Comprehensive Disaster Management Plan June’ 2014

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES

COMPREHENSIVE DISASTER

MANAGEMENT PLAN

(UPDATED STRATEGIC PLAN FOR DISASTER

MANAGEMENT)

MAHANADI- BURHABALANGA- PHAILIN-LEHAR-HELEN BRAHAMANI-BAITARANI SUBARNAREKHA JUNE’2014

SOMETIMES DISASTERS ARE INEVITABLE, BUT TIMELY TAKEN PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES AND POST DISASTER RESCUE AND REHABILITATION ACTIVITIES MINIMISES THE LOSS TO A GREATER EXTENT. THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE STRATEGIC PLANS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT BY STATE WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT.

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF ODISHA

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES, GOVERNMENT OF ODISHA

COMPREHENSIVE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN JUNE’ 2014

CONTENTS

SL. TOPIC PAGE NO. NO.

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL 1

1.2 PROBABLE REASONS 3

2.0 FLOOD AS A DISASTER AND ITS MANAGEMENT

2.1 GENERAL 4

2.2 MAJOR FLOODS 5

3.0 FLOOD MANAGEMENT IN ODISHA-PREVENTIVE MEASURES

3.1 GENERAL 6

3.2 FLOOD CONTROL IN MAHANADI BASIN 7

3.3 FLOOD CONTROL IN BAITARANI BASIN 9

3.4 FLOOD CONTROL IN BRAHMANI BASIN 11

3.5 MEASURES 12

3.5.1 Structural Measures 12

3.5.2 Non-Structural Measures 13

3.5.3 Institution and Community 14

3.6 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITY OF OFFICERS 14

3.6.1 JE/AE in Flood Management 15

3.6.1.1 Pre-flood Measures 15

3.6.1.2 Measures during flood 16

3.6.1.3 Post flood measures 16

3.6.1.4 General 17

3.6.2 Assistant Executive Engineer (AEE) 17

3.6.2.1 Pre-flood Measures 17

3.6.2.2 Measures during flood 18

3.6.2.3 Post flood measures 19

3.6.2.4 General 19 3.6.3 Executive Engineer (EE) 19

3.6.3.1 Pre-flood Measures 19

3.6.3.2 Measures during flood 20

3.6.3.3 Post flood measures 20

3.6.3.4 General 20

3.6.4 Superintending Engineer 21

3.6.5 Chief Engineer/ Chief Engineer & Basin Manager 23

3.7 FORMAT FOR FLOOD DAMAGE REPORT 23

3.8 RISK ANALYSIS 24

3.8.1 Assessing Flood Probabilities 24

3.8.2 Flood Modelling of Rivers 24

3.8.3 Storm surge Modelling for Hurricanes and Cyclones 24 4.FLOOD CONTROL-MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 FLOOD DAMAGE STATISTICS 25

4.2 FLOOD FIGHTING 25

4.2.1 Measures taken during Phailin’2013 26

4.2.2 Vulnerable Locations for 2013 33

4.3 RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION 36

5.0 PREPAREDNESS FOR THE CURRENT YEAR

5.1 GENERAL 38 5.2 ACTIVITIES 38 5.3 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR THE YEAR’2014 WITH 40 EXPERIENCE FROM PHAILIN’2013 5.4 PHYSICAL ACTION TO BE TAKEN BY OFFICIAL 44 5.5 LONG TERM ACTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES 48 5.6 SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD PRONE AREAS- PILOT 49 PROJECT AT BURHABALANGA BASIN 5.7 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 50 5.8 POINTS FOR OPEN DISCUSSIONS 50 5.8.1 Embankment Free Flood Plain 50 5.8.2 De-commissioning of Older Dams 51

FIGURE SL. NO. FIGURE NO. PAGE NO.

1.1 Basin Map with State Boundary 1

3.1 Mahanadi Basin 7

3.2 Rule Curve of Hirakud 8

3.3 Baitarani Basin 10

3.4 Brahmani Basin 12

4.1 Flood Affected Districts 2008 25

4.2 Flood Inundation Map of 14th Sept.2011 26

4.3 Tracks of Phailin in different days 28

4.4 Flood Inundation Map of 18th Oct.2013 32

4.5 Position of Vulnerable Location 34

4.6 Deviation of Rainfall from Normal 37

5.1 Tentative Vulnerable Location of 2014 40

5.2 Burhabalanga Basin 49 TABLE

SL. NO. TABLE NO. PAGE NO.

1.1 Basin Details of Odisha 2

2.2 Major Flood Events of Odisha 5

3.1 Travel time of flood water in Mahanadi Basin 8

3.2 1 and 2-Day rainfall maxima as a function of area 11

4.1 Flood Damage Statistics 25

4.2 Gauge Positions during Phailin 27

4.3 Reservoir pre and post Depletion Llevels 28

4.4 Damage details during Phailin 33

4.5 List of Vulnerable Locations of the all the Basins 34

1. 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL: The state Odisha is vulnerable to multiple disasters. Due to its topography, river networks, sub-tropical littoral location, the State is prone to heavy floods, tropical cyclone forced rainfall and storm surges. The state has 11 river basins (Fig.1.1) and the basin details are given in Table 1.1. Its densely populated coastal plains are the alluvial deposits of its river systems. The rivers in these areas with heavy load of silt have very little carrying capacity, resulting in frequent floods, only to be compounded by breached embankments. The state is ranked as the 5th most flood prone state of the country after UP, Bihar, Assam and West Bengal with a flood prone area of 33400 km2. The south-west monsoon brings rains to the state from June to September every year. The state receives an average annual rainfall of 1500 mm and more than 80% of it occurs during monsoon period only. The coastal districts of the state are more vulnerable to frequent low pressure, cyclonic storms, depression and deep depression.  It is a fact that the three major river systems Mahanadi, Brahmani and Baitarani forms a single delta during high flood and in most of the cases the flood water of these three systems blend together causing considerable flood havoc.  Besides the state has 476.40 kms of coastline on the west of Bay of Bengal. The flood problem becomes more severe when the flood synchronies with high tides causing slow recede of flood.  The silt deposited regularly by the streams in the delta area raises the bed level and the rivers often overflow their banks due to reduction in its carrying capacity. Fig. 1.1 Basin Map with State Boundary

1 Table 1.1 Basin Details of Odisha

Total Catchment Catchment Catchme Area Area Name of the nt area within Outside Major Tributaries Basin (In sq. Odisha Odisha km.) (in sq.km.) (in sq.km.)

Mahanadi 141134 65628 75506 Ib, Jeera, Ong, Tel, Brutang, Manjore Karandijore, Hariharjore, Surubalijore

Brahmani 39269 22516 16753 Sankh, Koel, Gohira, Tikira, Samakoi, Ramiala

Baitarani 14218 13482 736 Deo, Kanjhari, Kusei, Salandi

Burhabalanga 4838 4838 0 Sunei, Kalo, Katra, Sana N.

Subernarekha 19277 2983 16294 Kharkhai R.

Rushikulya 8963 8963 0 Badanadi, Dhanei, Ghodahado, Padma, Baghua

Vansadhara 11377 8960 2417 Badanalla, Harbhangi Mahendratanaya, Sananadi.

Nagavali 9275 4500 4775 Jhanjabati, Sananadi, Barha Nadi Situguda N.

Indravati 41700 7400 34300 Kapur, Muran, Telengiri, Joura, Turi, Bhaskel

Kolab 20427 10300 10127 Karandi N., Potteru R., Sileru R.,Machhkund R.

Bahuda 1118 890 228 Poichandia, Boginadi, Batruda Nalla

2 1.2 PROBABLE REASONS:

The flood problem in the state generally aggravated due to some or all of the reasons as below:

 Erratic monsoon, heavy monsoon rainfall accompanied by low pressures, depressions, deep depressions and cyclones.  Dam releases due to heavy inflows, thus causing massive outflows in the river.  Inadequate channel carrying capacity due to low height embankment.  Low rate of discharge of floodwater into the sea due to congestion of river mouths.  Tidal surge during the flood thereby heading up of floodwater. This may occur during monsoon or non-monsoon.  Changing land use conditions leading to the erosion of soils, thus reducing the channel carrying and reservoir capacity.  Thick clay layer mostly over deltaic area (paddy grown area) which form an impervious bed.  Free flow flood plains are gradually being closed due to public utility/demand causing excess floodwater in the rivers, which ultimately threats to the capital embankments.

3 2. FLOOD AS A DISASTER AND ITS MANAGEMENT

2.1GENERAL:

The flood disaster and its management may be dealt in 3 basic steps such as:

 Prevention

 Mitigation

 Preparedness

Generally in prevention measures are being taken to prevent the flood and flood related hazards whereas in mitigation we try to minimize the losses as much as possible. In preparedness the steps are being taken to fight for the forthcoming flood.

The state has five major river basins namely Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani,

Subarnarekha and Rushikulya out of eleven, which cause high floods in their respective deltas. The rivers like Vamshadhara and Burhabalang also cause flash floods due to instant runoff from their hilly catchment.

