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Thesis Hum 2010 Binckes Hec.Pdf Town The copyright of this thesis rests with the University of Cape Town. No quotation from it or information derivedCape from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of theof source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non-commercial research purposes only. University Town Cape of University III Town Cape of University Town Cape of University OHMS Helen Binckes Town Cape of University Members of UCT Roll of Honour form of service leaflet, UCT, Commemoration Service 1st October 1919. All listed as Casualty Type: Commonwealth War Dead. Town Cape Aling, John of Brown, William Anderson, Charles Alexander Chadwick, Henry Slingsby Osler Anderson, Morris Caldwell Childe, Letterstedt Frederick Anderson, Julius Cooke, Arthur Eyre Aulsebrook, John Frederick Cooke, Evelyn Auret, Ben Dale, James Ritchie Barrish, Mengo William University Danzig, Morris William Beauclerk, Nevill Davis, Edwin Bertrand Bennetts, Eric Augustus De Bruijn, Douglas Bertram, Cyril Robertson Dell, Stephen Arthur Hayton Brink, Johannes Hieronymus Dickson, Walter Michael Brooke, Cyril Thornthwaite Doble, Frank Edward Brounger, W.H.P. Dreyer, Johannes Hubert V Driver, Hubert Weeks Kohler, Heinrich Gerhard Earp, Edwin Errol Findlay Latham, Edgar Retief Elliott, Henry George Lazarus, Cyril Henry Ferguson, George Reid Henry Lewis, Charles Williams Forman, Moses Lewis, Reginald Cameron Girdlestone, Horace Wilfred Liebson, Abraham Goodall, Arthur Morton Lundie, Eric Balfour Green, Arthur Knolles Maasdorp, Arthur Griffiths, Percival Maasdorp, Norman Hambridge, Percy George Marks, Louis Tedeschi Hamilton, William Robert Maskew, Allan WilsonTown Harries, Fred McClure, Hugh Cecil Hattingh, Diedrich McGregor, Andrew William Haynes, John Henry McGregor, William Hermann, Julius Metcalf,Cape Cecil David Hewat, Bertie Barron ofMetelerkamp, George Hoal, Francis Garner Minnaar, William Rorich Hobson, Alec Carey Moll, Tobias Mortimer Hofmeyr, Jan Hendrik Morris, Hugh Hofmeyr, Robert Ernest Murray Murray, Andrew Haldane Horne, Cecil Edmund Naish, Jasper Paul Hughes, Edward Philip Noaks, Geoffrey Vaughan Hugo, Stephen Hofmeyr University O’Meara, J.J. Immelman, Lawrence Godfrey O’Reilly, Graham Alexander Irving, Aubrey Gordon Penrose, Keith Jacot, Edouard Platnauer, Leonard Maurice Kensit, Edward George Plowman, Leslie King, Francis Poole, John Evered VI Poultney, Harold Ortlepp Versfeld, Joshua Metcalf Powell, Frederick Gill Wahl, Mathew Daniel Power, Walter Walton, Ernest Radloff, Heinrich Watters, James Campbell Rail, Richard Angwyn Wiener, Louis de Villiers Rainier, Henry Aubrey Woodhead, Harry Reid, John Duckworth Wright, George Drennan Rimer, James Cook Wynne, Arnold Robinson, Valentine Mansergh Rogers, Reginald Herbert Rosen, Harry David Town Schaffer, Harold Scheepers, Johannes Christoffel Scheepers, Francois de Villiers Schur, Philip Cape Scott, Quinten of Smuts, Charles Lawton Spijker, Edward Spilhaus, John Arnold Stahl, Alfred Magnus Starfield, Baron Steytler, Edward Dickinson Stock, John Launcelot University Syfret, John Eustace Theron, William Voight Tiffany, Harry Waddington Tredgold, John Clarkson Van der Hoff, Clement Lewis VII Town Cape of University VIII Oritur Honor Militis Sacrificio OHMS ‘ON HIS (or) HER MAJESTY’S SERVICE’ is stamped on all mail emanating from the British government. The official announcements carrying news of war casualties would have been part of this service. The Wounded, Missing or Killed notifications would have arrived by post to all the next-of-kin during and after the war: over three million of them (Taylor) and anticipated in dread, read in sadness. Town Cape of University IX Town Cape of University X Preface The book is about the poppy as visual symbol of all that was lost in World War One: especially the youth, of all participating countries. It tries to relate the life cycle of the plant to some events and emotions of the war, its end, and into memory: each succeeding generation continuing the cycle. Due to the personal meanings which are attached to symbols, readers may well appropriate their own interpretations addi- tional or alternate to those which are suggested. Town The Flanders and other poppies of some gardens in Rondebosch are displayed here in their natural comeliness, transmuted into lifelong symbol, and printed in gratitude for the sacrifices so sorely and sadly rendered during World War One. The work is dedicated to the 119 staff and student members of UCT who died on active service during that war. Cape of Rondebosch, 11 November 2008. University XI Town Cape of University Town The Poppy Cape What is the meaningof of flowers at the feet of statues and memorials? They demand at- tention and merit a measure of enquiry . The photographic images and accompanying words, are