US-Grenada Relations

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

US-Grenada Relations US-Grenada Relations Other works by Gary Williams “Brief Encounter: Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop’s Visit to Washington.” Journal of Latin American Studies 34, no. 3 (August 2002). “A Matter of Regret: Britain, the 1983 Grenada Crisis, and the Special Relationship.” Twentieth Century British History 12, no. 2 (2001): 208–230. Review of Silencing the Guns in Haiti: The Promises of Deliberative Democracy by Irwin P. Stotzky. Bulletin of Latin American Research 18, no. 2 (1999): 255–256. “Prelude to an Intervention: Grenada 1983.” Journal of Latin American Studies 29, no. 1 (February 1997): 131–169. “The Tailed That Wagged the Dog: The Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States’ Role in the 1983 Intervention in Grenada.” European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 61 (December 1996): 95–115. US-Grenada Relations Revolution and Intervention in the Backyard Gary Williams US-GRENADA RELATIONS Copyright © Gary Williams, 2007. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007 978-1-4039-7390-0 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS. Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-53456-2 ISBN 978-0-230-60995-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230609952 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Williams, Gary. US-Grenada relations: revolution and intervention in the backyard / by Gary Williams. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. United States—Foreign relations—Grenada. 2. Grenada—Foreign relations—United States. 3. United States—Foreign relations—1977–1981. 4. United States—Foreign relations—1981–1989. 5. Grenada—Politics and government—20th century. 6. Grenada—History—American Invasion, 1983. 7. Intervention (International law)—History—20th century. 8. United States—Foreign relations—Caribbean Area. 9. Caribbean Area—Foreign relations—United States. I. Title. E183.8.G84W55 2007 327.730729845—dc22 2007019809 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Macmillan India Ltd. First edition: December 2007 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Table of Contents List of Illustrations vi Acknowledgments vii List of Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 1 United States’ Intervention in the Caribbean Basin 5 2 Prelude to a Revolution 21 3 Not in Anybody’s Backyard: The Carter Years 33 4 Splashing Dominoes: The Reagan Years 55 5 Death of a Revolution: Prelude to an Intervention 77 6 Days of Decision 101 7 Planning an Intervention 131 Conclusion 163 Epilogue “A Lovely Piece of Real Estate”: Rebuilding Grenada 175 Appendix 1 Talking Points for Ambassador Ortiz, April 10, 1979 179 Appendix 2 Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States’ Request for US Assistance in Grenada 181 Appendix 3 Letter from the Governor-General of Grenada to the Prime Minister of Barbados 183 Appendix 4 Dramatis Personae: March 1979–October 1983 185 Notes 191 Bibliography 261 Index 291 List of Illustrations Maps Map of Grenada ix Map of Central America and the Caribbean x Photographs Satellite photograph of Point Salines International Airport used by President Reagan during his March 23, 1983, Strategic Defense Initiative speech 127 The top square inside Fort George where Prime Minister Bishop and his colleagues were executed by a firing squad against the stone wall on the right 127 The National Security Planning Group meeting, October 23, 1983 128 President Ronald Reagan of the United States of America and Prime Minister Eugenia Charles of Dominica at a White House press conference take questions having announced the US-Caribbean intervention in Grenada, October 25, 1983 128 US soldiers on patrol in Grenada 129 Two of the People’s Revolutionary Army’s armed personnel carriers that took part in the “Bloody Wednesday” massacre lie immobilized. 129 St. George’s University students are evacuated from Point Salines airport, October 26, 1983 130 A relic of the revolutionary years—an abandoned Cuban airplane rusts away at the side of the runway at Pearls airport. 130 Acknowledgments I would like to thank the many individuals and organizations that made this study possible. The willingness of the participants in the Grenada story to share their time and recollections of distant events has been invaluable. I would par- ticularly like to express my gratitude to Langhorne “Tony” Motley, Larry Rossin, John Kelly, the late Milan Bish, Peter Bourne, and Meg Conlon. This study has benefited from the assistance of many colleagues in discussing Grenada, reading draft chapters, and providing useful suggestions and encour- agement: Paul Sutton, Robert Beck, John Walton Cotman (who kindly allowed me access to his research interview transcripts), Mitch Leventhal, Richard Loppnow, and Ann Wilder. All have played their part in contributing to the final study. In addition I would like