In Mahanadi system after commissioning of Hirakud dam during 1958, the flood miseries have been reduced considerably in its delta. However still it continues either due to dam releases from Hirakud reservoir or due to flow contributions from intercepted catchments of over 50,000 sq. km. down below Hirakud dam project and upto delta. In

Mahanadi system, mostly the rivers Kathjori, Devi, Kuakhai, Kushabhadra, Daya,

Bhargabi, Birupa, Chitroptala, Paika drains most of the floodwater in to the sea. Other storage projects like Rengali, Kolab, Indravati, Salandi are also controlling the floods in the respective rivers to a greater extent.

However the flood hazard is still not under control and generally every two to three year a heavy flood is experienced in the deltaic area. Due to excess of water than carrying capacity, major breaches occurred on these rivers and almost inundate the deltaic area.

4 2.2 MAJOR FLOODS: Some of the major flood events that occurred in recent past are shown in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Major Flood Events of Odisha Sl. Year Month of River Area No. Occurrence affected Lakh (ha) 1 1980 September Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani & 3.19 Vamsadhara July - 2 1982 Mahanadi, Rushikulya 12.0 August July- Mahanadi, Brahmani,Baitarani, 3 2001 7.99 October Subarnarekha, Burhabalang, Vamsadhara, Rushikulya & Indravati July- Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani 4 2003 5.03 October Subarnarekha, Burhabalang, Vamsadhara, Rushikulya & Indravati July - Baitarani, Mahanadi, Rushikulya, 5 2006 3.04 August Vamsadhara, Burhabalang & Indravati

6 2008 September Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani 4.59

7 2011 September Mahanadi

Source: Flood Management Manual (2008) DOWR up to Sl. No. 5

5 3. FLOOD MANAGEMENT IN ODISHA-PREVENTIVE MEASURES 3.1 GENERAL:

In flood management structural measures are given the most priority. These are in the form of reservoirs, weirs, embankments and other structures. There are seven multipurpose major reservoir projects have been constructed in our state with basic objectives of irrigation, flood control and power. The operation of the reservoirs is regulated by a standard Rule Curve meant for satisfying all the demand.

It is imperative that the total flood control is not practicable from economic considerations and therefore flood management is essential. Flood management rationally refers to the provision of reasonable degree of protection against floods by structural / non-structural measures to mitigate the recurring havoc caused by floods. During the last five decades, a number of structural and non-structural measures have been taken to minimize flood.

 As a part of structural measures, reservoirs namely Hirakud on the Mahanadi river, Rengali on the Brahmani river, Upper Kolab in Kolab river and Upper Indravati in Indravati river have been constructed. Similarly, Kanupur Dam is under construction in Keonjhar will also moderate flood to some extent in Baitarani delta. Chanduli and Icha dam (under construction) in Jharkhand will control flood to some extent in Subernarekha system.

 Rivers namely Rushikulya, Vamshadhara, Nagavali, Bahuda and Budhabalanga do not have flood control reservoirs.

 Besides, in the deltaic area, floods are being controlled by flood protection embankments constructed on both sides of the rivers. A total 7138 kms of protective embankments, 1952 spurs and 253 kms of stone packing have been constructed in different basins particularly in the deltaic areas to control the flood and saline ingress.

3.2 FLOOD CONTROL IN MAHANADI BASIN

Mahanadi is an interstate basin and the most of the catchments lies within Chhatisgarh and

Odisha. The inflow to the major reservoir Hirakud is mostly depends on the catchment of rainfall and dam release of Chhatisgarh. The average annual flow from the upstream catchment of Hirakud is of the order of 20-25 Million Acre ft (M.Ac.ft) with volume during the flood events ranging from 1.0 to 4.0 M.Ac.ft per day. Low storage capacity

(Live storage capacity 3.91 M.Ac.ft) of Hirakud dam is a major concern for moderating the flow from its upstream Chhatishgarh catchment. For Mahanadi system, different major schemes have been evaluated for their feasibility without detailed survey and investigation downstream of existing Hirakud dam over time with an objective of better flood management. One of the suitable sites for the construction of a storage scheme in the form of a barrage is at Manibhadra.

Fig. 3.1: Mahanadi Basin

The operation of Hirakud reservoir is done with a well balanced judgment of the upstream rainfall, upstream inflow, downstream carrying capacity of the channel and above all

7 condition of the deltaic embankments in a particular year. A rule curve for Hirakud reservoir has been framed which is a standard operating principle for the dam. For all other major dams similar types of exercises have also been done and also practised. The rule curve in operation for Hirakud multipurpose project is given in Fig.3.2.

Fig. 3.2 Rule Curve of Hirakud

The standard travel time of flood, those have been observed between different points of the

Mahanadi system basin is given in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Travel Times of Flood Water in Mahanadi Basin

Station to Station Travel time (hr.) Distance (km)

Ghorari to Seorinarayan 14 102

Nandaghat to Seorinarayan 8 104

Seorinarayan to Saradihi 8 56

Hasdeo to Saradihi 10 80

Saradihi to Hirakud dam 12 97

Tarapur to Hirakud dam 14 103

8 Station to Station Travel time (hr.) Distance (km)

Deogaon to Hirakud dam 9 90

Hirakud dam to Khairmal 12-18 115

Khairmal to Barmul 12-16 109

Barmul to Mundali 12-16 125

Mundali to Naraj 0.45(Avg.) 3

Source: Flood Management Plan 2008, DOWR

3.3 FLOOD CONTROL IN BAITARANI BASIN: In case of Baitarani system, the frequency of formation of the depressions/cyclonic storms formed in the North Bay of Bengal during the Southwest monsoon months from June to September increases as the monsoon progresses. On an average one/two depressions forms in the months of June and July and two/three in the month of August and September. These systems may take 2 to 3 days to form over the Bay of Bengal and intensify into a depression or cyclonic storm and then move inland in a north-westerly direction across the coast of Odisha. Once the system crosses the coast, it starts weakening and dissipates in a 2 to 3 days of time. These systems cause widespread rains all along the track with the central region receiving very heavy rainfall. The catchments of river Brahmani and Baitarani generally remain under the influence of these moving depressions/cyclonic storms for 1 to 2 days depending upon their speed and direction of movement. A widespread system generally covers an area of 50,000 sq. km or more and may yield 150 to 200 mm rainfall in one day over this extensive area. Initially the river Baitarani flows in a northern direction for about 80 km and then takes an abrupt right turn near Champua and flows in a south easterly direction and finally discharges into Bay of Bengal through the deltaic area of river Brahmani. The river travels a total distance of 360 km and drains an area of over 14,000 sq. km. The annual normal rainfall varies from 1250 mm to 1500 mm over the Baitarani basin.

9 In the context of Baitarani river system, some of the major causes can be summarized as follows. The drainage pattern of Baitarani river basin (central plateau) is dendrite type and flash flood is a natural character of such type of drainage pattern. Again since the upper catchment of Baitarani is full of hillocks and occurrence of a large number of drainage lines allow the run off generating over there to gush into the main river with greater force in very short span of time. The lower part of Baitarani is a part of greater Mahanadi &

Brahmani delta.

1. Baitarani is a highly meandering river. In meandering channels the flow is highly turbulent and forms eddy currents, which very often leads to sudden overflow of the embankments causing inundation of surrounding areas. 2. Due to heavy mining activities and practices of shifting cultivation in the upper catchment a large quantity of sediments are added to the river during monsoon seasons. This lowers the carrying capacity of the river and thus even a medium size rainfall can cause high flood in Baitarani. Fig. 3.3: Baitarani Basin 3. The shallow aquifer conditions, water table nearer to the ground level, spread of water logging areas, swamps, and estuarine etc. do not allow precipitation & thus compound the impact of flood. 4. There is no major diversion channel to control flood in Baitarani river Basin

10 5. The upper catchment i.e. the central plateau comprises of meta-sediment & controlled by severe fault and shear zones, which contributes more sediment into the basin. 6. Encroachment of flood plains due to growth of population is also causing heavy damage though the flood is not so high. Sufficient area should be left in order to allow the floodwater flow into the sea safely. This particular cause is an important human factor. Such that there is no flood zone planning for the coastal area of eastern ghat region. 7. The flow of Brahmani River is also adding to the flood in Baitarani River in the downstream and both the rivers forms a combined delta. 8. The most flood affected blocks in Baitarani system are Anandapur, Dasarathpur, Korei, Bari, Jajpur, Binjharpur and Rajkanika. All the severe storms that have occurred since 1901 over the catchment areas of Brahmani and Baitarani and other neighboring basins have been studied by IMD. Enveloping curves for 1-day and 2-day rainfall amounts have been drawn. The rainfall depths corresponding to different standard areas were picked up as given in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2: 1 and 2-day rainfall maxima as a function of area Area (km2) Rainfall Depths (mm) 1 – day 2 – day 1000 521 737 5000 434 653 10000 366 574 20000 292 465 50000 198 366 100000 142 279 (Period 1901-1950) (Source: Hydrology Project Report)

3.4 FLOOD CONTROL IN BRAHMANI BASIN

Another flood causing basin in the state is the Brahmani system. The annual normal rainfall in this system varies from 1250 mm to 1750 mm. From different hydrological studies, it has been revealed that the floods in the Brahmani delta are governed by:

11 1. Inflow from Brahmani river system as well as flow from Rengali dam. The total intercepted catchment at Brahmani delta at Jenapur is 35,700 sq.km, of which 25,100 sq.km.is controlled by Rengali dam, leaving 10,600 sq.km fully uncontrolled. 2. Baitarani river system which drains a catchment 14,200 sq.km joins to Brahmani and thus they combine to form a delta. 3. Mahanadi river through Birupa branch sometimes substantially contribute to Brahmani flow (Sept. 2011 flood in Brahmani is an example). 4. Rainfall in the total deltaic catchment over 2000 Sq.km. of the combined Mahanadi, Brahmani and Fig.3.4: Brahmani Basin Baitarani. 5. Tidal water level in the river mouths at the Bay of Bengal.

