Cross-Layer Simulation Analysis of a High-Precision Radiolocation System

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Cross-Layer Simulation Analysis of a High-Precision Radiolocation System Cross-Layer Simulation Analysis of a High-Precision Radiolocation System Simulationsbasierte schichtübergreifende Systemanalyse eines hochpräzisen Mikrowellenortungssystems Der Technischen Fakultät der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Grades DOKTOR-INGENIEUR vorgelegt von Ralf Mosshammer Erlangen – 2010 Als Dissertation genehmigt von der Technischen Fakultät der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der Einreichung: 14.1.2010 Tag der Promotion: 20.5.2010 Dekan: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Reinhard German 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. tech. Mario Huemer 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörn Thielecke Bedecke deinen Himmel, Zeus, Mit Wolkendunst! Und übe, Knaben gleich, An Eichen dich und Bergeshöh’n! Und meinen Herd, Um dessen Glut Kehrt’ ich mein verirrtes Auge Zur Sonne,alswenndrüberwär Hast du’s nicht alles selbst vollendet, I have of late–but wherefore I know not–lost all my mirth, forgone al Heilig glühend Herz? indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame, the earth, seems to me a sterile promontory, this most excellent canopy, the air, look you, this brave o’erhanging firmament, this majestical roof fretted with golden fire, why, it appears no other thing to me than a foul and pestilent congregation of vapours. What a piece of work is a man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculty! in form and moving how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world! the paragon ofanimals!And yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust? of dust? of dust dust Abstract In this work, a comprehensive analysis of a competitive and novel, high-precision local positioning system in the 5.8 GHz ISM band is presented. The RESOLUTION platform is built around a secondary-radar FMCW position- ing system, supported by a commercial communications solution. The modular and flexible design of the platform allows for the support of various topologies and protocols, which is of supreme interest with regard to the very diverse application fields local positioning can serve. To gain an impression of performance figures with an eye towards actual prod- uct deployment, a cross-layer simulation tool was developed. This software allows for analysis of both physical layer properties and network dynamics which occur when multiple receivers are served within a fixed infrastructure. The signal theoretical foundations of secondary Frequency Modulated Contin- uous Wave (FMCW) radar are well established. With regard to this, research on the physical layer is limited to selected effects, with special attention on multipath propagation, which constitutes by far the largest error source. For comparative evaluation, both a model derived from system-specific measurements as well as a standardized model following IEEE 802.15.4a were integrated into simulation. The performance of Medium Access Control (MAC) layer algorithms for multi- user management have been analyzed along the most relevant parameters, such as time-to-fix, update rate, infrastructure utilization and efficiency. The seamless design of the physical and MAC layer simulators allows for complete integration and cross-layer optimization of the platform. Exemplary simulation results are provided. Access procedures derived from known communication models and adapted for the specific needs of positioning systems are described. Utilization of these meth- ods allows for optimal system deployment according to specification parameters. This thesis constitutes an authoritative reference for the performance of the RESOLUTION local positioning system. Novel algorithms with cross-platform ef- fects are investigated. The innovative simulation engine and the techniques used in its implementation are detailed. Comparative benchmarking results of various parameter sets and extreme values are presented and commented. Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit präsentiert eine umfassende Analyse eines neuartigen und hochprä- zisen lokalen Positionsbestimmungssystems im ISM-Band bei 5.8 GHz. Die RESOLUTION Plattform besteht aus einem Positionsbestimmungsmodul nach dem Sekundärradar-FMCW Prinzip, unterstützt von einer kommerziellen Kommunikationslösung. Die modulare und flexible Architektur der Plattform unterstützt verschiedene Topologien und Protokolle, was den Einsatz in einem breiten Applikationsfeld ermöglicht. Mit Hilfe einer schichtübergreifenden Simulationssoftware wurden die Parame- ter und Leistungsgrenzen des Systems bestimmt. Die Software erlaubt sowohl die Analyse physikalischer Leistungsparameter als auch der Netzwerkdynamiken, die in Präsenz mehrerer Empfangsmodule auftreten. Die signaltheoretischen Grundlagen von sekundärem