to acknowledge the financial support provided toward this project by the Economic and Social Research Council and the British Academy. I would also like to thank staff at the Library of Congress, National Security Archive, and Ronald Reagan Presidential Library for their assistance. Last, but not least, I would like to thank my parents who have always been supportive, encouraging, and understanding of my fascination, or perhaps obsession, with a small island in the Caribbean. I gratefully acknowledge permission from the following publications in which portions of chapters 5, 6, and 7 previously appeared: Journal of Latin American Studies, “Prelude to an Intervention: Grenada 1983” (February 1997) Twentieth Century British History, “‘A Matter of Regret’: Britain, the 1983 Grenada Crisis, and the Special Relationship” (2001) Journal of Latin American Studies, “Brief Encounter: Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop’s Visit to Washington” (August 2002) Acknowledgment also goes to CEDLA (Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation) for European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies/Revista Europea de Estudio Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, “The Tail That Wagged the Dog: The viii ● Acknowledgments Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States’ Role in the 1983 Intervention in Grenada” (December 1996) The photographs appearing in this book are courtesy of the author, the Department of Defense, and the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Map of Grenada Map of Central America and the Caribbean List of Abbreviations AID [US] Agency for International Development ATF [US] Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms BDF Barbados Defence Force CARICOM Caribbean Community CBI Caribbean Basin Initiative CC Central Committee CDB Caribbean Development Bank CIA Central Intelligence Agency CINCLANT Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic CPPG Crisis Pre-Planning Group DIA Defense Intelligence Agency FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office GMMWU Grenada Manual and Mental Workers Union GNP Grenada National Party GPP Grenada People’s Party GULP Grenada United Labor Party IMF International Monetary Fund JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff JEWEL Joint Endeavour for Welfare, Education and Liberation LIAT Leeward Islands Air Transport MACE Movement for the Advancement of Community Efforts MAP Movement for the Assemblies of People MAU Marine Amphibious Unit NAM Non-Aligned Movement NDC National Democratic Congress NEO Non-Permissive Evacuation Operation NJM New Jewel Movement NNP New National Party NSC National Security Council NSDD National Security Decision Directive xii ● List of Abbreviations NSPG National Security Planning Group OAS Organization of American States OECS Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States OREL Organisation for Revolutionary Education and Liberation PB Political Bureau PRA People’s Revolutionary Army PSIA Point Salines International Airport PRG People’s Revolutionary Government RFG Radio Free Grenada RIG Restricted Inter-Agency Group RMC Revolutionary Military Council RSS Regional Security System SDI Strategic Defense Initiative SGU St. George’s University Medical School SSG Special Situations Group TNP The National Party TRC [Grenada] Truth and Reconciliation Commission UN United Nations UPP United People’s Party WIAS West Indies Associated States WINBAN Windward Islands Banana Association.
Recommended publications
  • Political Change in Dominica, the Commonwealth West Indies. Cuthbert J
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1973 From crown colony to associate statehood : political change in Dominica, the Commonwealth West Indies. Cuthbert J. Thomas University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Thomas, Cuthbert J., "From crown colony to associate statehood : political change in Dominica, the Commonwealth West Indies." (1973). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 1879. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1879 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ^^^^^^^ ^0 ASSOCIATE STATEHOOD: CHANGE POLITICAL IN DOMINICA, THE COMMONWEALTH WEST INDIES A Dissertation Presented By CUTHBERT J. THOMAS Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 1973 Major Subject Political Science C\ithbert J. Thomas 1973 All Rights Reserved FROM CROV/N COLONY TO ASSOCIATE STATEHOOD: POLITICAL CHANGE IN DOMINICA, THE COMMONWEALTH WEST INDIES A Dissertation By CUTHBERT J. THOMAS Approved as to stylq and content by; Dr. Harvey "T. Kline (Chairman of Committee) Dr. Glen Gorden (Head of Department) Dr» Gerard Braunthal^ (Member) C 1 Dro George E. Urch (Member) May 1973 To the Youth of Dominica who wi3.1 replace these colonials before long PREFACE My interest in Comparative Government dates back to ray days at McMaster University during the 1969-1970 academic year.