3.5 MEASURES:

At the current scenario, with the existing flood management directives following measures may be proposed.

3.5.1 Structural Measure

Managing flood through structural measure is one of the effective ways, but it requires large investment, huge manpower and long time. Structural measure like construction of storage reservoir, detention tank, raising leaves, digging of silted channels and dredging of sea mouth, slope protection etc. are generally executed for flood protection. So far seven numbers of major dams, forty medium projects and 2196 minor dams have been constructed and rest 22 major and medium projects are in the ongoing stage. These structures, especially major projects are minimizing the flood havocs to a greater extent as well as serving the multipurpose activities. River systems namely Baitarani, Rushikulya, Vamsadhara, Nagabali, Bahuda and Burhabalanga do not have major flood control reservoirs.

The raising of the embankments, slope protection, channels excavation, mouth clearance to sea etc. works are also being carried out every year and before starting of the monsoon season. These factors are well checked and appropriate safety measures also been

12 carried out at indentified vulnerable locations. Further the river falling to lake Chilika are also being treated periodically for release of flood water during high tides while protecting the existing saline flora and fauna of the lake. The organisations like World Bank, Asian Development Bank, JICA and other infrastructural funding agency are supporting these developmental activities.

3.5.2 Non-structural Measures

It has been realized that, there are difficulties to go in for structural measures in the form of major dams, barrages, raising and strengthening of embankments due to various constraints like time, money, as well as resettlement, rehabilitation and environmental factors. Non- structural measures like flood forecasting, early warning, flood plain zoning and flood risk mapping and others needs to be adopted as tools for a better flood management.

For flood forecasting, a well-distributed hydrological information system network is highly essential. So far the department has established 56 standard rain gauge stations under Hydrology Project (HP) and 34 non-HP stations. There are 12 Automated Rain Gauges, 44 Gauge Discharge sites, 12 water level recorder and 9 full climate stations also have been established in ten river basins of the state. Beside that 20 sedimentations laboratories, 11 water quality and sedimentation laboratories are also established on the basins. On effective operation of full climate station, these will be established at Subarnarekha, Brahmani, Nagavali and Kolab basin very soon. It is also planned to develop the ARG & SRRG network over all the basins. Presently rainfall and gauging information are being received from IMD, CWC and Revenue Department and satellite imageries being received from NRSC for interpretation analyses.

Flood formulation also taken up with prime support of CWC. For modeling now physical based model like HEC-HMS, MIKE Model and IFAS model are also being exercised for better flood forecasting.

Round the clock (24x7) running flood cell is disseminating the flood information to all the recipient bodies. The Revenue Department, Agriculture Department, Water Resource Department, Health Department and Police Department co-operate each other and run side by side in order to avert the unprecedented flood havoc if arise. The flood information is updated in the site http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in every day during a period from 1st June to 31st October.

The Department of Water Resources is now planning to prepare the following works in order to properly model and manage total flood related scenarios.

13  Digital terrain models for catchment delineation.

 Digital terrain models of floodplains.

 Catchment land use and soil data (derived from satellite imagery).

 Hydrological rainfall-runoff modeling to produce flood hydrograph at a range of return periods.

 River crosses sections for the length of river that creates significant flood, and survey of bridge/culvert opening and other feature that may resist flow.

 Computational hydrologic modeling to produce flood inundation or flood hazard maps at a range of return periods.

 Detailed flood plain land use mapping using satellite imagery (road, embankments, commercial and industrial properties, public utility, (eg. water treatment, electricity sub-station etc) residential properties and properties classifications)

 Survey of levels of roads and typical floor level of properties in the flood plain.

 Flood risk mapping (combination of flood hazard map with land-use).

3.5.3 Institution and Community

 Development of coordination with IMD, CWC, NRSC, OSDMA, SEOC, SRC.

 Development of coordination for data sharing and dam release information among states in case of interstate basin.

 Developing awareness among community on flood preparedness.

 Awareness with school and college students regarding hydro-meteorological information and flood related activities.

3.6 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICERS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT Pre-flood maintenance of flood infrastructure and flood preparedness before the onset of monsoon plays a vital role in the smooth management of high flood situations. When the river is in spate, the embankment requires close and constant watch and unremitting day and night supervision by adequate trained staff and officers. Efficient and constant patrolling with timely warning and timely action alone can avert a situation leading to disaster. During this period inspection by the senior officials will have to be carried out systematically and all the officers concerned and staff will have to remain alert to meet any

14 emergent situation. The establishment required for this purpose will vary depending upon importance of the embankment and behavior of the river. The temporary headquarters of the Junior Engineer, Assistant Engineer, Assistant Executive Engineer and Executive Engineer are to be located near the vulnerable and important reaches of the embankment under his/her charge.

The duties and responsibilities of the officers for smooth management of the flood are as under.

3.6.1 Junior Engineer/Assistant Engineer. A Junior Engineer/Assistant Engineer is responsible for efficient flood management within his/her jurisdiction. A high level of alertness and resourcefulness are expected from the Junior Engineer/Assistant Engineer for the above purpose. He should essentially be faithful to the Government and get thoroughly involved in all activities and discharge his duties sincerely.

He is entrusted with the following responsibilities. 3.6.1.1 Pre-flood measures  Identification of vulnerable points, weak embankments and other problematic areas.  Survey, investigation and preparation of estimates for raising and strengthening of embankments to design section, treatment of all piping points noticed during previous floods as per records maintained in the register, all flood protection works, procurement of flood fighting materials required for the embankments in his charge by 20th April.  He/She will see that all departmental vehicles, boats, lunches are in working condition. He will also arrange all tools and equipment like torch, hurricane lamps, spades, etc. by 15th May.  His/Her duty comprises timely and efficient execution and completion of temporary / permanent flood protection works, repair of embankments to design section, breach closing works, treatment of gauge posts by painting, greasing etc. and collection of flood fighting materials at site by 1st week of June.  The gates of all major, medium and minor dams, drainage sluice and canals are to be checked, repaired if necessary by 1st week of June.  The Junior Engineer has to certify in the log book of gates maintained by his section office that the maintenance and repair have already been done and all the gates are operational.  Measurement of all the permanent / temporary flood protection works must be recorded before the monsoon flow starts in the river or by 15th June whichever is earlier with due acceptance of the executing agency.

15  A Junior Engineer/Assistant Engineer has to carefully record the level and slope of all the front and loop embankments after the year’s maintenance raising is completed and keep the record in his custody.  He/She is responsible for the proper custody of the monsoon period materials stacked at strategic locations. Accordingly he is to arrange necessary watch and ward for the purpose till their utilization during flood watching.  He/She has to display the notice boards containing the nature of vulnerability at all the strategic locations like previous breach points, piping points, scouring points etc. for public awareness. 3.6.1.2 Measures during flood  Junior Engineer/Assistant Engineer concerned with his/her field staff will keep a round the clock vigil on the embankments during flood.  He/She will prepare a duty chart for each embankment under his jurisdiction.  He/She is required to see that all leaks, wave-wash action and wetting of embankments are properly attended to and that the entire establishment is doing the work allotted to them.  He/She will observe the gauge readings, velocity of river flow by current meter or floats at critical and important points along the embankment and will also note the direction of flow during flood.  He/She will always remain in touch with the Assistant Executive Engineer during flood watching and apprise him of the situation.  In case of any emergent situation like piping, overtopping, scour of embankment or any other threat, he has to take appropriate steps to attend to the need in the absence of higher authorities with intimation to the Assistant Executive Engineer.  The JE/AE is to keep contact with the local bodies and NGOs for flood management in their respective jurisdictions.  He/She has to keep his mobile phone in operative mode during high flood for instant communication.  He/She has to record all the piping points in the register for permanent repair before the monsoon of the next year.  He/She has to mark the high flood level of the year and keep record of it’s for reference. 3.6.1.3 Post-flood measures  As soon as the flood approaches, the Junior/Assistant Engineer concerned has to open the sluice gates for release of drain water.  He/She has to assess the damages due to flood immediately through personnel verification, prepare the flood damage report and submit the same to the Assistant Executive Engineer as promptly as possible, not later than one week in any case.

16 3.6.1.4 General The Junior/Assistant Engineer concerned has to take the levels of river bed at every three years interval or if any change is noticed in order to find out any change in river bed or in its course, measure the scour lines of the river bank and incorporate the same in the scour line map maintained at his section and report to his next higher authority.

3.6.2 Assistant Executive Engineer (AEE) An Assistant Executive Engineer will remain in charge of the embankments and will be responsible for everything that occurs in his jurisdiction. The duties and responsibilities of the Assistant Executive Engineer in flood management are as follows:

3.6.2.1 Pre-flood measures

 The Assistant Executive Engineer concerned will inspect the embankments in his jurisdiction to suggest to the Junior/Assistant Engineer, the nature and type of flood protection or flood fighting works to be taken up before monsoon and check at least 50% levels or measurements taken by the Junior/Assistant Engineer for preparation of all the flood preparatory estimates. He/She shall ensure that the above estimates are prepared and submitted to the Executive Engineer by 30th April.

