Research Makes Sense

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DEPARTMENT FOR RESEARCH COOPERATION, SAREC Research Cooperation 2004

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Research Makes Sense

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SIDA – SWEDISH DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY, DEPARTMENT FOR RESEARCH COOPERATION – SAREC. PRODUCTION: SIDA AND GLOBAL REPORTING, COVER PHOTO: VIETNAM, DAVID ISAKSSON, GLOBAL REPORTING, LAYOUT: LISA JANSSON, GLOBAL REPORTING, TEXTS: SAREC AND GLOBAL REPORTING (DAVID ISAKSSON (PAGE 25, 34, 38, 46), AGNETA LARSSON (PAGE 43), ANKI WOOD (PAGE 31, 36, 49), KINA ROBBERTS (PAGE 30), PETTER BOLME (PAGE 20, 37). PRINTED BY: EDITA, 2005, ARTICLE NO: SIDA4868EN ISBN: 91-586-8334-8 SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.22 Sida 3

Table of Contents

Introduction 4 Research Cooperation and the Swedish Policy for Global Development 6

Research as a Shared Responsibility 9 Sida Support for Research Cooperation 13 Research and ICT 22 Research on Fundamental Values and Sustainable Development 26 Human Rights, Democracy, Good Governance and Equality 29 Sustainable Development 33 Facts 50 The Bilateral Research Cooperation 52 Thematic Research Programmes 58 Sida Research Committee and Staff 2004 62 SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.22 Sida 4

Research Makes Sense

Sida research cooperation  has and for development, rarely strategic been a remarkable year. For the first investments on which to build a basis time ever, development cooperation for research in and by low-income has been set in the framework of a countries. We outline how compre- coherent Swedish Policy for Global hensive funding for research could be Development. The policy envisages a aligned in support of national strate- situation where concerted efforts are gies for research development. made to empower institutions and Research does not only produce people in low-income countries to new knowledge and innovation – it address their domestic problems, com- provides tools for dealing with know- bat poverty and engage in regular ledge in a systematic way. Decision international interaction. The specific makers can turn to the local research role of development cooperation is to community for advice. The research- help create conditions that will enable ers have access to international the poor to improve their lives. research and can interpret existing At the same time, all areas of knowledge. They may understand and Swedish politics are charged with the analyse the local situation and prob- obligation to contribute to an equi- lems in such a perspective. They may table and sustainable global develop- also bring situated perspectives and ment as part of their regular mandate. analyses to the international research Ideally, this combined approach community. Research in universities should hasten the achievement of the contributes to a questioning mind in millennium development targets, higher education. eventually making aid redundant. In this yearbook, we seek to Sweden has pioneered efforts demonstrate the link between research towards what is termed “alignment”, and the poverty focus and rights per- i.e. aiming for sector-wide programme spective, as well as the central ele- and budget support in line with ments outlined in the Swedish Policy national poverty reduction strategies. for Global Development. As there is a Domestic analysis and access to rele- time lag between research and its vant knowledge is crucial in this con- practical use, once knowledge has text, both in providing evidence on been brought into practice, its origin which to formulate strategies, and in in research may have been forgotten. negotiating support and evaluating the We point to the link between gender outcome. studies in East African universities and In this yearbook on Sida research their adoption of policies to combat cooperation , we argue thatlow- sexual harassment. We illustrate the income countries need a proper basis value of situated perspectives in con- for research. All too often, however, flict studies, pointing to inequality and development cooperation research tar- external dependence as central fac- gets specific issues and problems on tors.

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Sustainable use of natural re- veillance sites may provide important sources can only be realised if avail- information to policy-makers. Recent able resources are known. Baseline findings point to the increasing threat information, taken for granted in rich of “modern” diseases like diabetes parts of the world, like mapping of and heart conditions also in low- flora and fauna or geological, and income countries. marine resources, require research Having underlined the importance involving research methods in chem- of national research structures, I would istry, chemistry physics, mathematics, also like to stress the value of their biology and geology. Domestic re- interaction with international research. search has led to protection of coral One example is the propagation of reefs in East Africa, efficient fish farm- orange sweet potatoes in Uganda. ing in Lake Victoria, cost-effective Developed in cooperation with the methods of avoiding chemical con- International Potato Centre, , the tamination in vegetable production in orange fleshed sweet potato is rich in Cambodia and decreasing depend- beta-carotene and may prevent vita- ence on fossil fuel in small scale indus- min A deficiency. Another example is try in Asian countries. the vital breakthrough in malaria Innovative approaches to capitalise research, following from the determin- on research findings for economic ing of the entire genetic code of the growth share a common theory but in malaria mosquito. Not only does it practice build on local actors and con- open for new research, it has also ditions. In Uganda, clay minerals have meant the development of skills in been found suitable for manufacturing functional genomics in African institu- high quality fireclay refractories, in tions. Tanzania different types of bio-com- Developing research skills and posites are produced from local raw institutions for research in low-income material and in Mozambique research countries, enhances the capacity to has influenced the diversification of address immediate research needs as the wood manufacturing industry. At well as the capacity to engage in regional level, research contributes to research cooperation contributing to understanding economic growth and global public goods. We hope that this its determinants. Year Book illustrates our conviction Research for social development that research makes sense. range from finding appropriate tools, like  diagnostic kits developed in Tanzania and analysing how to sensi- tise poor people, to health hazards when using contaminated drinking water in urban India. In the absence Berit Olsson of proper registers, demographic sur- Stockholm, summer 2005

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RESEARCH COOPERATION AND THE SWEDISH POLICY FOR GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT

Tanzania. University of Dar es Salaam, The prospective College of Engineering (pCET). Project: Rural Telecommunications Systems Development. Photo: Stefan Bladh. SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.22 Sida 7 SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.22 Sida 8

Tanzania. The Chalinze Health Centre, Bagamoyo. Photo: Stefan Bladh. SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.22 Sida 9