    [Show full text]
  • Caribbean Regional
    WORKING DOCUMENT SERIES CARIBBEAN REGIONAL GENERAL WORKING DOCUMENT 83 A SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE ON INCOME DISTRIDUTION AND THE FULFILLMENT OF BASIC HUMAN NEEDS IN THE CARIBBEAN REGION* *Antigua, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Is., Cayman Is., Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts-Nevis- (Anguilla), St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Turks & Caicos Is. Clarence Zuvekas , Jr . Sector Analysis Internalization Group Office of International Cooperation and Development U.S. Department of Agriculture September 1978 i 3 Rural Development Division Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean Agency for International Development BESTAVAILABLE COPY WORKING DOCUMENT SERIES: CARIBBEAN REGION GENERAL WORKING DOCUMENT i\3 A SURVEY OF THE LITERATLTRE ON INCOME DISTRI13UTION AM> THE FULFILLMENT OF BASIC HUMAN NEEDS IN THE CARIBBEAN REGION* *Antigua, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Is. , Cayman Is., Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts-Nevis- (Anguilla), St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Turks & Caicos Is. Clarence Zuvekas , Jr . Sector Analysis Internalization Group Office of International Cooperation and Development U.S. Department of Agriculture September 1978 i I This document does not bear the approval (nor imply such) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the United States Agency i for lnternationai Development, or any of j tneir offices. In view of its nacure as I G workiag paper, it should not be quoted I w!~hoci?erm;ssion of the originating O.:; -CZ. ,I; Any coinments wo"id be appreci- : L:2~, 6.;~can De addressed to the author , 6c: I 4112 ndditors Buiiding I I 14x1 & Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20250 BEST AVA MBLE COPY PREFACE Most of the data discussed in this survey were reviewed in an earlier document (Zuvekas 1978b) which presented a "profile" of small farmers in the Caribbean Region *I but was not intended to provide much interpretation or analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Situation of Children in the Eastern Caribbean Area and UNICEF Response
    The Situation of Children in the Eastern Caribbean Area and UNICEF Response This Multi-CPAP covers 12 countries: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago and the Turks and Caicos Islands, managed by the UNICEF Office for the Eastern Caribbean Area based in Barbados and some out-posted staff in Trinidad and Tobago. Eastern Caribbean Area countries covered by this document are included in (1) the United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks (UNDAFs) 2012-2016 for Barbados and the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and (2) UN Joint Programmes for Trinidad and Tobago. The poverty headcount in the Eastern Caribbean area ranges from 14 per cent in Barbados to 39 per cent in Dominica. The situation of those living under the poverty line is exacerbated by high income inequality where 20 per cent of the richest people receive 57 per cent of total incomei. Children account for a disproportionate share of the income poor in these Small Island Developing States (SIDS). The most disadvantaged girls and boys in the Eastern Caribbean Area include an estimated 500,000 children from income poor families, as well as non-income poor children from rural areas and outlying islands within island states; those at risk of violence, abuse, exploitation and discrimination- such as boys who have dropped out of school, street children, children in conflict with the law, children in institutions, children affected by migration, indigenous children in Dominica, children affected by HIV and children with disabilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Delivered by Julian N. Johnson Chairman of the Integrity
    “POLITICAL CORRUPTION AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRITY LEGISLATION IN THE ORGANIZATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES (OECS) WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO DOMINICA” Paper delivered by Julian N. Johnson Chairman of the Integrity Commission, Dominica th Tuesday 26 June, 2012 Caribbean Small States Conference, St Vincent and the Grenadines June 25 th – 26 th , 2012 ________________________________________________________________________________ “POLITICAL CORRUPTION AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRITY LEGISLATION IN THE ORGANIZATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES (OECS) WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO DOMINICA” BY JULIAN N. JOHNSON 1. INTRODUCTION I have been invited to write a “practitioner’s paper” relating to the work of the integrity commissions in the member states of the OECS. It is taken that the Commonwealth Secretariat’s instructions, properly construed, require me to examine the recent anti-corruption statutes passed by the OECS governments and the performance of the integrity commissions focusing on the activities of the Integrity Commission of the