Tecnologías Wireless Y Movilidad En Ipv4/Ipv6

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Tecnologías Wireless Y Movilidad En Ipv4/Ipv6 Tecnologías Wireless y Movilidad en IPv4/IPv6 Luis Marrone | Andrés Barbieri | Matías Robles Tecnologías Wireless y Movilidad en IPv4/IPv6 XVII CONGRESO ARGENTINO DE CIENCIA DE LA COMPUTACIÓN XV ESCUELA INTERNACIONAL DE INFORMATICA FACULTAD DE INFORMÁTICA Universidad Nacional de La Plata Gil Costa, Graciela Verónica Consultas sobre espacios métricos en paralelo. - 1a ed. - La Plata: Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 2011. 136 p.; 24x16 cm. ISBN 978-950-34-0721-9 1. Estrategias. 2. Procesamiento. 3. Web. I. Título CDD 005.3 Tecnologías Wireless y Movilidad en IPv4/IPv6 Luis Marrone | Andrés Barbieri | Matías Robles Coordinación Editorial: Anabel Manasanch Corrección: María Eugenia López, María Virginia Fuente, Magdalena Sanguinetti y Marisa Schieda. Diseño y diagramación: Ignacio Bedatou | Andrea López Osornio Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Edulp) 47 N° 380 / La Plata B1900AJP / Buenos Aires, Argentina +54 221 427 3992 / 427 4898 [email protected] www.editorial.unlp.edu.ar Edulp integra la Red de Editoriales Universitarias (REUN) Primera edición, 2011 ISBN Nº 978-950-34-0721-9 Queda hecho el depósito que marca la Ley 11.723 ©2011 - Edulp Impreso en Argentina Agradecimientos Agradecemos la colaboración del Ing. Matías Cattaneo en los datos referidos al uso y asignación del espectro radioeléctrico en nuestro país. TECNOLOGÍAS WIRELESS Y MOVILIDAD EN IPV4/IPV6 i ii L. MARRONE | A. BARBIERI | M. ROBLES Índice Capítulo 1 ...........................................................................................14 Tecnologías WLAN 802.11................................................................17 1.1 Introducción ............................................................................17 1.1.1 Algo de historia................................................................18 1.1.2 Certificación Wi-Fi ..........................................................19 1.1.3 Objetivo de las redes WLAN...........................................19 1.2 IEEE 802.11: capa física.........................................................20 1.2.1 Componentes Físicas de una WLAN...............................20 1.2.1.1 Antenas .........................................................................23 1.2.1.2 Polarización de una antena ...........................................23 1.2.1.3 Ganancia de una antena ................................................25 1.2.1.4 Dirección de una antena................................................26 1.2.1.5 Patrón de radiación de una antena ................................27 1.2.1.6 Interfaces de Red Inalámbricas (WNICs).....................29 1.2.1.7 Ilustraciones de WNICs................................................30 1.2.1.8 WNICs: Potencia de Transmisión.................................31 1.2.1.9 Pigtails y Conectores ....................................................32 1.2.1.10 Potencia irradiada .......................................................34 1.2.1.11 Pérdida en el Trayecto Completo................................36 1.2.1.12 Umbral de Ruido.........................................................37 1.2.2 Capas Físicas del Estándar 802.11...................................37 1.2.2.1 Capa Dependiente del Medio Físico: PMD ..................38 1.2.2.2 “Bandas No Licenciadas” en Argentina........................40 1.2.3 Modulación y Codificación en 802.11.............................44 1.2.3.1 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum ..........................45 1.2.3.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum................................45 1.2.3.3 Codificación DSSS .......................................................46 1.2.3.4 Modulación DSSS ........................................................47 1.2.3.5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing..............48 1.2.3.6 Modulación OFDM ......................................................49 1.2.3.7 Codificación OFDM .....................................................50 1.2.3.8 Intervalos de Guarda en OFDM ...................................51 1.2.3.9 Codificaciones adicionales en 802.11g.........................52 1.2.3.10 HiperLAN, HiperLAN/2 a nivel Físico ......................52 1.2.3.11 PMD en 802.11n .........................................................53 1.2.3.12 MIMO (Multiple Input - Multiple Output).................54 1.2.3.13 802.11n: Configuraciones MIMO...............................56 1.2.3.14 802.11n: Intervalos de Guarda Cortos ........................57 1.2.3.15 802.11n: Agrupamiento de Canales ............................57 1.2.3.16 802.11n: Modulaciones y Codificaciones...................58 TECNOLOGÍAS WIRELESS Y MOVILIDAD EN IPV4/IPV6 iii 1.2.4 Canales para Tecnologías