a vehicle in which to present a way of contemplating the symbolism of war and therefore war itself, and its repercussions. A symbol is a device that stands for something other than itself: a concrete object rep- resenting an abstract idea or ideal. The ability to form symbols is a human archetypal phenomenon. The application is idiosyncratic: the same object may represent different Universityattributes in various cultures or individually. When sacred, the symbol may be termed a hierogram or hierograph. Colours as symbols have strong emotive projections and similarly, meanings are interchangeable among groups and individuals. There are 200 species of papaver, common name poppy, of the family Papaveraceae (26 genera). So-called probably because the stems and capsules exude a thick milky- like liquid; the word ‘pap’ meaning thick milk or in South African English, maize por- ridge, derived from Low German pappe from Latin pappare to eat. By association, the 1 sacrifice of the sons on the battlefield echoes the gift of their mothers, in the suggestion of the life-nurturing pap/milk of infancy and the poppy’s white fluid. The genus is widespread with different species occurring inAsia, North Africa, Europe, North America, and one each endemic to Australia and South Africa, the latter being P. arculateum (Thunberg) which is prevalent in farmland where the soil is frequently disturbed. The four petals are an orangey red and the seed capsule is elongated. P. argemone, as an exotic, occurs quite frequently in South Africa, also on disturbed land. It has white petals and silver grey leaves. It thrives partly because its armour of numerous spiky hairs is rejected by hungry animals. Various other species of Papaver are grown as a spring garden flower in South Africa. For example, P. rhoeas or Corn or Shirley poppy is the Flanders poppy and red, and P. orientale which is native to Southern Europe along the coast line toArmenia, are scarTown- let with a black or deep purple blotch at each petal base, often long enough to form a short radiating cross. They easily hybridise, so variations occur alongside, intermixing with the dominant species. Cape The legend which pre-dated War World One (WWI) was that when the field of Water- loo was ploughed, the red poppies sprang to life from the blood ofof the slain soldiers. In 1815 the battle-dead were left on the field, buried in masses later and with no perma- nent nor individual memorial; no grave stelae nor rolls of honour walls. It was an easy transition to transmute mangled bodies into regenerating red flowers and a comforting healing of the psychological wounds for the surviving local inhabitants. P. somniferum is the species of poppy producing heroin, an opoid drug, providing drugged sleep and therefore for getfulness and oblivion. The drug comes from the white milky liquid in the seed capsule ofUniversity the plant. The word ‘heroin’ is derived from the Greek heros meaning hero: when drugged, before sleep, the subject takes on, vi- cariously, the attributes of heroism, seemingly courageous, or ‘Dutch courage’. (Dutch referring to the alcoholic drink gin, which was made in Holland). The capsules are distinctively round-shaped, one of which can contain as many as 32,000 seeds (Lin- naeus). The poppy was well-known in Greek antiquity, being dedicated to Hypnos the god of 2 sleep, and Morpheus the god of dreams. Persephone was picking poppies when Hades abducted her (O’Connell) and thus poppies came to represent the annual death of na - ture, which of course was followed by recurring fecundity: from 32,000 seeds within one pod on one plant of many such pods, there was a good chance that something would re-vive. The continual recurrence of life in nature presumes immortality – into the future. And so, from the bloody war-death of the soldier-subject, to poppy as symbol-object of remembrance by the survivors: at the same time as sleep, oblivion and Lethe the red- dark river transporting the souls of the dead into the Underworld. Morphine, used for centuries, is the principal alkaloid in opium: its use being carefully controlled medically as a pain killer. Used extensive ly in the dressing stations and hospitals of the battlefields of WWI,Town P.somniferum was grown prolifically in England during the nineteenth century; tincture of opium being a constituent of the fashionable drug laudanum. The red poppy P . rhoeasCape and the yellow wild mustard Brassica kaber were the first flowers to arise out of the spring muds of Belgium and France after the intense fighting and disturbance ofof the land. The English name ‘Flanders poppy’ was soon coined. The common name ‘poppy’ may be derived from the French poupee meaning ‘doll’: the seed capsule is reminiscent of a doll’s head. In fact I remember as a child in
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