Employment for Rural Africa

RURAL 21 The International Journal for Rural Development 2 | 2020 VOLUME 54 ISSN 1866-8011 D 20506 F Employment for rural Africa COVID-19 ZANZIBAR INDIA How to cope with Women algae farmers Urban investors finance the crisis facing ruin? rural agriculture rural21.com 2 EDITORIAL Dear Reader, On the 11th March 2020, the World Health Organization zon”. Today, the FAO ar- (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic, referring to the more gues, the world food econ- than 118,000 cases confirmed at the time in over 110 countries. omy is significantly better Today, a little more than three months later, the WHO states prepared for the shocks that that world-wide, more than 8.5 million people in 216 countries characterised the global food and regions have tested positive for the virus, six million of them (price) crisis in 2007/2008 alone between mid-April and mid-June. Over 455,000 people – with positive global food have died as a result of the disease, more than half of them in the production prospects, high USA, Brazil, the UK, Italy, France and Spain, according to the stocks, low international official Johns Hopkins University statistics. food prices, a broader-based trade with more importing In reality, things are probably much grimmer. For in many coun- and exporting countries, tries, hardly anyone is even tested for the virus. For example, re- collapsed energy prices and garding Brazil, numerous scientists and representatives of various stable fertiliser and input prices. With food being the most funda- organisations assume that at least seven times as many people have mental need, global and national food systems should be regarded become infected than is officially known – which would mean as on a par with health systems, it demands. And this, it argues, over seven million people alone in this South American country. means that farmers and agricultural workers are placed on the And we are still far away from the all-clear. “The pandemic is same footing as health workers engaged in fighting COVID-19 – accelerating,” said WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom a demand also underscored by our authors. Ghebreyesus in Geneva, Switzerland, on the 19th June, reporting that on the day before, more than 150,000 new infections had There is a further – at least temporary – glimmer of hope from been recorded, more than ever before on a single day. Almost Africa. So far, both numbers of infections with Sars-CoV-2 and half of the cases recorded came from the Americas, with large fatalities have been low in comparison with other world regions. numbers also from South Asia and the Middle East. “The world This could be due to restrictions being introduced at an early is in a new and dangerous phase,” the WHO Director-General stage – based on experience in handling Ebola and other epi- warned. Even though it was understandable that countries wished demics. The majority of the population being young could be to end social isolation and open up their economies, he called for a further explanation. In connection with the rapid economic extreme vigilance as to the spread of the virus. transformation that the continent is undergoing, this was the reason for our giving it particular consideration in our “employ- As is always the case in times of crises, it is the already most ment” focus. vulnerable who feel the brunt of the pandemic: the estimated 55 per cent of the global population who have no access to social As both our author Beatrice Gakuba and some of the farmers protection; the just below 80 million forcibly displaced people, speaking out in our magazine note, for many people in the Glob- 80 per cent of whom are living in countries or territories affected al South, hunger is closer and more dangerous than COVID-19. by acute food insecurity and malnutrition anyway; the more than And for them, social distancing tends to be more of a danger 365 million children who are often missing their only daily meal than protection. Let’s hope that a response to both threats can be now that schools are closed world-wide; the millions of women found as soon as possible, and for as many people as possible. and girls whose risk of being affected by gender-based violence, being forced into early marriage or dropping out from school has On behalf of the editorial team, increased; and last but not least, the countless people living on the periphery of society because of their ethnicity – be it in the Global North or the Global South. A small ray of hope comes from Ghebreyesus’ colleagues in Italy, where the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has You can find the latest information on COVID-19 at arrived at the conclusion in its recently published Food Outlook www.rural21.com that “a COVID-19-induced global food crisis is not on the hori- Partner institutions of Rural 21 IN THIS ISSUE 3 Imprint Rural 21 – CONTENTS The International Journal for Rural Development Published by: DLG-Verlag GmbH COVID-19 Frankfurt, Germany 04 Global cooperation is the only way to cope with the crisis Advisory council: Dr Reinhard Grandke, DLG 06 What African farmers and processors have to say Petra Jacobi, GIZ Martin Koppa, HELVETAS Ueli Mauderli, DEZA 08 Mitigating labour shortages – what role can mechanisation play? Editorial committee: 10 Putting the emphasis on girls and young women Dr Michael Brüntrup, DIE Dr Manfred Denich, ZEF 12 Building our food systems back better Dorothea Hohengarten, GIZ Karl-Martin Lüth, DLG Prof Dr Matin Qaim, University of Göttingen Dr Detlef Virchow, Plan International FOCUS Editor in chief / Berlin office: 14 Africa’s rapid economic transformation Silvia Richter, [email protected] Editorial staff / Frankfurt office: 18 Informal household enterprises in sub-Saharan Africa – Olive Bexten, [email protected] livelihoods for rural transformation Ines Lechner, [email protected] Angelika Wilcke, [email protected] 20 Leveraging the employment potential of industries without smokestacks Editorial assistance: Mike Gardner 23 Demand-driven extension and advisory services – catalysing opportunities for youth in agriculture Translated by: Christopher Hay, Tazir International Services 26 Skills development – what the dual approach can achieve Cover photo: Jörg Böthling 28 What works in rural (youth) employment? Design & Layout: An analysis of different approaches of GIZ programmes in Africa Andrea Trapani, DLG-Verlag Editorial office, distribution, advertising: 30 Africa’s face of agriculture is female DLG-Verlag GmbH How AWAN Afrika empowers women and youth in agribusiness Eschborner Landstraße 122 60489 Frankfurt, Germany 32 Livelihoods beyond survival – the living income concept Printed by: 34 Why East Africa chose to develop a regional bioeconomy strategy Brühlsche Universitätsdruckerei GmbH & Co KG 35396 Gießen, Germany 36 Green urban development creates rural employment perspectives Rural 21 is published four times a year. The subscription rate is EUR 33.– (Germany), EUR 39 Creating livelihoods through clean energy and agriculture 37.– (EU countries), EUR 51.– (non-EU countries) and EUR 8.30 per issue, plus postage. All rights reserved. The contents may not be translated, reproduced in whole or in part, nor may INTERNATIONAL PLATFORM information be passed on to third parties without permission of the publisher. Please direct all 42 A win-win model – urban investors finance rural agriculture corres pondence to the editor-in-chief. An example from South India The opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of the publisher or the editor. The 44 Will Zanzibar’s algae farmers soon be ruined? editor retains the right to make editorial changes. SCIENTIFIC WORLD 47 ‘Cellphilms’ and ‘Photovoice’ – how visual tools can help understand farmers’ adaptation to climate change 50 Sharing knowledge – to the benefit of all Scientific training and education in Thünen Institute’s cooperation with Africa 4 COVID-19 Global cooperation is the only way to cope with the crisis In a large number of countries, the impacts of the Corona pandemic are not only going to dramatically worsen the health and food supply situation but will also result in severe income and job losses. In particular, the huge amount of people working in informal or precarious employment relationships will be affected. In addition to swift support in containing and mitigating the crisis, it is all the more important to make the agriculture and food sector more resilient in the long run. And this requires a joint effort, our author maintains. By Gunther Beger Life has undergone fundamental changes since Such price hikes hit the poor groups of the areas, the planting season started in May. Now the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed population especially hard. Already before the it is acutely threatened – and without sowing, in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December pandemic, they had to spend most of their in- there will be no harvest. At the same time, 2019. This applies to all of us, throughout the come on food. The large numbers of people curfews are causing severe income losses, with world, although the pandemic is going to have working in the informal sector in Africa, Asia whole families struggling for their livelihoods. the most severe impact on those countries and and Latin America are particularly severely af- The economic crisis has also raised the threat people that are already faced with poverty, fected. Alone in the first month after the crisis of casual and unprotected employment be- hunger and poor governance. had started, more than 80 per cent of income coming established on a long-term basis. A was often lost. There are fears that owing to major share of people in Africa are still work- In the densely populated neighbourhoods of the limited availability of healthy and nutri- ing in informal and precarious employment our partner countries, it is hardly possible to tious food such as fruit and vegetables on the relationships, without contracts and social se- enforce social distancing regulations, and es- one hand and a lack of purchasing power on curity.

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