 His/Her responsibility is to see that all the river embankments are repaired to designed section, breaches are closed, gauge posts are painted before 1st week of June.

 He/She will see that all the ongoing temporary / permanent flood protection works are completed by 1st week of June.

 He/She will check measure all the ongoing or completed flood protection works positively before arrival of monsoon flow in the river or latest by 15th June.

 He/She will ensure that the required flood fighting materials are collected and stacked at strategic locations by 15th June and check at least 50% of materials. He will make arrangement for procurement of more materials in case of exigency.

 He will ensure that all the gates are made functional and the drains are cleared of silt and vegetation by 1st week of June.

 The Assistant Executive Engineer will certify in the log book of gates maintained by the JE/AE that the maintenance and repair have already been done all the gates are operational and submit the copy to the Executive Engineer.

17  He will check at least 50% of the free board statement prepared by the Junior/Assistant Engineer and give a certificate that he has satisfied himself with regard to the correctness of the level of the top and of all flood embankments and submit the copy to the Executive Engineer.

3.6.2.2 Measures during flood  The Assistant Executive Engineer concerned will remain in touch with the local bodies, N.G.Os for community participation during flood fighting.

 His/Her establishment during flood watching consists of Junior/Assistant Engineers, Work Mistries, Work Sarkars, Mates and Khalais.

 He/She will arrange proper distribution of patrol establishment for due discharge of duties keeping in view to various needs at different points.

 He/She will remain in contact with his Junior/Assistant Engineers and keep himself in touch with up-to-date conditions of the embankments and river in his charge.

 During high floods the Assistant Executive Engineer will visit the embankments continuously so that he can keep watch on the patrolling staff and find out the problems for taking immediate measures.

 Apart from engaging of patrols, he/she will keep one or two teams reserved at convenient place for employment when emergency arises.

 It is the duty of the Assistant Executive Engineer to inform about the situation to the Executive Engineer everyday and to make suggestions for the efficient management of flood.

 The Assistant Executive Engineer will encourage the participation of N.G.Os and local bodies for watch and ward and flood fighting during flood.

 In case of occurrence of any breach or overtopping, the Assistant Engineer will at once inform the Executive Engineer, Superintending Engineer, Chief Engineer and local/district administration for taking immediate precautionary measure for the safety of the lives and property of the local people.

 During the entire flood period, the Assistant Engineer will have to keep his mobile phone in operative mode for direct communication.

18 3.6.2.3 Post-flood measures The Asst. Executive Engineer has to verify and consolidate the flood damage reports submitted by the JEs/AEs and submit the same to the Executive Engineer immediately.

3.6.2.4 General

The Assistant Executive Engineer will check the levels and measurement of river bed and the scour lines of the river bank after the flood situation is over and incorporate the same in the scour line map and report to the Executive Engineer.

3.6.3 Executive Engineer

An Executive Engineer is the officer, fully responsible for smooth flood management of his jurisdiction. The duties and responsibilities of the Executive Engineer during flood are as follows.

3.6.3.1 Pre-flood measures

 The Executive Engineer concerned will inspect all embankments, sluices, gauge stations, flood protection works and cross check the flood fighting materials kept in readiness by the end of 15th June. He will satisfy himself about the arrangement and report to the Superintending Engineer.

 He will check some of the gates at random and countersign on the certificate of the log book and submit copies of the same to the Superintending Engineer before 1st week of June.

 He will countersign the certificate of free board statement of all embankments with a minimum check of 10% and submit the copy of the Superintending Engineer for record.

 He should be vigilant and keep track of flood situation at all the vulnerable points under his jurisdiction.

 During high floods the Executive Engineer has to make contact with S.E./C.E. and District Administration and inform them about the flood situation at different locations at regular intervals. The interval is to be reduced depending on the seriousness of the situation.

 The Executive Engineer concerned will have to take immediate steps for flood fighting measures, when he suspects that an abnormal condition may occur and intimate the District Administration and Superintending Engineer.

19  For anticipated inundation of the low-lying area, the Executive Engineer has to inform the local/district administration for immediate evacuation of the people to safe places in advance.

3.6.3.2 Measures during floods  In case of occurrence of any breach or overtopping, the Executive Engineer will immediately inform the District Collector to provide immediate relief and undertake rescue operation for the affected population with intimation to the Superintending Engineer and Chief Engineer. If possible, the Executive Engineer will take steps for temporary closing of the breach.

 He will always be available for ready communication through his mobile phone.

3.6.3.3 Post-flood measures  Damage reports will be consolidated and communicated to S.E. and Collector concerned for necessary action.

3.6.3.4 General

After the flood season, the Executive Engineer will submit a detailed report to the Superintending Engineer about the change of river course, if any, and the village map marked with scour line with his counter signature for record.

3.6.4 Superintending Engineer

The Superintending Engineer concerned is the controlling officer for repair and maintenance of the flood embankments. He will monitor the watch and ward of the entire length of embankments of his circle and will remain responsible for all occurrences.

 He will inspect some of the flood protection works, all vulnerable points, all breach closing and repair works of embankments at random positively by end of 15th June and will issue instructions to the field staff for any remedial measures required and furnish a report to the Chief Engineer mentioning the overall flood preparedness relating to his circle.

 He will keep record of free board statement of all embankments under his control. A graph would be drawn to compare the actual top level and the ground level with the highest flood level of the previous year and the other flood years at an interval of one kilometer.

20  He will make additional arrangement for flood watching wherever needed by deputing technical staff from other places within his circle.

 He may place requisition for additional technical staff to the Chief Engineer for smooth flood management if he feels serious shortage of staff.

 He will not leave the head quarters during high flood. In such a situation if he wants to leave the head quarters due to any unavoidable reason, he will take prior permission of the Chief Engineer before leaving the head quarters.

 The Superintending Engineer concerned will be in touch with the Chief Engineer at hourly intervals and apprise him of the latest developments after receiving message from the Executive Engineers.

 After receiving message of any abnormal incident, which has occurred or about to occur from the Executive Engineer, he has to rush to the site and suggest appropriate measures to manage it efficiently with intimation to the Chief Engineer.

 He will always make himself available during the high flood through his mobile phone.

 Immediately after recession of each flood, the Superintending Engineer will submit a detailed report to the Chief Engineer about the extent of damage and the approximate cost of their restoration after consultation with the Executive Engineers concerned.

3.6.5 Chief Engineer / Chief Engineer & Basin Manager (CE & BM):

The Chief Engineer & Basin Manager, Lower Mahanadi Basin is the reporting officer in the flood situation for the entire state and is directly responsible to the Government. The field Chief Engineers / CE & BMs are the reporting officers for the area under their jurisdiction.

 The Chief Engineer will make random visit to vulnerable points in order of importance basing on the report of the Superintending Engineers and furnish a brief report on flood preparedness to the D.O.W.R /S.R.C/ CE&BM, LMB.

 He may depute some Executive Engineers, Assistant Engineers or Junior Engineers working in the unaffected areas with no flood duty to the divisions having important and dangerous vulnerable points to serve as additional hand during high flood after getting requisition from the Superintending Engineers.

 The Chief Engineer will always be in touch with Government during flood watching and intimate the developments to the Government.

21  During flood in any river, the Chief Engineer will be in constant touch with the CWC, IMD and directly monitor the situation.

 He will keep in constant touch with the field officers on flood duty and control the system from the control room.

 He will collect information on the status of reservoirs within the State and those of other States for interstate rivers.

 In case of any abnormal incident, which has either occurred or is about to occur, the Chief Engineer will jointly inspect the site with the concerned S.E. and suggest immediate measures to manage it efficiently.

 Immediately after receipt of message about occurrence of any breach or submergence of the embankment, the Chief Engineer will intimate to the D.O.W.R. / S.R.C with details of the location, the time of occurrence, nature of damage for relief and rescue operation.

After each flood, the Chief Engineer will submit a detailed report to the Govt. mentioning the cause of the flood, the extent of damage and the approximate cost of their restoration as early as possible.

22 3.7 FORMAT FOR FLOOD DAMAGE REPORT

Remarks

lakh)

Amount

required (Rs. In

work required for

Brief Brief Description of

immediate restoration

in mtr.

Length of

Breach/ Damage

Location Asset Asset and

Name ofName the

6 the

Name ofName

Constituenc

FORMAT FOR FLOOD DAMAGE REPORT DAMAGE FOR FLOOD FORMAT

Name ofName

the Block

the

District

Name ofName

the River

Period of

Occurrence

Sl.

No.

23 3.8 RISK ANALYSIS: An integrated risk analysis looks into both the probabilities and impacts of flooding. Modeling of river floods and storm surges forms an important part of the risk analysis. Flood Management Information System cell is functioning in the Water Resources Department, the cell is engaging in the data management, information sharing, research, flood modeling. The risk assessments are: 3.8.1 Assessing Flood Probabilities The challenge is to extrapolate from a limited set of observations to determine the probability of an extreme rainfall or discharge event. Various statistical techniques are available to perform such extrapolations. MIKE and HEC software along with GIS provides easy use of all the main distribution functions, expertise to provide advice on sound extrapolations to assess flood probabilities.