FMCW Radar sind hinrei- chend bekannt. In Hinblick auf diese Tatsache beschränkt sich die Analyse der Bitübertragungsschicht auf ausgewählte Effekte mit besonderer Beachtung von Mehrwegeausbreitung, der mit Abstand größten Fehlerquelle im System. Zum Zweck einer vergleichenden Wertung wurden sowohl ein aus Messungen abgelei- tetes, systemspezifisches Kanalmodell als auch das standardisierte IEEE 802.15.4a Modell in die Simulation eingebunden. Die Leistungsgrenzen der Algorithmen der MAC-Schicht für Mehrnutzerzugriff wurden anhand relevanter Parameter wie Time-to-fix, Wiederholrate, Auslastung und Effizienz untersucht. Das ineinandergreifende Design der physikalischen und MAC-Schicht Simulatoren ermöglichte eine komplette Integration und schicht- übergreifende Optimierung der Plattform. Dazu werden relevante Ergebnisse prä- sentiert. Zugriffsverfahren, die von bekannten Modellen aus der Kommunikationstech- nik abgeleitet und für die spezifischen Bedürfnisse der Lokalisierung angepasst wurden werden beschrieben. Die Verwendung dieser Verfahren garantiert eine auf Spezifikationsparameter optimierte Systeminstallation. Diese Arbeit stellt eine verbindliche Referenz für die Leistungsbewertung des Positionsbestimmungssystems RESOLUTION dar. Neuartige Algorithmen, deren Betrachtung durch den Simulator ermöglicht wurde, werden vorgestellt und be- wertet. Die innovative Simulationsumgebung und die Techniken, die bei der Im- plementierung zum Tragen kamen werden im Detail beschrieben. Vergleichende Bewertungen verschiedener Parametersätze und Grenzfälle werden anhand von Simulationsergebnissen dargestellt und kommentiert. Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1.Stateoftheart............................ 2 1.2.Goalsofthethesis.......................... 3 1.3.Organization............................. 3 2. Fundamentals of Wireless Positioning 5 2.1.Applicationclasses.......................... 6 2.2.Measurementprinciples........................ 6 2.2.1.TimeofArrival(ToA).................... 7 2.2.2.RoundtripTimeofFlight(RToF).............. 8 2.2.3.TimeDifferenceofArrival(TDoA)............. 8 2.2.4.AngleofArrival(AoA).................... 9 2.2.5.Fringesolutions........................ 9 2.3.Physicallayer............................. 10 2.3.1.Non-microwavesolutions................... 10 2.3.2. Microwave based solutions and FMCW ........... 12 3. The RESOLUTION Platform 15 3.1. RESOLUTION servicerequirements.................. 15 3.2.Hybridpositioningandcommunication............... 16 3.3. RESOLUTION hardwarebase..................... 18 4. Single Node Architecture and Performance Analysis 21 4.1. Basic receiver performance ...................... 21 4.1.1.Figuresofmerit........................ 24 4.1.2. AWGN performance...................... 25 4.1.3.Basebandsignalevaluation.................. 28 i 4.2.Hardwareimpairments........................ 30 4.2.1.Phasenoise.......................... 30 4.2.2.Rampnonlinearity...................... 32 4.3.Signalingimpairments........................ 33 4.3.1.Multipathpropagation.................... 34 4.3.2.Positioncalculation...................... 43 5. Network Architecture and Quality of Service Aspects 49 5.1.Serviceandnetworkarchitecture.................. 49 5.2. The MAC layer............................ 53 5.2.1. Static channel access ..................... 53 5.2.2. Dynamic channel access and novel access procedures . 54 5.3.Integratedperformanceassessment................. 57 5.3.1.Discreteeventsimulation................... 57 5.3.2. RESOLUTION protocols.................... 60 5.3.3.Timingmodels........................ 63 5.4.Simulationresults........................... 69 5.4.1. Basic FIFO and C-ALOHA latencies.............. 69 5.4.2.Secondaryperformanceparameters............. 71 5.4.3.Comparisonofpositioningprotocols............. 74 5.4.4.Updaterate.......................... 75 5.4.5. MAC layerimprovements................... 76 6. Conclusion and Outlook 83 A. The Active Reflector 85 A.1.ActivePulsedReflector........................ 86 A.2. Medium access . .......................... 87 B. Object Oriented System Simulation Framework 89 B.1.Implementation............................ 91 B.2.Deployment.............................. 92 B.3.Operation............................... 93 B.4.Performance.............................. 93 C. Discrete Event Simulation Framework 95 D. Complex Envelope Simulation 99 Acronyms and Abbreviations ACK Acknowledge (flow control) AR Active Reflector A/D Analog to Digital Conversion AGV Automated Guided Vehicle ALOHA ALOHA access protocol AoA Angle of Arrival AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise BER Bit Error Rate BS Base Station C-ALOHA Controlled ALOHA CDF Cumulative Density Function CIR Channel Impulse Response CPICH Common Pilot Channel CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance CTS Clear to Send (flow control) CW Continuous Wave iv Contents DCF
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