Research as a Shared Responsibility

In , the Swedish parliament their development and right to be approved a new bill for global dev- respected partners in international RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT “Research contributes to knowledge-driven elopment, making Sweden one of the cooperation. Poor people and coun- development. Only a small proportion of all first countries in the world with an tries must be in charge of their own research is carried out in developing countries or deals with the development or specific integrated policy for global develop- situation and able to benefit from problems of poor countries. The lack of infor- ment. It underlines that the responsi- opportunities brought about by in- mation and researchers in many developing bility for global development is not creased global interaction. In the era countries makes it difficult for them to provide higher education and build up research institu- merely a task for development cooper- of globalisation, knowledge is becom- tions of their own. Another obstacle is the in- ation, but shared among many actors. ing increasingly important. Those who creasing privatisation of knowledge, for example in the form of patents. Only a fraction of The new bill encompasses all areas of are cut off from the global knowledge the world’s patents are taken out in develop- policy and proposes a common objec- process will be left even further behind. ing countries. At the same time, their contribu- tive by which to contribute to an equi- All development is generated by peo- tion in terms of raw materials is of great importance for the patenting of crops, drugs table and sustainable global develop- ple within their own societies. It can etc. Sweden should support the development ment. Trade, agriculture, the environ- never be created from the outside. of research and the utilisation of research findings in developing countries. Support should ment and security are examples of Research is – and should constitute – also continue to be given to Swedish develop- policies that must pull in the same an integral part in achieving such ment research and to the establishment of a direction and reinforce each other. locally based development. It is as im- resource base for development cooperation in Sweden”. Swedish actors should also contribute. portant for poor nations to have capa- Government Bill 2002/03:122 Universities have an important role bility to produce their own knowledge Shared Responsibility: and are expected to embrace global as it is for them to be able to share, Sweden’s Policy for Global Development. 5.5.7. Education policy issues in research and higher educa- access, interpret and adapt knowledge

tion. Uganda. Photo: Mats Widén. The policy sees research as an important feature of development cooperation, mandated to help create conditions that will enable the poor to improve their lives. Thus, research collaboration emerges from Swedish domestic ambitions as well as from efforts of strengthening capacity in low-income countries. On one hand the policy challenges Swedish universities to expand their activities in this direction. On the other hand, research cooperation through Sida must further sharpen and develop ways of supporting institutions and capabilities for research in low-income countries. The role of Swedish development cooperation is to focus on the poor,

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POVERTY REDUCTION from other parts of the world. countries to make constructive use of AND RESEARCH Thus research contributes to the the coherent Swedish Policy for “The task of reducing poverty rests not only central policy perspectives, human Global Development. with partner countries and development cooperation funds and agencies; it also requires rights and priorities of the poor. Re- consistent and coherent pro-poor policies at search is also essential for the eight International negotiations international level and in many areas such as major components emphasized in the Negotiating on the international arena trade, agriculture, research and intellectual property rights. The role of Sida is to assist in Swedish policy. Three of these are is more difficult for low-income coun- creating optimal conditions that help poor peo- fundamental values like democracy tries due to their limitations and gap ple and countries in their struggle to reduce poverty.” and good governance, respect for in knowledge and experience in this Sida, Perspectives on Poverty human rights and equality between area. The risk of receiving advice women and men. These three areas from external experts who are igno- do not only form conditions for a rant of the particular situation or spe- sound research culture, but are also cific consequences may put the coun- subjects of research. There are obvi- try in jeopardy. Low-income countries Sida disbursements 2004 ous connections between the three participate in a number of negotia- by programme: components grouped under sustain- tions within the  system and in other Percentage of total SEK 773.7 million. able development: sustainable use of multilateral organs. Of particular natural resources and protection of interest are negotiations within the Swedish Other: 1.5 the environment, economic growth, World Trade Organisation, where development and social development and social countries that find themselves in simi- research: 12.1 security. Here, research develops new lar situations could formulate joint knowledge, tools and insights. The role positions through sharing knowledge. Bilateral of research for conflict management Bilateral negotiations concerning aid, programme: 28.9 and human security is more indirect relations or investments also require International but no less important. Finally know- country representatives with a good programme: ledge belongs to the key elements of level of knowledge and negotiating 31.9 Regional global public goods, the final major skills. programme: component underlined in the Swedish Sida supports research in connec- 25.6 policy. This relates not only to the tion with world summits and interna- products of research but also to the tional conferences arranged by the  process of enabling participation by system. Such research serves to high- low-income countries in the interna- light perspectives from low-income tional research community. countries in the preparatory processes Strengthening the research capa- and to influence the declarations or city in developing countries enhances plans of action. Researchers with local the ability to negotiate, choose tech- knowledge and perspectives, have nologies, make use of natural re- been mobilised to contribute, either sources and develop the social sector. through international or regional It also enhances the possibilities for research organisations or in coopera-

A RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE ON RESEARCH? The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights addresses scientific knowledge as a right. In Article 11 concerning the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living, parties agree to make full use of scientific knowledge to improve production, con- servation and distribution of food. Article 15 on science and culture recognises the right of everyone to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications and the protection of material and moral interests of scientific authors. States undertake to respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity. Finally, States should encourage and develop international contacts and cooperation in the scientific and cultural fields.

Tanzania. Hanna Nassif, Dar es Salaam. Urban and Regional Planning. Photo: Stefan Bladh. 10 SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.22 Sida 11

Vietnam. Railway to Hanoi. Photo: Johan Resele.

tion with Swedish researchers. For with knowledge on the particular con- example, local researchers involved in ditions prevailing in the country. For cooperation with Sweden were greatly technology choices, local expertise is involved in the formulation of their own particularly important as both adop- country’s position at the World Summit tion and adaptation of an external on the Information Society in . technology requires the sources of knowledge to be found within reason- Choosing technologies able distance. Being in charge of such Attracting foreign direct investments an innovation process where external (), technology transfers and infra- technologies are adapted to new uses structure investments is crucial for in new contexts, improves the position low-income countries. Such negotia- to attract and negotiate . tions involve a number of choices which need to be based on evidence. Exploiting natural resources Usually external experts are commis- Innovations in low-income countries sioned, often by development partners, to a large extent derive from exploita- who contribute with generalised tion and new uses of natural resources, assessments. Local researchers and and processes to refine them. Again a experts could, in contrast, contribute number of concerns need to be raised

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in negotiation with potential investors Again the need for a national capacity or collaboration partners. Support for to analyse the situation in which the geology research, for instance, has country and its people finds itself, is given Tanzania a better opportunity crucial. With an increasing part of aid to localise and assess the value of min- directed as support to sector-wide pro- eral resources. The authorities in the grammes, such analytical capacity country will stand better prepared for must be mobilised within each of the negotiations on concessions in such social sectors. Advanced knowledge is cases. In the area of biotechnology, required to formulate policies for sec- opportunities are better protected if tors like health, welfare, education, there is local research capacity to eval- labour market, as well as advanced uate potential values of products or knowledge to evaluate, elaborate and processes. In this area intellectual maintain the systems of social provi- property rights are of particular con- sion. As these systems, with few excep- cern. tions, are co-financed by external aid,

RESEARCH AND POLICY DIALOGUES The long-term nature of knowledge production and the immediate need of policy can cause friction between researchers, who are perceived to be sitting in their ivory towers, and policymakers faced with day to day operational decisions. Therefore, it is important to establish and sustain communication between the community of researchers and the community of policymakers. Researchers have to be responsive to policymakers’ pressing need for practical policy guides emanating from research and policymakers should be ready to consider research results to inform their decision. In 2004 there have been a number of such dialogues between research organisations supported by Sida and policymakers including:

1. UNRISD Conference on social knowledge and international policy In Geneva addressing questions like whether researchers address issues and questions of concern to policy and whether research findings reach policymakers and inform policy making.