3.8.2 Flood Modeling of Rivers To translate an extreme event into a hydraulic load (a high water level) at the flood defense requires modeling of the runoff and of the river flow. For major rivers need simulates the hydrodynamics of both the one-dimensional river/channel network and the two- dimensional overland flow. The model is suited to simulate the dynamic behavior of overland flow over an initially dry land. It deals with every kind of geometry, including flat land or hilly terrain. The 1-Dimensional channel network and the 2-Dimensional rectangular grid hydrodynamics are solved simultaneously using the HEC which is able to tackle steep fronts as well as sub critical and supercritical flow. 3.8.3 Storm-surge Modeling for Hurricanes and Cyclones The IMD is computing surface winds and pressure around the specified location of the moving eye of a cyclone taking into account the path or track of the storm. The information provided by Meteorological Department used for the Strom surge modeling which required trained manpower and investment. There is always a risk of flooding from rivers or the sea, no matter how high and strong we make our embankments. What happens if a dike does fail? Simulations MIKE/HEC model assist in determining the extent and impacts of possible flood scenarios. The impacts include casualties as well as economic and environmental damage. MIKE/HEC with GIS performs casualty risk assessments using methods that combine the flood characteristics, such as water depth and flow velocity, with evacuation efficiency and vulnerability of inhabitants. A similar approach is adopted for economic damage, making use of damage functions for different types of land use.

24 4. FLOOD CONTROL-MITIGATION MEASURES

While the state has different measures for flood control still floods occur in different basins. The proper and timely management of floods, people has really reduced the damages to a greater extent. The most recent floods in the state occurred during Sept. 2008, 2011 and during cyclone Phailin of 2013. The flood of 2008 in Mahanadi basin was due to lower catchment contribution and the flood of 2011 was due to the heavy rainfall in the upstream catchment. The post-Phailin rainfall in Subarnarekha and Burhabalanga basin brought a devastating flood in northen Odisha cities.

4.1 FLOOD DAMAGE STATISTICS:

There are huge damages in terms of life and property due to breaches in the river. The flood damage statistics of past five major floods are as given in the Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Flood Damage Statistics Flood damage during 1982 2001 2006 2008 2011 Peak flood at Mundali (Lakh cusecs) 15.84 14.09 12.83 15.81 13.67 Breaches (Nos.) 379 120 78 234 Damages (Rs. Crores) 559 429 745 922.61

4.2 FLOOD FIGHTING:

The devastation is more prominent in delta. The inundation maps during those periods narrate the flood flurry. A heavy discharge from the Tel catchment was the main reason behind 2008 flood. The Hirakud reservoir was managed properly at that time and the discharge was around 3.9 lakh cusecs, but the discharge from uncontrollable catchment was around 11.91 lakh cusecs, which produced a peak of 15.81 lakh cusecs at delta head. A major part of Odisha was affected during Sept.2008 as flood was occurring in Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani as well as in Nagabali, Vamshadhara basin. The flood affected area map of that period is annexed in Fig. 4.1 Fig.4.1 Flood Affected Districts 2008

25 In 2011 the dam released around 9.73 lakh cusecs of water due to a heavy rainfall (one day rainfall was around 458mm) near Bango dam at upstream. At that time the reservoir level was nearly 629 feet and 59 gates was opened. The downstream catchment only contributed 3.94 lakh cusecs in order to have a peak at delta of 13.67 lakh cusecs.

The inundation map of 14 Sept. 2011 (Fig.4.2) is as shown below. All the coastal districts are affected during these floods. Agricultural fields, roads and railway networks are completely disrupted along with lives of human and domestic animals are jeopardized.

Fig 4.2 Flood Inundation Map of 14th Sep. 2011

4.2.1 Measures taken during Phailin (2013):

The scenario was different during Phailin. When it starts approaching in 7-8th October the reservoirs were in full capacity. But the right kind of forecast and immediate steps taken by the authority shows how a proper management of the situation could minimize the losses to a greater extent.

The very severe cyclonic storm “Phailin” that struck the Gopalpur coast on evening of 12th October followed by flood out of torrential rains severely affecting Rushikulya, Vamshadhara, Baitarani, Subarnarekha, Burhabalanga basins. A brief statement of river gauges of different river basins showing observed river gauges, danger levels, highest gauge recorded and the duration of time river flows over danger level during the cyclone period is given in Table. 4.2.

26 Table 4.2 Gauge positions during Phailin River Gauge Date Existing Highest gauge Hours DL recorded during flowing cuclone associated above DL with flood

Burhabalanga Astia(Baripada) 13.10.2013 30.9m 34.82m 23

NH-5 13.10.2013 8.13m 9.24m 40 Govindapur

Subarnarekha Rajghat 15.10.2013 10.36m 12.42m 59

Baitarani Anandapur 14.10.2013 38.36m 40.74m 34

Akhuapada 14.10.2013 17.83m 19.84m 66

Rushikulya Purushottampur 13.10.2013 16.84m 18.20m 32

Vamshadhara Kashinagar 13.10.2013 54.60m 56.30m 10

As per the Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) published by IMD for different time period, the probable reservoir carrying and discharge capacity are to be predetermined. Accordingly the possible release of reservoir is to be calculated keeping in the view the probable inflow to it.

The similar exemplary situation has been occurred during last PHAILIN, strong precautionary measures have been taken in order to create space for cyclone forced rain as the reservoir and its catchment was falling on the track and influence zone of the cyclone.

As a measure of preparedness for the anticipated VSCS on the coast of Odisha, a meeting as well as video conferencing were held under the chairmanship of Hon’ble Chief Minister of Odisha on the 9th Oct 2013.

- The Principal Secretary to Govt. in DoWR issued alert to the EIC, WR for the emergency situation due to cyclonic storm. The same was transmitted to field functionaries. - The telephone numbers/fax/e-mail addresses of flood control rooms in respect of different districts, circles, divisions, were kept ready for regular contact during emergency. Control rooms were opened in the Major and Medium Irrigation, Minor Irrigation, OLIC head quarters and field officials. - The IMD forecast regarding the anticipated cyclonic wind speed / category of storms were intimated to the field officers. - The probable tracks, influence zone, basins, rivers and reservoirs lying in this zone are considered as sensitive and these were monitored regularly (Fig.4.3).

27 PHAILIN’2013 Track. ! 14/1130 (56) STORM EVENT 08 - 14 OCT 2013 14/0530 (56) " TRACK OF PHAILIN

13/2330 (56) Ï SUBARNAREKHA Minimata Bango DamJK KJ TalasaraUPPER BRAHMANI BASIN Nesa Kharung Tank KJ Maniyari Tank ¥ ¥ Sarafgarh BankabahalKhadkei ¥ ¥ Pitamahal Jambira ¥ Kansabahal ¥¥ Haladia 13/18Z ¥ # 13/1730 (93) UPPER MAHANADI " BURHABALANGA BASIN Jonk Diversion Kanjhari Hirakud Kalo KJ KJ ¥ BAITARANI BASIN ¥ Sunei ¥ Gohira ¥ Kodar Dam 13/1130 (120) Salandi KJ Ï KJ KJ Remal MAHANADI (HIRAKUD - KHAIRMAL) Rengali Ramial Jharbandh Ong Dadaraghati ¥ ¥ ¥ 13/1130¥ (140) ¥ Sikaser Dam Dumarbahal ¥ ! LOWER BRAHMANI BASIN JK Saipala Upper Jonk¥¥ ¥ Derjang Ravi Shankar Dam ¥ KJ Moorumsili Dam MAHANADI (KHAIRMAL - BARMUL) KJ ¥ Sundar Pilasalki Dudhawa Dam ¥ KJ Sondur Dam MAHANADI ( BARMUL-NARAJ) JK 13/0530 (160) ¥ TEL BASIN Uttei ¥ " MAHANADI DELTA Legend Daha Dhanei INDRABATI BASIN ¥ BhanjanagarBudhabudhiani Major ¥ ¥ KJ Sorada (Balancing Re ¥ ¥ Baghua Stage-II ¥ ¥ Medium ¥ Ï Ï RUSHIKULYA BASIN12/1330 (185) Approach Date (13 Oct) ¥ Bhaskel ! Indravati Badanalla 12/2330 (205) Approach Date (12 Oct) ¥ # " JK ¥ ¥ Ghodahado Approach Date (11 Oct) INDRABATI BASIN ! 12/18Z Baghalati Stage-I # Approach Date (10 Oct) ¥ Track (13 Oct) Upper Kolab VANSHADHARA JK Track (12 Oct) 12/1730 (225) KOLAB BASIN NAGAVALI BASIN " Track (11 Oct) Jalaput Track (10 Oct) JK River Basin ¥ Satiguda 12/1130 (260) Area of Influence (13 Oct) Balimela KJ ! Area of Influence (12 Oct) " Area of Influence (11 Oct)

Area of Influence (10 Oct) 5/28/2014 GP Roy,DoWR. 101 "

Fig.4.3 Tracks of Phailin in different days - EIC, WR called for a Special Committee meeting on 9th Oct to review the cyclone situation in the state. This was attended by Special Committee members comprising Ex-EIC and Ex-CEs. Instructions were issued for the field for pre-depletion of major and medium projects to minimize the post cyclonic flood effects in different river basins. The reservoir positions during pre and post depletions are given in Table. 4.3 Table 4.3 Reservoir pre and post depletion levels Sl. Reservoir Date Pre- Date Post- No. name depletion depletion level level

