of the well-documented individual and life trajectories of past African alumni of and national benefits of tertiary education, their respective universities, with the intention opportunities for access remain grossly to gain knowledge and insights that may uneven around the world. Nowhere is this improve outcomes for current and future inequity of access more clear than in Sub- African scholars. Survey and interview methods Saharan Africa, which trails all other regions were used to learn why these African alumni in absolute and relative tertiary enrollment pursued higher education abroad, how they rates.2 Faced with underfunded and often reflect on their international university underperforming universities on the continent, experience, what paths they’ve pursued after many top African students pursue their higher graduation, and how these alumni have education abroad, and many do not return. contributed to social transformation on the Others have returned to play leadership roles African continent. in academia, government, business, international agencies and civil society. Nevertheless, the This study contributes new empirical post-graduation evidence is largely anecdotal. knowledge to the field of higher education and social change and the sub-field of The MasterCard Foundation has committed international student mobility. Through substantial investments to improve access evidence on the return paths of Sub-Saharan to quality secondary and tertiary education African alumni of international universities, in Africa, as well as “school to employment” it also contributes to the ongoing “brain transition support. As part of this investment, drain” debate. the Scholars Program has partnered 1 UNESCO. 2014. “Higher Education.” Home>Education>Higher Education. Retrieved February 4, 2014 (http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Pages/tertiary-education.aspx). 2 Kritz, Mary M. 2012. “Globalization of Higher Education and International Student Mobility.” Retrieved February 4, 2014 (http://www.un.orgesa/population/meetings/EGM_MigrationTrends/ KritzPresentationFinal.pdf). [with the possible exception of Central Asia] 3 SFU is not a MasterCard Foundation Scholars Program partner but participated fully in the study. THE AFRICAN ALUMNI PROJECT | 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The study has gathered important insights on SURVEY RESPONDENTS the value of an international education from the retrospective perspectives of African The research team designed an informative and alumni living on the continent and in the attractive survey invitation, with individual login diaspora, data that will inform the global IDs, to send to all Sub-Saharan African alumni outreach of partner universities. for whom preliminary contact information had been obtained. Table 1 provides summary characteristics of the survey sample of 294 alumni by research partner. TABLE 1: SUMMARY CHARACTERISTICS BY RESEARCH PARTNER Partner Gender Childhood Int’l univ. Grad. year Current age Current job Top Country M, F (%) community degree (%) (median) (mean) in Country of of Origin 5 (% rural4) Origin (%) UG: 9 M: 78 UC Berkeley 26 MA: 47 2000 51 50 South Africa F: 22 PhD: 44 UG: 6 M: 64 MSU 36 MA: 38 2002 52 47 Kenya F: 36 PhD: 56 UG: 100 M: 75 EARTH 63 MA: 0 2008 34 63 Uganda F: 25 PhD: 0 UG: 82 M: 40 SFU 10 MA: 18 2008 29 46 Kenya F: 60 PhD: 0 UG: 38 M: 68 McGill 17 MA: 24 2005 39 60 Kenya F: 32 PhD: 38 UG: 50 M: 50 U of T 24 MA: 35 2003 45 48 South Africa F: 50 PhD: 15 UG: 22 ALL M: 68 28 MA: 37 2003 47 506 PARTNERS F: 32 PhD: 41 4 Approximate indication or “proxy” for lower socioeconomic status. Note the wide variation in lower socio-economic status (SES) among partner universities, from 63% for EARTH to just 10% for SFU. SES for MasterCard Foundation Scholars is more homogeneous among partners as they face the same financial selection criteria (e.g. lower two income quintiles). 5 Survey sample includes alumni from 29 Sub-Saharan African nations. 6 Another est. 5.5% work in Africa outside of COO = 55.5% total primary workplace in Africa, 44.5% in the diaspora. Further data on working and residing within Africa and “global citizens” are presented later in the report. THE AFRICAN ALUMNI PROJECT | 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In addition to the global survey, in-person At the same time, the research highlights the interviews were conducted on field trips to complex set of factors influencing post- East Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, graduation “return” decisions, resulting in Tanzania), West Africa (Ghana, Senegal, paths with significant career and geographic Côte d’Ivoire, Togo) and southern Africa mobility, shared commitments to contribute (South Africa). Interviews were also to African development in diverse capacities, conducted with alumni residing in various and the possibility of delayed return into diaspora communities of the United States transformative roles decades after graduation. and Canada, including the San Francisco Bay Analysis also indicates various ways to support Area, Washington, DC, New York City, East post-graduation transitions that will be Lansing, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. meaningful on both individual and social levels. KEY FINDINGS CAREER AND LIFE TRAJECTORY • Career goals are strongly influenced by The theory of change of The MasterCard childhood experiences, family values and Foundation Scholars Program is that Scholars primary,
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