2. AERC Senior policy Seminar on mobilisa- tion of resources for financing pro-poor growth held in Kampala, Uganda where participants shared critical policy issues and made practical suggestions to bridge the gap between research and policymaking. Among other things participants emphasised the need to move away from “conti- nent-wide generalisations in the research results to practical aspects of how to implement research recommendations with emphasis on best practices and use of appropriate language”. Vietnam. Research on Arabica coffee in Bavi. Photo: Johan Resele.

Developing the society extensive negotiations with the donor The international influence on the community must take place. Decision development of societies in low-in- makers rely on knowledge based on come countries has been strong, both internal expertise to safeguard that through the colonial experience, and nationally grounded positions guiding through the history of development the use and evaluation of the external aid. Currently, National Poverty assistance. Reduction Strategies are developed in order to safeguard national ownership of the to development processes.

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Sida Support for Research Cooperation

Uganda. Makerere University, Faculty of Technology. Research cooperation aims to support However, only a fraction of inter- Photo: Mats Widén. the building of strong national institu- national research addresses develop- tions and enhances access to interna- ment issues. Therefore, Sida supports tional research findings. Active re- a number of research programmes search groups at national universities which address neglected research and in regional research organisations areas of major importance for poverty become part of the international re- reduction and development. They search community and can access and promote cooperation, exchange of interpret available scientific informa- information among researchers and tion. communicate research findings to

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Uganda. Makerere University, main library. Photo: Mats Widén.

potential users. Regional research net- need to strengthen research capacity works address issues of common con- at an institutional level, rather than cern. International research networks limiting the support to training of mobilise researchers from the South as individuals and research project sup- well as from the North, and thus facili- port. tate the integration of research in The process of selecting target global development efforts. institutions moves through a chain We have now outlined challenges where country development coopera- and intentions of Sida support for tion strategies identify needs of and research, but how do we work to meet challenges for interventions. Surveys the objectives? The following sections analyse the research landscape leading describe strategies and practice in Sida to the identification of key institutions. support for research capacity in low- Usually, Sida supports the develop- income countries and strategies for ment of research environments in developing new knowledge as global national universities. public goods. A final section deals with The emphasis on ownership and engaging Swedish researchers for poverty reduction has always been a development objectives. guideline for Swedish research cooperation. The Swedish Policy for Global Research capacity Development puts these efforts into a Sida supports the strengthening of coherent context. This calls for a shar- research capacity through internatio- pening of the strategies for research nal and regional organisations, but cooperation and the tools used. mainly through bilateral research Ideally, external support for the cooperation with low-income count- strengthening of research environ- ries. Sweden is one of few donor ments should be aligned with policies countries to have acknowledged the and strategies for research, both at

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“Sida’s strategy to fund the basic prerequisites for research at universities has produced a number of research environments in low- income countries which contribute to development and poverty reduction”.

Uganda. Makerere University – one of East Africas largest universities with 35,000 students. Photo: Mats Widén.

national and university level. In some characterised by support to national universities, Sida has supported the research councils. An evaluation of formulation of strategic plans which this period showed that, in most cases, include strategies for research. Cur- these bodies lacked the capability to rently efforts are underway to support make priorities of research based on national strategies for research. The scientific criteria. A countermeasure need for research must be recognised, during the next period was to strength- not only by the university manage- en research capacity through research ment but also by the government. The training using the so-called sandwich long term benefits of research are not model, which is still in use. This always recognised and conditions for modality differs from ordinary re- making use of research findings are search scholarship systems that detach not always in place. In the absence of the student from the local context. In such strategies, the general ambition the sandwich model students spend has been to support at least one re- time at Swedish universities for course- searching university to cater for the work, analysis and writing-up, while needs of the country and eventually the empirical research is formulated become a resource for the creation of with a local perspective and with data a more extended university system collected from the local context. and for national innovation systems. Swedish support to university infra- The main methods used by Sida structure (libraries, laboratories,  have been through research training of solutions etc.) have added to the insti- academic staff and support for infra- tutional development. The sum of structures and equipment. The Swe- these should contribute to the estab- dish engagement in bilateral research lishment of research environments cooperation has been a learning that are attractive for trained research- process. The first  years could be ers. Through these additions the sup-

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port gradually became more institu- academic and research competence at tional than individual. the university is yet to be evaluated. Sida’s strategy to fund the basic In some countries political change prerequisites for research at universi- may bring about shifts in governmen- ties has produced a number of re- tal institutions, with short institutional search environments in low-income memory as a consequence. Univer- countries that could contribute to sities, on the other hand, ought to development and poverty reduction. have a more long-term perspective, or However, to realise this potential, gov- as Telemaco Talavera, president of ernments with support from the devel- The National University Council in opment aid community, must formu- Nicaragua puts it: late and implement national policies “In a society with many abrupt and strategies for research. changes, both political and military, like here in Nicaragua, I believe that Academic integrity the university can play a stabilizing The balance between academic free- role, strengthening the democratic dom and the right to conduct research process. We will be here and continue without an immediate benefit for the with our work, no matter who is in society on one hand, and the need for power in the country”. developing countries to make the best Another threat against research possible use of scarce academic re- and academic freedom might para- sources is in many countries quite deli- doxically come from those seeking to cate. improve education for the country’s In many Latin American countries poor majority and from the donors. the struggle for university autonomy “Education for all” means that a has been so important for the aca- country’s resources should be allo- demic institutions that it has resulted cated to also reach the poor in the in universities with strong independ- most remote areas. Academic work, as ence but limited resources and little a contrast, needs concentration: re- contact with society as a whole. At the searchers must have contact with each other end of the extreme there are other; the environment must enable universities too dependent, only pro- and stimulate research. Spreading out viding the service required by the fin- scarce research resources to several anciers, thus lacking the academic universities could therefore jeopardise freedom essential for the development development of the country’s research of research capacity. Some African capacity and academic freedom. This universities have developed innovative is why Sida tries to achieve a balance mechanisms to diversify their funding between quantity and quality in bilat- sources through enhanced enrolment eral research collaboration based on of students. How this impacts on the the specific conditions in each country.