1 Hirakud 07-10-13 629.89ft 12-10-13 621.21

2 Rengali 07-10-13 123.65m 12-10-13 121.73

3 Indravati 11-10-13 641.5m 13-10-13 640.23

4 Jalaput 09-10-13 2748.5ft 15-10-13 2748.0

5 Salandi 09-10-13 77.57m 12-10-13 77.38

- The depletion decision is carried out basing on many factors and it varies from dam to dam. It is a decision that has to balance saving the dams from danger of collapsing due to rise of water above FRL, staggered release of water to avoid

28 downstream flooding and at the same time conserving the water for Rabi irrigation and drinking water purpose for post-monsoon periods. - A close monitoring of the reservoirs in the worst affected Rushikulya, Vamshadhara and Bahuda basins for four consecutive days from 9th to 12th Oct. in respect of Bhanjanagara, Sorada, Daha, Ghodahada, Dhanei, Baghua, Badanalla, Harbhangi, Baghalati dams. - Due to depletion of the reservoirs even though there was extremely heavy rainfall in Rushikulya, Vamshadhara and Mahanadi, Brahmani and Salandi catchments as the gates were closed major flood in the downstream areas could be avoided during and after the cyclone. However, flood in Subarnarekha, Burhabalanga and Baitarani basins could not be controlled as there are hardly any storage reservoirs in these basins. - Announcements were made over loud speakers by the CE & BM, RVN basin in the river basins of Rushikulya and Bahuda warning the people on the both sides of the river up to a distance of 20km to move to the higher and safer places as a precautionary measure against storm surge inundation. - Flood fighting materials like sand, sand bags, bamboo bullah were pre-positioned before the flood. All field engineers were asked to do round the clock patrolling of the embankments in collaboration in collaboration with Pani Panchayats and local communities. - Throughout the cyclone and flood, the Principal Secretary to Govt. in DoWR was regularly collecting the river gauge and reservoir water level data on hourly basis through SMS. The vital reading were monitored and exchanged between the field functionaries of the department up to Principal Secretary level. - The Principal Secretary to Govt. in DoWR issued order for cancellation of holidays during Durga Puja for round the clock operation of the control rooms at different levels as a measure for fighting the calamity. - The time to time updated IMD bulletins were sent to field officials for taking latest precautionary measures. - As per the review meeting conducted under the Chairmanship of Hon’ble minister Revenue and Disaster Management, Odisha on the anticipated cyclonic storm, the field officials were intimated as follows: . Round the clock operation of emergency centres and control room at circle and division levels of the Water Resource Department.

29 . Requisition of the machineries and equipments like JCB, Excavator etc. to be in readiness for rescue and mitigation operation. . Ensure uninterrupted power supply to the control rooms by providing DG sets . To safe guard the saline embankments against the anticipated surge caused due to cyclonic storm. . To be in close contact with flood cell/ control room of EIC WR and SRC to get transmit the updated information on the anticipated cyclone.

During Oct’2013 the disaster related information has been delivered through SMS to all concerned the authorities as shown below.

The system performs very well in dissemination of important decisions, which needs to be continued in this year. A sample of IMD data transmission during Oct.’2013 is as follows:

31 The inundation map of post Phailin period is also given in Fig.4.4 where a major part of Burhabalanga basin was inundated.

Area District Block (Sq. Kms) Baleswar, Baliapal, Basta, Baleswar Bhograi, Jaleswar, Simulia, Soro 8.87 Basudevpur, Chandabali, Bhadrak Dhamnagar, Tihidi 68.69 Cuttack Mahanga 1.38 Badchana, Bari, Binjharpur, Danagadi , Dasrathpur, Jajpur Dharmasala, Jajpur, Rasulpur 64.30 Kendrapad Aul, Derabisi, Pattamundai, a Rajkanika 51.60 ODISHA 194.84

Fig. 4.4 Flood Inundation Map of 18th Oct. 2013

A sample of documentation during Oct’2013 is as shown below:

A complete documentation of the day. http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in

11 5/28/2014 11

32 The cyclone struck at Gopalpur coast on the evening of 12th Oct 2013. The cyclonic track was generating the wind speed of 50 to 250 km per hour followed by torrential rain ranging from 100 to 305 mm severely affecting 17 districts. The river basins Baitarani, Burhabalanga, Subarnarekha were worst affected by the cyclonic storm and flood resulting out of the heavy rainfall whereas timely depletion of the reservoir, major flood could be avoided in Rushikulya, Vamshadhara, Mahanadi, Brahmani and Salandi basins. Severe storm with sea surge up to 4m affected the coastal districts of Odisha with sea erosion alongwith saline inundation to low lying areas in Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Puri and Ganjam districts. The damage details are given in Table 4.4. Table 4.4 Damage Details during Phailin Sector Damage Details Amount (in Rs. Lakhs) CE & BM, Breaches and partial damages to the river embankments, Rs.27583.41 LMB saline embankments and buildings. CE, Minor Damages to minor irrigation projects. Rs.8158.20 Irrigation OLIC Damages to lift irrigation projects, deep bore well damaged Rs.6294.78 and buildings. CE, Damages to drains Rs.1050.0 Drainage Total Rs.43086.9

4.2.2 Vulnerable Locations for 2013:

Considering the annual flood havocs, the basin wise vulnerable points have been identified and necessary precautionary measures have been taken. A list of vulnerable points (Table

4.5) as assessed during 2013 has given along with the map (Fig. 4.5) of the basin.

33 Fig. 4.5 Position of Vulnerable Locations Table 4.5 List of Vulnerable Locations of all the basins Sl. No Location Irrigation Division Name of the River 1 Rathapurusottampur Puri Irr.Divn Bhargavi right

2 Sunapada Puri Irr.Divn Bhargavi right

3 Kantisal Prachi Irr.Divn Devi right

4 Tainsal Prachi Irr.Divn Kandal left

5 Bauriakana Nimapara Irr.Divn. Devi right

6 Asan Nimapara Irr.Divn. Devi right

7 Dighala Kudhasahi Nimapara Irr.Divn. Kushabhadra left

8 Gauligaon Aul Embankment Divn. Baitarani right near Gualigaon

Gobindpur,Hadua,Madhuban 9 Maharakul Aul Embankment Divn. TRE on Kharasuan right

Garadpur Iswarpur OAE on 10 Jharamal Aul Embankment Divn. 'Brahmani Left'

11 Bhatapada Aul Embankment Divn. Keradagada Alatanga S/E on

34 Sl. No Location Irrigation Division Name of the River Hansua right

Keradagada Alatanga S/E on 12 Gopalpur Aul Embankment Divn. Hansua right

Keradagada Alatanga S/E on 13 Jagannathpur Aul Embankment Divn. Hansua right

Keradagada Alatanga S/E on 14 Barkot Aul Embankment Divn. Hansua right

Keradagada Alatanga S/E on 15 Koilipur Aul Embankment Divn. Hansua right

Rajnagar Gopalpur S/E on Sea 16 Pentha Aul Embankment Divn. facing

17 Banaghat Mahanadi North Divn. Birupa left

18 Ganeshghat Mahanadi North Divn. Birupa left

19 Mula Basanta Mahanadi North Divn. Birupa left

20 Balipadia Mahanadi North Divn. Birupa left

21 Mandia Gherry Mahanadi North Divn. Chitrotpalla left

22 Orisha Mahanadi North Divn. Chitrotpalla left

23 Narasinghpur Mahanadi North Divn. Chitrotpalla left

24 Akhua Mahanadi North Divn. Chitrotpalla left

Mahanadi left (Kodakana 25 Khurusia Kendrapara Irr. Divn. gherry at RD1.40Km)

26 Danpur to Kalapada Kendrapara Irr. Divn. Luna left

27 Musadiha Mahanadi South Divn. Mahanadi right

28 Itatikiri Mahanadi South Divn. C.E.No.62 B on Mahanadi right

29 Kula Samantrapur Mahanadi South Divn. Paika left (Sherapur OAE)

30 Sherapur Jarka Irr. Divn. Brahmani left (Sherapur OAE)

31 Saranga Sahi Jarka Irr. Divn. Tantighai right (Bhanra TRE)

Kelua (Rahapada Mohanpur 32 Radhadharpur Jarka Irr. Divn. TRE)

33 Kochila mouth near Jajpur Irr. Divn. Kochila mouth on Baitarani left

35 Sl. No Location Irrigation Division Name of the River Daspur embankment 34 Mohammadpur Jajpur Irr. Divn. Kharsuan right 35 Tala Astar Jajpur Irr. Divn. Baitarani left 36 Balarampur Jajpur Irr. Divn. Baitarani right 37 Dasandhikula Jajpur Irr. Divn. Baitarani left 38 Mugupur Baitarani Divn. Baitarani left embankment 39 Govindpur Baitarani Divn. Baitarani left embankment 40 Mankidia Balasore Irr. Divn. Subarnarekha right At RD 2.85 to 2.93 Km 41 near village Kuli Salandi Canal Divn. Baitarani left Hindula to 42 Munisipentha Berhampur Irr. Divn. Rushikulya right 43 Allipur Bhanjanagar Irr. Divn. Badanadi left 44 Kinigaon Chikiti Irr.Divn. Vamsadhara left Gudari near PWD rest 45 shed Chikiti Irr.Divn. Vamsadhara left

4.3 RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION: On the context of climate change it is also viewed there is a change and shift of the monsoon from the normal. The rainy days are gradually reducing while the peak rainfalls are increasing. It has been observed over the years that the rainfall pattern as well as the rainfall distribution in the state has been changed resulting more deviations from the normal rainfall (Fig.4.6 for 2010 as a sample case). The monsoon rain has gradually shrunk to 60- 70 rainy days, with the annual average still over 1400mm resulting unusual spikes in short term rainfall. The torrential rainfall spells of over 200-250 mm in a day are more frequent during monsoon.