Commonwealth of Dominica and drawing on my experiences as Chairman thereof over the past three years. Though my invitation is to produce a “practitioner’s paper” it would be remiss of me if I did not, at the outset, draw your attention to the study just published by an eminent regional academic and fellow practitioner in the field of the oversight of public sector ethical infrastructure – the former Contractor General of Jamaica, Dr. Derrick V. McKoy. In his book entitled “CORRUPTION: Law, Governance and Ethics in the Commonwealth Caribbean” (Hansib Pub., May 2012) the author sets out to address the issues of corruption in the Commonwealth Caribbean, the emerging law on the subject and the institutions established by member states to discourage corruption or to promote anti-corruption initiatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Breaking Through the •Œfinal Glass Ceilingâ•Š Really Pave The
    Does Breaking Through the “Final Glass Ceiling” Really Pave the Way for Subsequent Women to Become Heads of State? 1 Does Breaking Through the “Final Glass Ceiling” Really Pave the Way for Subsequent Women to Become Heads of State? By Katherine Rocha, Joseph Palazzo, Rebecca Teczar and Roger Clark Rhode Island College Abstract Women’s ascension to the role of national president or prime minister of any country is a relatively new phenomenon in world history. The first woman to break the “final glass ceiling,” Sirinavo Bandaranaike of Ceylon (Sri Lanka today), did it in 1960, just 58 years ago. Since then, the ceiling has been broken in about 83 nations worldwide, but we still know little about what it takes for women to achieve such national leadership roles. Previous research (e.g., Jalalzai, 2013; Skard, 2015) has pointed to the importance of family connections, political turmoil, and the nature of a country’s political system. But only one study (Jalalzai, 2013) provided quantitative, cross-national support for any of these observations. Our paper replicates Jalalzai’s analysis, done using data from the first decade of the twenty-first century, with data from the second decade. We find that there have been dramatic changes over time. We find that family connections are now no more useful for explaining women’s rise to presidencies and prime ministerial positions than men’s; that, in fact, women are now more likely to rise in politically stable nation states than in fragile ones. And, perhaps most importantly, women are much more likely to ascend to the highest positions in countries where they have already broken the “final glass ceiling.” Keywords: final glass ceiling, women presidents, women prime ministers Introduction In a course on the Sociology of Gender we had learned that, while such a ceiling might exist in Following Hillary Clinton’s loss in the 2016 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Getting to St Vincent
    Getting to St Vincent Getting to St Vincent is easiest via the major Caribbean hub of Barbados with daily international flights from the US, Europe and South America. In addition flights into St Lucia, Grenada or Trinidad can connect into St Vincent with the local Caribbean carrier LIAT. The following is a list of airlines that fly in and out of Barbados with onward connection to St Vincent: (Flight dates, times and prices are subject to change during the winter and summer seasons) Flights from the USA via Barbados American Airlines • Travel from Miami to Barbados seven days per week • MIA to BGI – depart 10.20am, arrive 1.50pm • BGI to STV – depart 5.40pm, arrive 6.20pm • STV to BGI – depart 12.00pm, arrive 12.40pm • BGI to MIA – depart 3.15pm, arrive 7.10pm o www.aa.com Jet Blue • Travel from New York to Barbados seven days per week • JFK to BGI – depart 8.00am, arrive 12.45pm • BGI to STV – depart 5.40pm, arrive 6.20pm • STV to BGI – depart 12.00pm, arrive 12.40pm • BGI to JFK – depart 1.50pm, arrive 7.00pm o http://www.jetblue.com/ Flights from Canada via Barbados Air Canada • Fly from Toronto to Barbados seven days per week • YYZ to BGI – depart 9.30am, arrive 2.50pm • BGI to STV – depart 5.40pm, arrive 6.20pm • STV to BGI – depart 12.00pm, arrive 12.40pm • BGI to YYZ – depart 3.05pm, arrive 8.50pm West Jet • Fly from Toronto to Barbados four days per week • YYZ to BGI – depart 9.30am, arrive 2.45pm • BGI to STV – depart 5.40pm, arrive 6.20pm • STV to BGI – depart 12.00pm, arrive 12.40pm • BGI to YYZ – depart 3.40pm, arrive 9.26pm o http://www.westjet.com/ Flights from UK and Europe via Barbados Virgin Atlantic – from London Gatwick Virgin Atlantic is our preferred carrier in all cabins on flights to and from the Caribbean and United Kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Studies in Grenada and Saint Lucia