“In a society with many abrupt changes, both political and military, like here in Nicaragua, the university can play a sta- bilising role, strengthening the democratic process”.

Nicaragua. Students at the University of León. Photo: Kina Robberts. 16 SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.22 Sida 17

Sri Lanka. Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo. New knowledge poverty and promoting sustainable Photo: Stefan Bladh. Research is about knowledge, about development. Regional and interna- understanding nature, human behav- tional research programmes establish iour and society. Research is about links with national research in devel- collecting and arranging information oping countries and draw upon rele- but it is more than the commonsensi- vant research globally. Swedish cal arrangement of facts. Research research contributes in these efforts, applies methods which may reveal both in its regular interaction with the hidden connections and underlying global research community and in causes. Findings are presented in Sida funded initiatives and collabora- scientific papers mostly read by other tive arrangements. researchers whose search and research may verify or question the conclu- Regional research cooperation sions. Established findings should then Regional research networks may enrich find their way to applications and national research through the ex- users. Globally, investments in research change of ideas and peer support. It are larger than ever before as are can also add comparative analyses; investments in applications leading to joint undertakings in addressing innovations. While findings from basic shared problems and provide a plat- research in principle are available to form for joint advocacy. The strength all, there are enormous gaps in capac- of the type of regional research or- ity to develop useful applications. ganisation supported by Sida depends Research towards applications of pri- on its interaction with national re- mary interest to poor societies and search and its capacity to articulate people have been underfinanced and “Southern” perspectives in interna- neglected. tional research and debate. Sida supports research which may Sida supports regional networks for lead to insights, processes or products interaction and collaboration among of particular concern for addressing national level research groups. Within

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Uganda. Iganga Mayuge Demographic Surveillance. Photo: Mats Widén. SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.22 Sida 19

such networks, groups of comparative within the Consultative Group for strength will emerge as “centres of International Agricultural Research, excellence” attracting students and the  system, linked to .In guest researchers from within or exter- social sciences  and  nal to the network. Based in national have similar roles for research on institutions, such centres have a clear international social development and ownership as compared to externally development economics respectively. funded regional centres. The purpose of these programmes Regional cooperation can create is to provide an overview of existing new opportunities for interaction knowledge and research, to identify among professionals, institutions or neglected research areas, promote governments, as well as links to inter- relevant research on such gaps, and to national research programmes. One translate research findings into recom- example is social science research. mendations for various situations. Here Sida puts a strong emphasis on Beyond the rational of enhancing rele- support to regional research, where a vant knowledge, there is special value substantial part is directed to broad- in supporting research linked to the based social science organisations.  special agencies. The research pro- These organisations have particular grammes bring the special agencies in strengths in the areas prioritised by the touch with current research in their Swedish Policy for Global Develop- field. Truly international in reach, ment, namely democracy, human these organisations may also produce rights, peace and conflict research, gender and social development. However, overlapping regional and “Sida promotes the integration of researchers international research initiatives may cause fragmentation of research funds from weak research environments into inter- as well as splitting research groups and researchers in competing activities. A national research efforts, using modalities range of regional research initiatives that benefit national capacity”. exists with unclear structure and ownership. While Sida recognises the value of pluralism in research, there is a need to avoid inefficient duplication and externally driven research agendas. comparative analyses and make re- Few regional research organisations search findings available as global and networks could be sustained with- public goods. This is particularly out donor support. Therefore, Sida important when private interests are has entered into discussions on how to strong, as in plant breeding and stud- forge regional competitive, merit- ies of genetic resources. based research funding structures. Sida promotes the integration of researchers from weak research envir- International research programmes onments into international research The principal aim of international efforts, using modalities that benefit research programmes is to identify national capacity, e.g. through engag- neglected research areas and promote ing institutions rather than individuals. relevant research in order to fill those Another concern is focus and continu- gaps. It is also important to ensure ity. Research orientation should be that research results come to use in based on an agreed research agenda developing countries. funded over a period of time. As all International research programmes organisations depending on external may contribute to supporting condi- funds, donor funded research organi- tions for poor people to improve their sations tend to follow trends and turn lives and promote fair and equitable towards “hot topics” in their fundrais- global development. Examples are the ing efforts. Among contributing programmes for research on tropical donors, Sida will continue to promote diseases, , linked to the World core funding rather than earmarking Health Organisation, and internatio- for specific research activities or coop- nal agricultural research undertaken eration partners.

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Stockholm. Dr. Joseph Kadoma Byaruhanga, Dr. John Baptist Kirabira and Dr. Stefan Johnsson at Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). Photo: Petter Bolme.

“I’m very glad for being a part of the cooperation between Makerere and KTH.”

It is a rainy day in June in Stockholm and there, but the things you can’t due to the lack Ugandan kaolins are highly kaolinitic, highly John Baptist Kirabira can relax because he of sophisticated equipment you need to bring layered, while ball clay is dominated by has just defended his PhD thesis at the to Sweden. For example the physical tests of quartz and less layered. The kaolins are quite Department of Materials Science and Engin- the bricks were made in Uganda but the com- pure and a successful beneficiation of the eering, Division of Mechanical Metallurgy at plicated analyses such as the X-Ray, defrac- kaolin from the Mutaka region in particular the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in tion and scanning the samples in electronic brings its chemical composition close to that Stockholm. microscopes were done in Stockholm”. of ideal kaolin. “I was very nervous, but now I’m very glad “The joint agreement is a win-win situation “The minerals have been found to be suit- for being a part of the cooperation between for both Makerere and KTH. Uganda is con- able for manufacturing fireclay refractories. Makerere and KTH.” sidered well endowed with various ceramic Properties of the fireclay bricks from the Dr. Kirabira has been going back and forth raw materials. But most of the ceramic min- Ugandan minerals compare very well with between Sweden and Uganda since 2001. erals in Uganda are utilised in the manufac- commercially produced ones,” explains Dr. He smiles as he holds up the three clay ture of low-value products”. Kirabira. bricks that he has produced out of Ugandan “Little has been done towards exploiting Dr. Stefan Johnsson agrees: raw materials. They are of the highest quality, the materials used in ceramics,” Dr. Kirabira “The research results show that it is possi- which if commercialised, could lead to an explains. ble to develop a ceramics industry in Uganda. industry in Uganda. The major objective of his work was to The Swedish company Höganäs is definitely Together with Dr. Kirabira are both of his characterise kaolin and ball clay with the aim interested in buying bricks from Uganda. supervisors, Dr. Stefan Johnsson from KTH of developing fireclay refractories and to also They are actually better than the bricks and Dr. Joseph Kadoma Byaruhanga from consider other applications for the kaolin. Höganäs produces in Sweden. The next step Makerere, equally proud of their student. Sample powders were collected on location is to see if the kaolin from Uganda also can “Very few PhD students can finish their dis- in various Uganda districts and transported be used for paper pulp. Processed kaolin for sertation so soon,” says Dr. Johnsson. to Sweden where the powders were charac- paper is sold at a much higher price than that Dr. Byaruhanga has supervised Kirabira terised and processed into refractories and which is used for ceramics,” says Dr. Johnsson. since he first began his master of science: beneficiated kaolin. “Whatever you can do in Uganda you do The conclusions Dr. Kirabira draws are that