36 DISTRICT RAINFALL’2010 , JUNE to SEPTEMBER(Deviations).

Deviation in Rainfall (Jun'10) Deviation in Rainfall (Aug'10)

100 60 83 45 80 40 32 60 19 47 17 20 40 6 5 6

20 0 20 13 14 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19-4 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 -9 0 -1 4 -1 3 -2 0 -1 6

-2 Rainfall (mm) -2 0 -2 2 -6 -2 3

PURI -2 5 -2 6 Rainfall (mm) -11 -11 -2 8

BOUDH -3 0 -20 JAJPUR -3 0 STATE : -3 1

GANJAM ANUGUL -3 2

KHURDA

GAJAPATI -3 4

BHADRAK CUTTACK KORAPUT

BARGARH SONEPUR

-20 DEOGARH -4 0

BOLANGIR

BALASORE

RAYAGADA

NAWAPARA NAYAGARH -23 -25 KALAHANDI -23 -24 -3 8 -3 8

DHENKANAL MALKANGIRI SAMBALPUR KANDHAMAL -26 -27 -25 -4 1 JHARSUGUDA KENDRAPARA -29 MAYURBHANJ -29 -31 -31 SUNDARGARH -4 5 -40 -34 NAWARANGPUR

KEONJHARGARH JAGATSINGHPUR -4 9 -41 -5 2 -6 0 -47 -48 -48 -5 8 -60 -59 -60 -6 6 -63 -68 -8 0 -80 D is tr ic t District

Deviation in Rainfall (Jul'10) Deviation in Rainfall (Sep'10)

64 120 60 99 100

79 40 80 32

23 25 20 60 20 12 11 38 40 34 3 27 0 23 0 20

Rainfall (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 3 3 -4 -3 -3 1 -7 -7 -10 -8 (mm) Rainfall 0 -12 -20 1 2 3 4 5 -26 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18-2 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 -19 -7 -6 -5 -6 -12 -20 -15 -15 -15 -14 -15 -28 -28 -18 -17 -29 -29 -30 -22 -31 -32 -25 -29 -40 -36 -35 -40 -39 -38 -37 -40 -39 -38 -45 -49 -60 -52 -60 District D is tric t 27 Data Source : IMD, Bhubaneswar. Fig. 4.6 Deviation of the Rainfall from the Normal

The variation in monsoon rainfall resulting short-term high intensity in various catchments results in frequent floods in different river systems. These have also been experienced in flood and cyclone years of 2008, 2011 as well as in 2013. As a measure of flood management, the various Major and Medium storage schemes in the states already exists have been evaluated for their live storage capacities to conserve water. But still it is felt; the storage quantum is inadequate against the flow volumes of the floods.

37 5. PREPAREDNESS (For the current year)

5.1 GENERAL: Field officers of Water Resources Department will remain alert for watch and ward of the embankments constantly at vulnerable locations and patrolling will be done at other places once the danger level is touched. Special attention is required to be given to new embankments and also to old embankments where breaches occurred in the past. The flood contingent materials like sand, empty cement bags, bamboos, bullahs etc. should be kept ready at all strategic locations for meeting eventuality like breach/ overtopping of embankments.

5.2 ACTIVITIES:

The details of activities to be under taken for flood watching, before and during floods are listed below.

 Repair of rain cuts are to be made.

 Scoured points are to be covered with sand bags with bullah piling, if necessary, before flood situation arises to avoid further damage. Geo-textile or simple polythene sheets may be spread below sand bags if the soil is of less rigidity in order to arrest further scour.

 Round the clock watch and ward arrangement at vulnerable points will be made once floodwater touches the embankment and the water level shows a rising trend. Patrolling for this purpose will continue till water finally recedes from the embankment.

 The rivers are to be carefully watched for scouring and erosion of banks for taking necessary precautionary measures.

 Special vigilance is necessary in the countryside to detect any formation of boils due to seepage. This is to be immediately attended to by providing loading berm to counter balance exit gradient. A suitable filter material may be placed around boiling point below the loading berm to arrest fines in seepage water.

 Seepage under embankment through the sand stratum may be seen emerging on the countryside in the form of bubbling springs. As a protective measure embankment of sand filled sacks may be built around them for ponding the water and thus a head on the countryside is created sufficient to stop the flow of silt by minimizing the effective head of water.

38  Overtopping and washing out of a portion of embankment will have to be prevented by providing dowels at the riverside top of the embankment with sand / earth filled bags. The bags are to be filled to half only so that they remain in position closely against each other.

 In case of emergency, earth may be taken from the back slope of levee much above the hydraulic gradient line with respect to maximum flood level.

 If scouring is noticed, the point of scour would be immediately attended to reduce the rate of scouring during flood. Bamboo grids may be lowered at the scouring point attached with mats and tightened rigidly to remain undisturbed. The place in between bamboo grid and the eroded embankment surface may be filled up with brushwood. This point would be immediately restored before next flood in the same season.

 The breaches, if occurred, will also be temporarily closed keeping in view possible further flood attack.

 Community participation will be encouraged for flood watching and flood fighting activities / measures.

 Co-operation of NGOs will be sought.

 The canals running parallel to the river embankments should be charged with full supply during high flood situation in order to counter the riverside water pressure on the embankment.

The vulnerable locations for 2014 have been decided tentatively. The location map of the same has also been shown on Fig.5.1.

Fig. 5.1 Tentative vulnerable locations of 2014

5.3 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR THE YEAR’ 2014 WITH EXPERIENCE FROM PHAILIN’ 2013: Department of Water Resources performs a sensitive role towards disaster mitigation by initiating the timely preparedness for it. The monsoon season usually continues from June to October. Every care has been taken by the department from all corners to make people and Government aware of the forthcoming disaster and its probable effects. Generally two types of disasters occur during monsoon; one due to flood and other is due to cyclone mostly in the coastal belt of the state. In recent past the flood of Sept.’2008, Sept.’2011 and cyclone PHAILIN of October’2013 are in the memory of the people. Besides the timely information about the forthcoming disaster and the fool proof disaster management mechanism of the Government certainly minimizes the damages.

- This year two meetings have been conducted by CE & BM, LMB to review the flood protection works and flood fighting arrangement for the ensuing monsoon’2014.

All the field staffs engaged in deltaic area especially handling flood will be called for these meetings.

Following points will be checked / discussed in this meeting.

- The identification of weak and vulnerable points on the embankment. - Strategic locations of riverbanks for guarding and watch and ward. - Ensuring clearance of river mouths to either Bay of Bengal or Chilka lake. - Strengthening of data collection network and transmission system. - The operational policy of major reservoirs. - The possible preparatory steps for the anticipated disasters. - The availability and engagement of human resources at right places. - Sufficient storage of relief items like sand bags, bullah, generator, candles, tarpaulins etc. - Instruction for completion of pending structural works related to disasters well before onset of monsoon. - Other Government departments, Public are also made aware regarding the outcomes of this meeting. It has been assessed to keep vigil over 206 numbers of weak and vulnerable points over the state during monsoon out of which 15 are critically vulnerable.

41 - Govt. in DoWR has communicated to Member, Central Water Commission for transmission of flow forecast, level forecast during the monsoon.

-Under the chairmanship of Chief Secretary, Odisha a pre-cyclone exercise meeting was conducted on 13.05.2014. As a follow up of the same Engineer-in-Chief, Water Resources instructed the concerned Chief Engineers of the interstate basins to deploy officers not below the rank of Asst. Executive Engineers to remain present in strategic locations inside Jharkhand and Chhatishgarh for real time transmission of flow data and upstream dam releases. Besides this, specific meetings during June’2014 will be conducted with Chhatishgarh, Jharkhand counterparts by Dam safety organization of the state for smooth flow of flood and upper catchment rainfall information.

-Special committee meeting on operation of Hirakud reservoir will be conducted during mid June’2014. This year is so far being predicted as a less rainfall year. Appropriate decisions will be taken regarding conservation and release from the reservoir. -As a normal practice, observed rainfall data, Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) will be obtained from Indian Meteorological Department on daily basis from 1st June to 31st Oct 2014. These data after analyses will be hoisted on the department web site of daily basis.

In the event of depression or deep depression the impact point (land fall), eye of the cyclone and its zone of influence are also to be marked on the catchment map so as to identify the dams and embankments expected to be vulnerable. The strategic locations like weak embankments, reservoirs under the influence area of the cyclone are to be identified.