    Case Studies in Grenada and Saint Lucia as part of the Project CARIBBEAN HEALTH SERVICES RESILIENT TO IMPACT OF EMERGENCIES AND DISASTERS Funded by the: European Commission Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (ECHO) Implemented by the: Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) In Collaboration with: Trojan Design Development 28 November 2014 Table of Contents 1. PROJECT BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 3 2. OVERVIEW OF WORKS COMPLETED IN EACH COUNTRY .................................................... 4 Saint Lucia-Soufriere Hospital ................................................................................................. 4 Interventions/Retrofit works (Soufriere) .................................................................................... 5 Grenada General Hospital ...................................................................................................... 6 Princess Alice Hospital ........................................................................................................... 7 Interventions/Retrofit works (General Hospital and Princess Alice Hospital) ................................. 8 3. SUCCESS AND CHALLENGES .............................................................................................. 9 4. LESSONS LEARNT ............................................................................................................. 10 5. RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Chicago the Creole Archipelago
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE CREOLE ARCHIPELAGO: COLONIZATION, EXPERIMENTATION, AND COMMUNITY IN THE SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN, C. 1700-1796 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY TESSA MURPHY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS MARCH 2016 Table of Contents List of Tables …iii List of Maps …iv Dissertation Abstract …v Acknowledgements …x PART I Introduction …1 1. Creating the Creole Archipelago: The Settlement of the Southern Caribbean, 1650-1760...20 PART II 2. Colonizing the Caribbean Frontier, 1763-1773 …71 3. Accommodating Local Knowledge: Experimentations and Concessions in the Southern Caribbean …115 4. Recreating the Creole Archipelago …164 PART III 5. The American Revolution and the Resurgence of the Creole Archipelago, 1774-1785 …210 6. The French Revolution and the Demise of the Creole Archipelago …251 Epilogue …290 Appendix A: Lands Leased to Existing Inhabitants of Dominica …301 Appendix B: Lands Leased to Existing Inhabitants of St. Vincent …310 A Note on Sources …316 Bibliography …319 ii List of Tables 1.1: Respective Populations of France’s Windward Island Colonies, 1671 & 1700 …32 1.2: Respective Populations of Martinique, Grenada, St. Lucia, Dominica, and St. Vincent c.1730 …39 1.3: Change in Reported Population of Free People of Color in Martinique, 1732-1733 …46 1.4: Increase in Reported Populations of Dominica & St. Lucia, 1730-1745 …50 1.5: Enslaved Africans Reported as Disembarking in the Lesser Antilles, 1626-1762 …57 1.6: Enslaved Africans Reported as Disembarking in Jamaica & Saint-Domingue, 1526-1762 …58 2.1: Reported Populations of the Ceded Islands c.
    [Show full text]
  • ORGANISATION of EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES Morne Fortuné, P.O
    ORGANISATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES Morne Fortuné, P.O. Box 179, Castries, St. Lucia. Telephone: (758) 452-2537 * Fax: (758) 453-1628 * E-mail: [email protected] COMMUNIQUE 42ND MEETING OF THE OECS AUTHORITY 6-8 November 2005 Malliouhana Hotel Meads Bay, Anguilla INTRODUCTION The 42nd Meeting of the Authority of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) was held at the Malliouhana Resort, Anguilla, 6-8 November 2005. The Meeting was chaired by Prime Minister Dr. the Hon. Kenny Anthony of St. Lucia due to the unavoidable absence of the Chairman of the OECS Authority, Prime Minister Dr. Ralph Gonsalves of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Heads of Government and Representatives of Heads of Government in attendance were: Hon. Baldwin Spencer, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda. Hon John Osborne, Chief Minister of Montserrat. Hon. Dr. Denzil Douglas, Prime Minister of St. Kitts and Nevis. Dr. the Hon. Kenny Anthony, Prime Minister of St. Lucia. Hon. Osborne Fleming, Chief Minister of Anguilla. Hon. Gregory Bowen, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Agriculture, Lands, Fisheries and Energy Resources of Grenada. Hon. Charles Savarin, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Trade and the Civil Service of Dominica. Ms. Patricia Martin, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, St. Vincent and the Grenadines Mr. Otto O’Neal, Director of Planning and Statistics, British Virgin Islands. Heads of delegations from regional institutions were: Sir Dwight Venner, Governor of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, ECCB. Mr. Alan Slusher, Director of Economics of the Caribbean Development Bank, CDB, and Mr. Rosemond James, Acting Director General of the Eastern Caribbean Civil Aviation Authority, ECCAA.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Workshops in Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica, Grenada and Belize