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Engaging Swedish research Swedish research links for development Swedish research links is a compara- Swedish researchers and universities tively new programme where collabo- could become even stronger actors in rating Swedish and developing coun- global development, building on cur- try researchers jointly apply. Proposals rent efforts. The interest in research are peer reviewed and grants are allo- on development related issues, and cated for visits and joint work. The collaboration with low-income count- primary purpose of this programme is ries, has been growing in practically to promote relations that reinforce all disciplines in Swedish universities. high quality and relevant research, Sida provides a number of opportuni- knowledge and technical exchange of ties to put this interest into mutual common interest between Swedish advantages. Hence, Swedish research- researchers and researchers in more ers contribute to new findings, as part resource strong developing countries. of enhancing global development and The programme is currently directed to capacity building. In Swedish uni- to South Africa, the Middle East and versities, these links contribute to Northern Africa and Asia. It con- international awareness and influence tributes to Swedish efforts of aca- curricula. Thus it serves to broaden demic internationalisation and adds international perspectives beyond the the dimension of collaboration with current  dominance. developing countries. In an effort to establish and strengthen research environments at national universities in low-income countries Swedish universities have Swedish research grants contributed with training of research- distributed by research area: ers. In  around  Ph.D. candi- Percentage of 2004 total allocation dates were enrolled at Swedish univer- SEK 94.2 million. sities within the framework of Sida supported bilateral research coopera- Natural resources Economic, political and and environment, 22 tion. Such training programmes are social dimensions of focused on research issues of mutual development, 27 interest. Over time such collaboration has matured to develop locally based Science, training programmes that may involve technology Swedish researchers as lecturers and Health research, 18 and industrial- co-supervisors. isation, 22

Humanities, education and culture, 11 Swedish development research Around % of Sida research funds go directly to Swedish development Swedish research links applications for 2004: research. Grants are allocated to project proposals annually submitted and 60 subjected to peer review. The purpose of this support is primarily to main- 50 tain a Swedish resource basis for development issues and to contribute 40 Total in the region to international understanding in Swedish universities. The new area 30 focusing on research networks aims to 20 encourage increased contact between researchers and “practitioners” in 10 areas central for development cooperation. The complexity of poverty 0 reduction requires a knowledge-based MENA Asia South Africa

analysis of social and economic devel- Natural Science & Technology and Environmental Sciences opment. Social Sciences & Humanities Health and Natural Resources Sciences

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Research and ICT

Laos. NAFRI Livestock Research Center. Photo: David Isaksson.

Universities in low-income countries Rwanda had a total bandwith that was exist in societies where large groups of less than what an ordinary Swedish the population have never made a household can get access to. The digi- telephone call or used Internet and e- tal divide is a major obstacle in the mail. Seventy percent of the world’s integration of the world’s poor coun- poor live in rural and remote areas tries onto the global arena. Overcom- where access to information and coming the divide is important for the munication technologies is scarce or sharing of information that could help non-existing. Most of the world’s to reduce global poverty. poorest countries lack broadband con- Universities constitute important nection. In fact, in  a country like focal points for  within the society

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and contribute to the development of Projects have been initiated by pro- “The Internet is  as a means of combating poverty viding assistance to participative and improving living conditions in the processes leading to the formulation of absolutely vital for country. At the same time, a deve- an  policy and an  master plan. loped  structure is a prerequisite In , Makerere University in modern research in for strengthening universities in deve- Uganda revised its  masterplan for loping countries. Modern research  to  which was originally for- terms of access to cannot be conducted without access to mulated in . A notable part of the global information sources. The Inter- new plan is the development of poli- information, data, net is absolutely vital for modern cies for increased financial contribu- research in terms of access to infor- tion by the university to implement communication and mation, data, communication and the masterplan. research networking”. research networking. The introduction of  into uni- By building and experimenting versities is clearly changing the way with systems that are of use to the uni- research is done but also how educa- versity, researchers acquire the skills tion is conducted. Not only is it possi- needed to promote the development of ble to achieve a closer collaboration  within the larger society. In this between different universities and process universities have learned to work with distance learning,  is cooperate with the private sector and also paving the way for a new peda- society in general.  scholars from gogical approach where students are the universities have played key roles in expected to play a more active role the formulation of national  poli- than before.  also gives university cies. Working closely with the private teachers the role of facilitator, organ- sector has given universities an impor- iser, manager and adviser on top of tant role in establishing an emerging the knowledge required within their  industry and has also made it pos- domain. This, in turn, means that the sible for the university to sell services professors need to acquire new skills. and become more self-sustainable. Since  Sida has supported uni- Scientific information on-line versities in developing their  capa- The development of  has also city with a focus on research coopera- changed the traditional way scientific tion programmes, investments in  journals are published. In high-income infrastructures that give access to the countries, electronic versions of jour- Internet and training in the utilisation nals are distributed to university libra- of  tools for academic and admin- ries, which has brought about a funda- istrative purposes. In  the budget mental change in the role of librari- for  projects at universities in de- ans. It is evident that new skills were veloping countries was approximately required by librarians to address these   a year. challenges.

