A Double Pendulum Swing Experiment: in Search of a Better
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A double pendulum swing experiment: In search of a better bat Rod Crossa) Physics Department, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia ͑Received 20 May 2004; accepted 29 October 2004͒ Experimental results on the large-amplitude motion of a double pendulum are presented, with emphasis on the first half cycle. The initial part of the swing is reproducible and is of interest in modeling various human movement activities such as running, throwing, kicking, and the swing of a bat or racquet. Beyond this time, the motion is chaotic. The forces and torques acting on each pendulum segment are analyzed to explain its motion. The results show how a ‘‘perfect’’ bat could be designed where all the kinetic energy from the player’s arms is transferred to the ball and none is retained in the arms or the bat after the impact. © 2005 American Association of Physics Teachers. ͓DOI: 10.1119/1.1842729͔ I. INTRODUCTION II. EQUATIONS OF MOTION A double pendulum is a well-known example of chaotic The double pendulum shown in Fig. 1 consists of an upper behavior.1,2 The first half cycle is quite predictable, a fact segment or arm AB of mass M 1 and length L1 pivoted at a that is well known by golfers and baseball players. fixed point A, and a lower segment or rod BC of mass M 2 Williams,3 Daish,4 and Jorgensen5,6 pioneered the use of a connected to the arm at B by a frictionless hinge. The center double pendulum to model the swing of a golf club, and of mass of the arm is denoted by G1 and is located a distance others have used the model to describe the action of upper or h1 from A. The center of mass of the rod, G2 , is located at 7–9 lower limb segments in activities such as throwing, a distance h2 from point B. The arm is inclined at angle to running,10 and kicking.9,11 The model has been used to pre- the vertical and rotates clockwise in a vertical plane at angu- dict the effects of applying a positive or negative wrist torque lar velocity 1ϭϪd/dt. The minus sign is introduced be- during a golf swing, and the theoretical advantages and dis- cause decreases when the pendulum is released from rest. advantages of doing so have been well documented.12–14 The rod is inclined at angle to the vertical and rotates Nevertheless, it is difficult to find any measurements of the clockwise at angular velocity 2ϭϪd/dt. Point B rotates swing of a mechanical double pendulum, or of the wrist in a circular arc about A at speed L11 , while G2 rotates in torque used in a golf swing, or in any other activity where a circular arc with respect to B at speed h22 . the wrist plays an important dynamic role. The x, y coordinates of G2 , with respect to an origin at A, Measurements of the swing of an implement in a sporting are (L1 sin ϩh2 sin,,ϪL1 cos Ϫh2 cos ). If V is the ve- environment are complicated by the fact that the motion is locity of G2 , then the components of V are given by usually three dimensional and not entirely reproducible. This paper describes an experiment using a simple mechanical dx Vxϭ ϭϪL11 cos Ϫh22 cos , ͑1a͒ double pendulum and a comparison of the measured behav- dt ior with theoretical predictions. For the latter purpose, the dy equations of motion for a double pendulum are derived in Vyϭ ϭϪL11 sin Ϫh22 sin . ͑1b͒ terms of the forces acting on each segment. Daish4 and dt 5 Jorgensen indicated that a double pendulum is too compli- Upper-case M and V are used to denote the arm and rod ͑or cated to solve in this manner, and instead used Lagrange’s bat͒ mass and velocity, while lower-case m and v are used to equations. In fact, it is simpler and more useful for the denote ball mass and velocity. The arm exerts a force on the present purposes to derive the relations directly from New- rod at B with components Fx and Fy given by tonian mechanics. 