    Report of the workshops in Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica, Grenada and Belize. Possible use cases, people met and follow‐up ideas September 2014 Authors: Cees J. Van Westen, Victor Jetten, Mark Brussel, Faculty ITC, University of Twente Tarick Hosein and Charisse Griffith‐Charles, University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago. Jeanna Hyde (Envirosense) Mark Trigg (University of Bristol) Report of the workshops in 5 target countries Page | 2 Report of the workshops in 5 target countries Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Invitation letter ....................................................................................................................... 7 2. Saint Lucia ..................................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Participants of the workshop in Saint Lucia ........................................................................ 10 2.2 Map of Saint Lucia with indication of places visited during the fieldwork ........................ 15 2.3 Points visited during the fieldtrip / possible use cases ....................................................... 16 2.4 Follow‐up activities in Saint Lucia ........................................................................................ 19 3. Saint Vincent ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly
    UNITED NATIONS Distr. GENERAL GENERAL A/72CO/Add .10* ASSEMBLY 14 November 1968 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Twenty-third session Agenda item 23 REPORT OF 'I'HE SPECIAL CCMMI'ITEE ON THE SI'IUATION WITH REGARD TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARATION ON 'IRE GRANTING OF INDEPENDENCE TO COLONIAL COUNTRIES AND PEOPLES (covering its vork during 1968) Rapporteur: Mr. Abdul Samad GHAUS (Afghanistan) CHAPTERS XXVI-XXXI CONTENTS Chapter Paragraphs Page XXVI. ANTIGUA, DCMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS-NEVIS­ ANGUILLA, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT .... 3 I. CONSIDERATION BY THE SPECIAL COMMI'ITEE 1 - 12 3 II. DECISIONS OF THE SPECIAL COMMI'I·TEE 6 ANNEXES I. ANTIGUA, DCMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS-NEVIS­ ANGUILLA, ST. LUCIA AND ST, VINCENT: Working paper prepared by the Secretariat 7 II. REPORT OF SUB-COMMITTEE III 47 XXVII . UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISL.Ar-rns 48 I. CONSIDERATION BY THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE 1 - 9 48 II. DECISION OF THE SPECIAL CCMMITTEE 49 ANNEXES I. UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS: Working paper prepared by the Secre~ariat •••. 5l II. REPORT OF SUB-CCMMI'ITEE III . • 69 * This document contains chapters XXVI-XXXI of the Special Committee's report to the General Assembly. The ceneral introdu.ctory chapter will be issued subseq_uently under the symbol A/7200. Other chapters of the report will be issued SLlbseq_uently under the same symbol (A/7200) or as addenda. / ... -2- CONTENTS (continutd) Chapter Paragraphs XXVIII. BERMUDA, BAHAM.AS, TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS, CAYMAN ISLANDS AND MONTSERRAT •..••••...•• . 70 I. CONSIDERATION BY THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE 1 - 20 70 II. DECISIONS OF THE SPECIAL COMMI'ITEE 72 ANNEXES I.
    [Show full text]
  • Peacemakers Or Iron Ladies? a Cross National Study of Gender and International Conflict
    Peacemakers or Iron Ladies? A Cross National Study of Gender and International Conflict Madison Schramm Alexandra Stark PhD Candidate, Georgetown University PhD Candidate, Georgetown University [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Conventional wisdom suggests that when women attain high political office they are more likely to act as peacemakers than their male counterparts. In contrast, this article argues that women political leaders may be more likely to initiate conflict than their male colleagues. The theory draws on insights from feminist theory, particularly the notion that gender is performative, to argue that the effects of a leader’s gender on foreign policy decision-making vary with social and institutional context. In order to gain and maintain status in elite policy in-groups, female leaders are incentivized to perform gender by signaling their toughness and competence through initiating conflict. Statistical tests provide evidence that female heads of state in democracies are more likely to initiate conflict than their male counterparts, and that this effect is conditioned both by domestic political constraints and overall levels of women’s political empowerment, thus providing evidence for the theorized causal mechanism. This version prepared for the Harvard International Security Conference, October 14-15, 2017. Please do not cite without permission. Word Count: 9, 347 1 “Ginger Rogers did everything that Fred Astaire did. She just did it backwards and in high heels.”- Ann Richards INTRODUCTION Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of the UK, the original ‘iron lady,’ is commonly understood as the militaristic exception to the rule of peaceful women leaders. Yet of the relatively small number women heads of government since 1945, many have earned the “iron lady” title.
    [Show full text]