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Sida supports various initiatives researchers in using the Internet in which address the problem of access order to benefit from the programme to scientific information. One such ini- and find other information sources. In tiative is the International Network for the countries supported, the training the Availability of Scientific Publica- activities have contributed to re-estab- tions (). Established in , the lishing the university library as a hub  has provided technical assis- of service and know-how. tance to libraries receiving university Sida anticipates that coordinating research support from Sida. In librarians from the countries will January , the  launched the become more directly involved in the pilot Programme for the Enhance- negotiation with the publishers on dif- ment of Research Information (). ferential pricing. Support is given to One component is to provide access to consortia building to keep the prices of international scientific information databases down. Country reports of through databases and journals, utilis- number of research institutions/ ing the Internet. The idea of a nation- organisations registered per country in wide licence, open for use by all in the  is for Bolivia , Ethiopia , country who access the databases for Rwanda , Sri Lanka , Tanzania  research purposes, is an all encom- and Uganda . passing initiative providing potential Sida, in conjunction with other benefit for all scientists and not just development agencies support the Sida supported institutions. Country Science and Development Network reports of number of downloaded (SciDev.Net) whose goal is to enhance articles show an increase during , the provision of reliable condensed an indicator that researchers in many information on issues related to sci- countries are utilising this opportunity. ence that impact on economic and Other components are strengthen- social development. Its main activities ing international access to journals are to operate a free access news and from low-income countries, for policy oriented website providing instance through African Journals news, views and information on sci- OnLine (), which provides elec- ence, technology and the developing tronic visibility for journals published world. in Africa. Another important component is training for librarians and Vietnam. Phone number advertisements in Hanoi. Photo: Johan Resele.

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Laos. Dr. Bounthong Vongxaya, Head of the ICT Centre at the National University of Laos. Photo: David Isaksson.

Developing the National University of Laos through ICT Cooperation

The ICT Centre at the University of Laos is not only Internet. The Mission of the ICT day life even if they don’t have computers at looks like something out of a sci-fi movie with Centre is to provide service to the university; home. They look for information and corre- walls clad in aluminium foil and cables and student qualification is the responsibility of spond with other countries. Everywhere peo- computers all over the place. If not the heart individual faculties. The ICT cooperation with ple speak about computerisation, we have itself, the Centre is definitely one of the prin- Sweden has therefore focused on the devel- Laotians working with ICT but not enough. cipal arteries of the university body (and the opment of infrastructure and service”, says Everywhere there is a need for ICT people. foil is there to reduce humidity). Dr. Bounthong Vongxaya, head of the ICT The problem is in financing the capacity to Founded in 1995, the National University of Centre. maintain the system. To fill the demand, the Laos (NUOL) remains a young academic insti- One example of the difficulties, and the university is now starting a computer science tution with nine faculties 2004. Sida began necessity to implement ICT solutions, is stu- programme”, adds Bounthong Vongxaya. supporting the NUOL in 2000. Support to dent registration. All student information is It could however still be controversial to investments in the ICT structure was identi- still written manually and the system remains press the ICT agenda in such a rural country fied as a prerequisite in order to strengthen paper-based with old filing cabinets. Another as Laos: the academic capacity and the administrative problem is the provision of information to the “People say how can you talk about com- structure of the university. At that period, the community regarding courses and activities. puters when we don’t even have chalks or whole university had only a few telephone The latter is soon due to change with a blackboards. But we cannot wait for the lines with dial-up Internet connection. As a new website with a content management sys- countryside to come to our level; we should first step, emergency funding was provided tem (CMS) that will make it possible for all hurry in order to gain experience. It is not yet for hooking up to a satellite link to form a institutions to publish information in both time to bring out computers to the country- contact between the Swedish and Laotian English and Lao. side, but most families have CD players so counterparts. In 2004 the ICT Centre took Laos might be one of the world’s poorest CD is a good information carrier for educa- part in setting up Internet connection on the countries, but it is obvious that ICT is chang- tion and capacity building. We must establish campus, including a server room. The agen- ing the Laotian way of life. In the capital links between the technology and the local da for 2005 includes a wireless network, Vientiane there is an increasing number of people so that they can have access to infor- videoconference and voice over IP system. Internet cafés. mation”. “It was of course obvious that a lack of “Everyone knows that this is the ICT age, contact with the outside world would make it we must learn and make use of the techno- difficult for the university to develop. But ICT logy. Young people use computers in every-

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Vietnam. Central Health Clinic in Bavi. Photo: Johan Resele. SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.23 Sida 27

RESEARCH ON FUNDAMENTAL VALUES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.23 Sida 28

Tanzania. The Chalinze Health Centre. Photo: Stefan Bladh. SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.23 Sida 29

Human Rights, Democracy, Good Governance and Equality

Social sciences and the humanities and may emerge as a global issue in have an important role to play in the the struggle for and against liberal process of achieving a more equitable democracy. and sustainable development. Re- While scholars in low-income search can lay the foundation for more countries to a large extent are engaged knowledge-based policymaking to in studies commissioned by govern- achieve social goals, something that ment and agencies, funds for inde- could help countries create a develop- pendent research may be sought from ment model based on their own condi- regional organisations. Sida supports tions and priorities. Human rights, organisations that provide grants for democracy and good governance are an independent research agenda, e.g. fundamental in this regard as is gen- , the Latin American Council der. Moreover, research on cultural of Social Sciences, , the issues such as anthropology, history, Council for Development of Social archaeology and linguistics provide a Science Research in Africa, , solid base to rebuild the self esteem the Organisation for Social Science and identity of people that are mar- Research in Eastern and Southern ginalised due to poverty, ethnicity, reli- Africa and , Asian Political and gion etc. International Studies Association. By A report was published in , supporting these networks Sida facili- which highlighted the main findings of tates funding for research as well as a special research programme on the establishment of platforms for a Democracy and Human Rights sup- dialogue and stronger links between ported by Sida since . One of the researchers and policymakers. research programmes was Discourses Research on democracy and and Practices of Democracy in South human rights are at the core of these East Asia. The aim was to discuss the organisations. development of Asian forms of gover- For instance, a study published by nance and the programme concentrat-  in  points to the dangers of ed on three countries, Cambodia, decentralisation. It does not necessar- Malaysia and Indonesia. The Western ily result in better services or democra- style of democracy has been ques- tisation, but may concentrate more tioned in Asia and the research has power and resources in the hands of provided a better understanding of the local elite. Another  study of this discourse. The legitimacy of non- Malaysia and Sri Lanka suggests the democratic governments was clearly need for greater democratisation and linked to their ability to “deliver” eco- separation of power through the cre- nomic growth and development. How- ation of autonomous associations, ever, the economic crises can result in which can help to hinder political par- higher tolerance for authoritarianism ties from exploiting ethnicity for vested

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Bolivia. Victor Castro, student at the University of San Andrés in La Paz, on a field mission. Photo: Kina Robberts.