5.4 PHYSICAL ACTION TO BE TAKEN BY OFFICIALS Sl. Designated Responsibility Stipulated No. Officer date 1 Junior/Assistant Engineer

Responsible for efficient flood management, alert, resourceful, faithful to Govt, and needs to thoroughly involve in all activities.

Pre- flood measure Identification of vulnerable points 10th April

Survey, Investigation, Estimates of all raising 20th April of embankments

Checking the working condition of vehicles, 15th May boats, launches. Arranging torchlight, petro-max, lanterns, candles, rain coats/umbrella, spades.

Completion of execution of all temporary/ 1st week of Permanent flood protection works, June Repair of embankments, breach closing, Treatment of gauging sites, Collection of flood fighting materials at site.

Repair of gates of all major, medium, minor 1st week of dams, drainage sluices, canals. June JE to certify the logbooks of all gates as operational.

Measurement of all flood protection works 15th June temporary or permanent with acceptance of executants.

Certifying all level books before Proper custody of monsoon materials monsoon Displaying and maintaining notice boards at strategic locations.

During flood JE/AE and his field staff watch embankment

JE/AE to prepare duty chart

Check leakage, wave wash, embankment related, keep record of all piping points

44 Sl. Designated Responsibility Stipulated No. Officer date Apprise to the Asst Executive Engineer about As and the situation when Keep coordination with local bodies. required.

Mobile phone on operative mode

Record FRL

Post flood Opening sluices for draining flood water

Prepare Flood Damage Report and submit to 1 week AEE. after flood.

General duty River bed level measurement Once in every THREE years

Mark scour line

2 Assistant Executive Engineer

In-charge of embankments and responsible for happenings under his jurisdiction.

Pre- flood measure Inspect the embankment and suggest JE/AE 30th April about the type of flood protection needed Verify all breaching closed, gauge posts 1st week of painted June Ensure functioning of all gates and certify the log books to next higher authority (EE)

Check measurement complete of all flood 15th June protection works Ensure collection of all flood fighting materials

Check measure 50% of all flood embankments

During flood Remain in touch with local bodies, NGOs as and and other bodies. when required

45 Sl. Designated Responsibility Stipulated No. Officer date Arrange and distribute patrol establishments and reserve team for any exigencies.

Contact with JE/AE and other staffs.

Updating higher officer

Mobile phone on alert mode

Post flood Verify Flood Damage Report and submit to EE

General duty Check levels of river bed, scour line, top bank

3 Executive Engineer

Fully responsible for smooth management of flood

Pre- flood measure Inspect embankments, breaches, all flood 15th June protection works, gauges and report to SE.

Randomly checking gates and signing log 1st week of book June

Countersign all free board statements of embankments (check measure 10%) and report to SE.

Remain vigilant and report to next higher authority.

Capable of taking immediate steps

For anticipating inundated area inform to local or district administration

During flood In case of breaching inform district administration for relief and rescue Can take step for breach closing immediately.

In touch with all top and bottom officers and mobile on active mode.

Post flood Flood Damage Report to be sent to SE and Collector

General duty Submit a detailed report after flood to SE

46 Sl. Designated Responsibility Stipulated No. Officer date 4 Superintending Engineer

Controlling officer for repair and maintenance of flood embankments.

Pre- flood measure Inspect embankments and vulnerable points 15th June Instructing to field and reporting to Chief Engineer.

Keep record of free board statement Keep additional arrangement of flood watching May arrange additional technical staff.

During flood Not to leave HQ without permission of CE.

Inform CE on hourly basis latest updates after receiving the same from EE,

Available on mobile phone

Post flood Submit a detailed flood report to CE.

5 Chief Engineer

Reporting officer on flood situation, responsible to state.

Pre- flood measure Inspect at random vulnerable points and report to DOWR/SRC/CE&BM, LMB.

May depute Engineers of other to flooding areas.

During flood Updating flood situation to Govt. Constant touch with CWC, IMD, field officer, control rooms. Collect information on status of reservoir and that of other states, For any abnormal happenings joint verification with SE and suggest for immediate measure. Immediately informing breach details DOWR/ SRC during a breach.

Post flood Submit a detailed flood report to Govt. mentioning cause, damage, breaching.

47 5.5 LONG TERM ACTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITY Sl. Risk Infrastructure Proposed Strategic Outlay Responsibility No Expected 1 Dam  Dam  Mathematical dam break model Director, Break; will be prepared; Hydrometry,  Excess  Corresponding risk map for dam EIC Water Resources in Inflow; break along with evacuation route co-ordination  Reduction and safe shelter location will be with CWC in Storage finalized; Space.  Pre-depletion of the reservoir in conformity to rule curve and downstream conditions;  Dredging of the reservoir, silt clearance through excluder;  Raising dam and embankment heights;  Catchment treatment. 2 Embankment  Over  Dredging the river bed; CE&BM, LMB, Topping;  Raising embankment heights; EIC Water Resources along  Seepage;  Consolidation of the embankment; with Concern  Breach &  Identification of weaker location division along Cutting; and necessary measure (slope with Local  Erosion. protection, toe wall, spur, stone community pitching and vegetative coverage;  Awareness among people for protection of embankment. 3 Canal  Breach &  Awareness among farmers and EIC Water Cutting; Water User Association for the Resources along  Blockage protection and maintenance of with Water User Association. of canal Canal. passage.

48 5.6 SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD PRONE AREAS- Fig.5.2 PILOT PROJECT AT BURHABALANGA BASIN: High intense rainfall was occurred during Phailin (Oct. 12-14) and post Phailin period (Oct.24-26) and the rivers Subarnarekha, Burhabalanga, Jalaka were spate to full, flooding many areas in Balasore, Budhabalang during Oct. 26-27-28th Oct, has also inundated 10 blocks in neighbouring Mayurbhanja district. The district head quarter Baripada town and Betanati and Badasahi blocks have been severely hit in the floods.

 Flood water gushed into Baripada town and about 50 villages in the tribal dominated district are suffered.

 Also nearly 57,000 people in 164 villages under 38 Panchayats in the district had been affected besides ward numbers 3, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 20 in Baripada town.

Before this event the Burhabalanga basin has suffered flood devastation many a time. The reasons for this recurrence flood are being associated with following reasons as:

 Reduction in carrying capacity and operational failure of 3 internal streams namely Jirali, Sarali and Sorhajoda before its outfall to Burhabalanga.

 Reduction in carrying capacity of flood water of Burhabalanga river.

 Back water effect in release of water to sea and at confluence points of small streams.

Now with technical assistance of CWC and NRSC scientific assessment work of flood prone area are being taken up in collaboration with state water resources department. As a pilot project Burhabalanga basin is taken up and initial works are already been started.

As per the action plan a Regional Committee is constituted for our state with Principal Secretary of the Water Resources Department as its Chairman and Regional Chief Engineer of CWC as Member Secretary of the Committee. The programme is going

49 on with close association of NRSC, Hyderabad. This committee is now engaged in identifying, demarcating and classifying the flood prone area based on scientific methodology, classification, criteria as suggested by higher technical authorities like NIH, Roorkee within stipulated period.

5.7KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT:

This department as the premier institute in the water resources has its own training institute named WALMI (Water & Land Management Institute) at Pratapnagari, Cuttack. It provides the orientation course to new Junior and Assistant Engineers. Specialized courses are being organized in this institute on the topics like Design of the Structures, Flood Control and Management, Quality Control and Assurance in Construction, Water Distribution in Canal System along with the role of Pani Panchayat and on many more subjects.

The department is closely associated with Central Water Commission (CWC) for reservoir, discharge and flood related activities, Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) for getting the information on rainfall, cyclones and its forecasting and other details, and Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project (ICZMP) for availing the information on sea and coast.

The Department also organizes training programs at various national institutes of repute like Central Water Power Research Station (CWPRS)-Pune, National Water Academy (NWA)-Pune, National Institute of Hydrology (NIH)-Roorkee, CWC-NewDelhi, Engineering Staff College of India (ESCI)-Hyderabad, National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)-Hyderabad, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)-Dehradun.

For the sake of research and higher education department is also sending its employees to Indian Institute Technology (IIT) Roorkee for doing M.Tech courses on Water Resources Development & Management and in Hydrology. After completing the courses they are also positioned at some of the decisive post thus strengthening the technicality of the department. Few employees also completed the doctoral degrees on reservoir operation and in flood control and reinforcing graciously the technical processes.

5.8 POINTS FOR OPEN DISCUSSIONS

5.8.1 Embankment Free Flood Plain:

From the period prior to construction of dams/reservoirs when uncontrolled flow was available at delta, there was no embankment to confine the flood within a channel. Again it

50 is seen due to continuous siltation river beds are getting up day by day (aggradations of bed levels) and the country sides remains at comparatively down level. At this condition any occurrence of breaches may cause a huge loss in the country side. So in order to maintain the regime condition (balanced channel bed and flood plain) the embankments should be made open at strategic locations allowing unobstructed free flow thereby reducing the flood furry.

Encroachment in the flood plain has become a regular phenomenon over the year. It needs to implement the law to make the flood plain free for safe disposal of flood water.

5.8.2 De-commissioning of Older Dams:

The management of flood in the major flood causing basins like Mahanadi and Brahmani still relies on the dams of over 56 years (Hirakud) and 38 years (Rengali). After a decade or so, debate may come towards the decommissioning of such dams. The next alternative may to go in for such storage projects or to live with flood.

***