WLAN....................................59 1.2.4.1 Canales para 802.11b/g/n..............................................59 1.2.4.2 Canales para 802.11a/j/n...............................................60 1.2.4.3 PLCP para DSSS en 802.11..........................................61 1.2.4.4 PLCP para HR-DSSS en 802.11b .................................62 1.2.4.5 PLCP para OFDM en 802.11a/j ....................................64 1.2.4.6 PLCP para HR-DSSS/OFDM en 802.11g.....................65 1.2.4.7 PLCP para OFDM en 802.11n......................................67 1.2.5 PoE...................................................................................69 1.2.6 Ejemplos de Configuración de Parámetros Físicos..........70 1.3 IEEE 802.11: Capa MAC........................................................74 1.3.1 Tipos de Redes Wireless ..................................................74 1.3.1.1 Modo Ad-hoc ................................................................74 1.3.1.2 Modo Infraestructura ....................................................75 1.3.1.3 Modo de Infraestructura Extendido ..............................76 1.3.1.4 Conectividad AP-AP: Modos Bridge y Repetidor........78 1.3.1.5 Modo Cliente ................................................................79 1.3.2 Identificación del Basic Service Set ................................79 1.3.3 Modos de Acceso Wireless ..............................................80 1.3.3.1 DCF: CSMA/CA...........................................................81 1.3.3.2 PCF ...............................................................................85 1.3.3.3 Intervalos entre Tramas.................................................85 1.3.3.4 Algoritmos de Acceso al Medio y de Backoff ..............87 1.3.3.5 CTS/RTS.......................................................................90 1.3.3.6 Confirmaciones: ACK 802.11.......................................91 1.3.3.7 Fragmentación MAC 802.11.........................................92 1.3.3.8 HiperLAN, HiperLAN/2 a nivel MAC.........................93 1.3.4 Tramas MAC 802.11........................................................93 1.3.4.1 Entorno de Pruebas 802.11bg .......................................95 1.3.4.2 Campos de las Tramas MAC ......................................103 1.3.4.4 Encapsulamiento de Capas Superiores .......................110 1.3.4.5 Tramas de Datos: Tramas Null.................................... 111 1.3.4.6 Tramas de Datos: Fragmentación................................112 1.3.4.7 Tramas de Control.......................................................113 1.3.4.8 Tramas de Control: Acknowledge...............................113 1.3.4.9 Tramas de Control: CTS/RTS .....................................114 1.3.4.10 Tramas de Control: Administración de Energía........117 1.3.4.11 Tramas de Administración ........................................119 1.3.4.12 Tramas de Administración Probes: ...........................120 1.3.4.13 Tramas de Administración: Autenticación ................123 1.3.4.14 Tramas de Administración: Asociación ....................124 1.3.5 Capa MAC en 802.11n ..................................................127 1.3.6 Ejemplos de Modos de Trabajo .....................................128 iv L. MARRONE | A. BARBIERI | M. ROBLES 1.3.6.1 Ejemplo de Modo Ad-Hoc IBSS ................................128 1.3.6.2 Ejemplo de Modo Repetidor.......................................131 1.3.6.3 Ejemplo de enlaces Punto a Punto..............................135 1.4 Calidad de Servicio (QoS) con 802.11e................................144 1.4.1 Métodos de Acceso del Estándar 802.11e......................145 1.4.1.1 EDCA (Enhanced Distributed Channel Access).........146 1.4.1.2 HCCA (HCF Controlled Channel Access)..................148 1.4.2 Agregados 802.11e a nivel MAC...................................148 1.4.2.1 Formato de Trama de Datos........................................148 1.4.2.2 Ráfaga Libre de Contención .......................................149 1.4.2.3 Protocolo de enlace directo.........................................149 1.4.2.4 Nuevas reglas de acuse de recibo ...............................150 1.4.3 Ejemplo de Configuración de QoS ................................150 Capítulo 2 .........................................................................................152 Seguridad en 802.11 .........................................................................152 2.1 Introducción ..........................................................................152 2.2 Autenticación ........................................................................153 2.2.1 Autenticación Abierta (Open System) ...........................154 2.2.2 Autenticación Clave Compartida (SharedKey)..............156 2.3 WEP (Wireless Equivalent Privacy) .....................................159 2.3.1
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