Exploring Aymaran Identity

The majority of South Americas 3.5 million Several Aymara-Spanish dictionaries already tory approach, involving not only in-depth Aymara speakers live in Bolivia. The cultural exist, but these are constructed as mere interviews but also a scientific analysis of pic- essence of the Aymara permeates Bolivian instruments for Aymaras to learn Spanish and tures, songs, artifacts and other expressions society: political systems, communal cooper- not the other way around. of the Aymara culture. ation, economics, traditional medicine, farm- The Aymara encyclopedia under production “The encyclopedia will contribute to cultur- ing, husbandry, religion and moral codes. In is based on sound theoretical and method- al development within the school curriculum. spite of this the Aymara language and culture ological fundaments explaining the structure It will serve as a source of information for cul- have a very low status and there are still very and function of the Ayamara language and ture and language studies in general. It may few studies into native languages and cul- culture to the reader. It may be used in also have a secondary importance as it can tures in Bolivia. efforts to raise the level of education and self help the development of a community Research into the Aymara language and esteem among the Aymaran population. The tourism”, says project coordinator Zacarias culture studies, has been important for a encyclopedia will support the ongoing Alavi Mamani at the University of San Andrés. revalorisation of the Aymara culture. One Educational Reform in Bolivia, which states important tool in this process is the Sida sup- that intercultural and bilingual aspects must ported research at the University of San be taken into consideration in the Bolivian Andrés in La Paz. The research has led to the educational system. production of an Aymara encyclopedia. Information is collected through a participa-

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purposes. According to the author research capacity building, and for Edmund Terence Gomez “A unified, mainstreaming of gender into all fields inclusive nation can only be built of research and education. when political leaders begin to under- In Makerere University in Uganda stand the complex transformations in and the University of Dar Es Salaam identity that members of a society in Tanzania (), Sida-funded re- constantly undergo”. search has led to well-established pro- During  the first steps where grammes for gender mainstreaming taken to establish an “Africa/Asia/ awareness. Studies on sexual harass- Latin America Scholarly Collaborative ment have for instance led to the ratifi- Programme” to further facilitate for cation of a policy to combat sexual researchers in the South to carry out harassment at Makerere in  and a collaborative research and exchange similar development at . research ideas and results. Through The research environment for joint efforts, these organisations have women and gender studies in sub- a better chance of having a stronger Saharan Africa has developed consid- southern voice in the international erably in recent years. Links to the debate. women’s movement are still strong, but gender studies have become a well Gender equality established field of research. It has Research on gender issues is part of become possible to study sensitive Sida’s strategy for poverty alleviation. issues, such as in-house violence, rape, Support for gender research dates sexuality and abortion. Locally based back to the mid-s, with project researchers are now increasingly look- based support to a large number of ing at possibilities for regional cooper- researchers, often based at advocacy ation. organisations. Support has later been channelled to universities for further

Business Improves for Tanzanian Women

formance. The study is perform- ly male public officials. Moreover, a general ed in cooperation with Umeå gender bias in society constrains the ability School of Business & Economics. of women to forge business networks. The research has been part of a The faculty has provided input into the staff development programme, Small and Medium Enterprise Development with four completed PhDs and Policy of Tanzania, created in 2003, which more on the way. provides for the special needs of women in Preliminary research findings terms of business support and services such show that there are many obsta- as training and credit, etc. University cles for women in Tanzania who researchers have also provided training and wish to start businesses. Women counselling services to women entrepreneurs have difficulties obtaining financ- since the late 1990s. ing for their business because A former staff member of the Gender they are unable to meet the loan Study Group at University of Dar es Salaam conditions regarding security. (UDSM) is now Minister of Community They lack access to advice, coun- Development, Gender and Children. Laws Tanzania. Commerce in Dar es Salaam. Photo: Stefan Bladh. selling, and encouragement. stopping women from inheriting and owning At the Faculty of Commerce and Manage- Laws and regulations are mainly designed for property are now in the process of being ment at the University of Dar es Salaam, a larger businesses, not micro-enterprises like changed, which will make it easier for women research programme is investigating female the ones women normally run. Corruption and with businesses to obtain loans. entrepreneurs in Tanzania and ways in which bureaucracy make matters worse for women, business networks can influence small and who do not have the same opportunities as medium enterprise and micro enterprise per- men to meet and negotiate with predominant-

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“Support to research on conflicts – their causes and dynamics, resolution and termination – is an important part of Sidas efforts to ensure sustainable security”.

Sudan. Liberation Army (SLA) soldiers in Darfur. Photo: Silver photo.

Conflict management security in a longer perspective.” and security One of the African networks under Support to research on conflicts – review was , the Organisation their causes and dynamics, resolution for Social Science Research in Eastern and termination – is an important and Southern Africa. In  the net- part of Sidas efforts to ensure sustain- work organised a major international able security. This support has in- conference on African conflicts in creased significantly during the past Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, during which few years.  addressed one of its principal Confict management is a complex goals – to create a research/policy and difficult task. Political and eco- interface between social scientists and nomic or structural causes are entan- policymakers in the region. The main gled with culture, race, ethnicity, reli- objectives of the conference were to gion and history. deliberate on the post-conflict situa- In  a review was commission- tion in the region and based on the ed on peace and conflict studies in research findings propose viable Sida-supported regional research means of conflict management and organisations in Africa during the resolution. period ‒. Some  research Since , Sida has also supported contributions where identified and it the Southeast Asian Conflict Studies was observed that “whereas Northern Network (). One of the net- research (on African conflicts) seeks to work’s studies looks at the role of channel peacemaking efforts into the women in conflict resolution in Cam- strengthening and restructuring of the bodia. The study shows that the existing structures of authority, African women’s desire for conflict resolution, research proposes two important cor- thereby hoping to create a better world rectives to this approach. First, the for their children, is important for reviewed research emphasises the Cambodian society but not without need of first addressing the structural difficulties for themselves. The women causes feeding and prolonging state have to face major challenges – tradi- weekness, such as poverty, unequal tional, as well as social and economic. access and external dependence. The study shows that despite these Secondly, African research points to obstacles the women are seriously the necessity of exploring alternative involved and play roles in various levels of political authority and legiti- areas – in networking and providing macy at the local, as well as the resources and information, as well as regional level. This twofold strategy is in negotiating and advising. These argued to be the superior way of activities are carried out in both urban enhancing both human and national and rural areas.