4 dVx d1 Daish provided a simple qualitative description of the F ϭM ϭϪM L cos ϩL 2 sin motion of a double pendulum and showed the strong simi- x 2 dt 2ͫ 1 dt 1 1 larity between a manually operated mechanical pendulum d and an actual golf swing. The main objective of this paper is 2 2 ϩh2 cos ϩh2 sin , ͑2a͒ to provide a more quantitative description of a double pen- dt 2 ͬ dulum, both in terms of experimental results and calculations dV d of the relevant forces and torques. The results provide an y 1 2 FyϪM 2gϭM 2 ϭϪM 2 L1 sin ϪL11 cos answer to the following question. Can a bat, club, or racquet dt ͫ dt be designed such that all of the energy generated by the d2 2 player is transferred to the striking implement and all of the ϩh2 sin Ϫh22 cos . ͑2b͒ energy in the implement is transferred to the ball, without dt ͬ any energy being retained in the arms or in the implement To model the swing of a club or bat, we assume that a torque after the impact? The answer is yes, but the rules of each C1 is applied to the arm and a torque C2 is applied to the game would need to be changed to allow the use of a heavier rod, both torques arising from equal and opposite muscle and ball. joint reaction forces at the respective joints. The rod exerts 330 Am. J. Phys. 73 ͑4͒, April 2005 http://aapt.org/ajp © 2005 American Association of Physics Teachers 330 Fig. 2. Initial position of double pendulum for the experiments described in this paper. Fig. 1. Forces acting on a double pendulum pivoted at point A and hinged at point B. The upper and lower segments could represent two arm segments, two leg segments, or an arm and a striking implement. d2 F h ϭϪI , ͑6b͒ x 2 c.m. dt an equal and opposite torque ϪC2 on the arm. The rod also 2 where M 2gϪFyϭM 2L1d1 /dtϩM 2h22 and Fx exerts a clockwise torque on the arm, about axis A, given by 2 2 2 ϭM 2h2d2 /dtϪM 2L11. The terms containing 1 and 2 FxL1 cos ϩFyL1 sin . The net torque acting on the arm is given by are due to the centripetal forces acting on the rod in the Ϫx and Ϫy directions, respectively. The force terms L1d1 /dt d1 and h2d2 /dt arise from the linear acceleration of G2 in the C1ϪC2ϩM 1gh1 sin ϩFxL1 cos ϩFyL1 sin ϭI1 , dt Ϫy and ϩx directions, respectively. Fx could therefore be ͑3͒ positive, zero, or negative, depending on the relative magni- tudes of d /dt and 2. where I1 is the moment of inertia of the arm about the axis at 2 1 A. The torque on the rod about an axis through its center of The situation shown in Fig. 2 corresponds to the initial mass is given by position of the double pendulum in the experiment described in the following. In that position, 1ϭ2ϭ0 at tϭ0, in d2 ͑ ͒ C ϩF h cos ϩF h sin ϭI , ͑4͒ which case we find from Eq. 6 that the initial angular ac- 2 x 2 y 2 c.m. dt celerations of the arm and the rod are given by where Ic.m. is the moment of inertia of the rod about an axis d1 ϭ͑M 1h1ϩM 2L1͒g/A, ͑7a͒ through its center of mass. If we substitute Eq. ͑2͒ for Fx and dt Fy , we find that d2 d1 d2 ϭ0, ͑7b͒ C ϪC ϭA ϩB cos  ϩB2 sin  dt 1 2 dt dt 2 when C1ϭC2ϭ0. If released from rest, the arm rotates Ϫ͑M 1h1ϩM 2L1͒g sin , ͑5a͒ clockwise due to the gravitational forces on the arm and the rod, while the rod drops vertically. Because the rod has no d d 2 1 2 initial angular acceleration, it effectively acts as a point mass C2ϭI2 ϩB cos  ϪB sin ϪM 2h2g sin , dt dt 1 at the end of the arm. The total moment of inertia of the arm ͑5b͒ 2 plus the rod in Eq. ͑7a͒ is therefore given by I1ϩM 2L1 where ϭϪ is the angle between the arm and the rod, ϭA. 2 2 A significant torque on the rod develops only after the arm AϭI1ϩM 2L1, BϭM 2h2L1 , and I2ϭIc.m.ϩM 2h2 is the mo- ment of inertia of the rod about point B. Equation ͑5͒ is has rotated through an angle of about 15°. By the time the identical to that derived in Refs. 4 and 5 when account is rod has rotated through an angle of 180° into a golf ball made of the differences in the defined angles and the simpli- striking position, the arm may have rotated well past the fying assumption made in Ref. 4 that gravity can be ne- vertical position. In practice, the initial stage of the swing of glected in a high-speed golf swing. a club, bat, or racquet is controlled by using the wrist to Equation ͑5͒ provides little insight into the physical nature maintain a constant ‘‘wrist-cock’’ angle  of about 90° be- of the various terms or the outcomes arising from a given set tween the arm and the implement in the hand.