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Sustainable Development

Vietnam. Forest research in Bavi. Photo: Johan Resele.

Research contributes to the environ- involves innovation, development of mental, economic and social dimen- new products and adaptation of tech- sions of sustainable development nologies. Economic policies, instutions emphasised in the World Summit on and systems that are conducive to growth Sustainable Development in Johannes- are also important. However, economic burg in . These are also central growth does not eradicate poverty by aspects of the Swedish policy for global itself but needs to be combined with development. Sustainable use of natu- governmental interventions that allow ral resources is a precondition for eco- for a fair distribution of resources and nomic growth and crucial if develop- investment in sectors such as health, ing countries are to escape poverty. It education and social security systems.

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Sustainable use of natural geological surveys in Mozambique, resources and environmental inventory of coastal resources in protection Eastern Africa, identification of med- Skills in mathematics, physics, chemical plants as well as edible tubers with istry, biology and geology as well as good nutritional value in Bolivia. mapping of natural resources are Sida is continuing to support the important preconditions for sustain- strengthening of fundamental re- able use and protection of these research resources through bilateral sources. Sida supports strengthening cooperation. Strong institutional of knowledge in natural sciences resources provide countries with a through bilateral institutional cooper- good basis from which to participate ation and international research train- in regional and international research ing and scholarship programmes. All programmes and networks. Sida sup- bilateral programmes have a strong ports regional programmes within var- component of support to research ious fields, e.g. marine and coastal re- infrastructure, laboratories, libraries sources, biotechnology and biopolicy, and  facilities. energy technology and energy policy, Examples of results from the bilat- climate change, forestry and farming eral cooperation are compilation and systems. publication of the Ethiopian Flora,

Farming Systems Research in Laos

As a sparsely populated country with a lot of Keonouchani, director of the Livestock uplands where the land can only produce land in a rapidly expanding region, Laos has Research Center. 1.5–2 tons per hectare compared to 3–5 the potential to become an agro-exporting When it comes to breeding pigs and chick- tons in the lowlands, we try to convince the country serving neighbours like Vietnam (with ens, Vietnam is far ahead of Laos, having farmers to raise more animals for sale and to a population of 80 million), Thailand and rapidly developed its farming industry during produce cash crops like soybeans. With the China. recent years. However, Soukahn Keonouchani money they could buy rice and other necessi- Sida supports a regional research training sees a long-term potential for growth in Laos, ties. However, this process takes time. But if network involving 13 universities and in particular the breeding of goats and water farmers can see the results for themselves it research institutes in Vietnam, Cambodia, buffalos for export. The training of farmers is will be easier for them to change and to Laos and Thailand. The research focuses on however crucial in achieving this. One key embrace the new ideas. For example, the the role of livestock in agricultural production area is reaching the farmers and promoting price of buffalos is very high with many buy- systems for smallholders, e.g. the recycling new ways of feeding the cattle developed in ers coming from Vietnam. The money you of livestock or agricultural waste and various local research. get for one buffalo is more than enough to aspects of the use of local fodder species. Soukahn Keonouchani explains: buy a Chinese motorbike. By showing them The National Agricultural and Forestry “We are trying to change the old slash and that example they realise that changing meth- Research Institute is a partner of this burn methods. Instead of growing rice in the ods can actually improve their way of life.” research training network. Several Master and PhD students participate in the courses, held in various countries in the region. New feeding mixes are being tested for goats, rabbits, water buffalos and other animals. The process usually involves using existing experiences of the different feeds together with methods and research adapting them to Laotian conditions. “Our aim is to improve the feed. The tradition here is free-grazing livestock. We try to introduce what we call “cut and carry”, which means that fodder is grown and brought to animals in the open. This increases the pro- tein content in the meat”, says Soukahn Laos. A student at the Livestock Research Center. Photo: David Isaksson.

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Uganda. Lake Victoria Research Programme, Massese fishing village, Jinja. Photo: Mats Widén.

Jointly exploring marine and coastal income for many people in developing resources countries. A special programme, Coral “Lake Victoria provides Research groups along the coast of Degradation in the Indian Ocean, a livelihood for around Eastern Africa have taken the initia- () was set up to monitor and tive to cooperate in order to explore analyse the recovery after the cata- 30 million people, but sustainable use of the marine and strophic mass bleaching and death of coastal resources. Managing water corals in . problems in the shape of resources is essential for the survival of Research on reef use patterns, all species including humankind. available reef resources, and best overpopulation and over- Population growth in coastal zones, practices for the development of value the expansion of land-based activities, added products, formed the basis for fishing are increasing”. such as tourism, and increased pollu- subsequent alternative livelihood pro- tion from industries and agriculture jects in some coastal villages in has put enormous pressure on Tuticorin, India. Today hundreds of resources and sensitive ecosystems in people have improved their living con- the coastal areas. The marine environ- ditions through these projects and gov- ment is showing clear signs of degra- ernmental agencies are showing great dation with a decline in coastal interest in expanding the programme resources and marine biodiversity. to other areas. This is particularly noticeable in the Western Indian Ocean region under- Lake Victoria – a shared resource lining the need for regional coopera- Another way of working regionally is tion, multi-disciplinary research, com- the Lake Victoria Research initiative prehensive policies and management in East Africa, which brings together systems. Sida supports a marine sci- research groups from the surrounding ence programme coordinated by the countries. Lake Victoria provides a Western Indian Ocean Marine livelihood for around  million people, Science Association (). One but problems in the shape of overpop- result of the research programme is ulation and overfishing are increasing. that the connection between environ- The lake is also threatened by overfer- ment, poverty and development is bet- tilisation due to effluents and badly ter understood. This has led to im- functioning treatment plants. VicRes, proved conditions for coral reefs, the Lake Victoria Research Initiative, reduced fishing with dynamite and coordinated by the Inter University extensive replantings of mangrove. Council for East Africa (), has Coral reefs provide food and been established with the aim of

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Tanzania. The Institute of Marine Sciences (IMS), Zanzibar. Photo: Stefan Bladh.

Mariculture in Zanzibar

The demand for fish on the island of Zanzibar women can leave the smallest shellfish and would have been a serious polluter of the is greater than the supply. The fishermen’s let them grow. “This makes harvesting easier sea. The sea weed becomes very rich in pro- boats are too small to go far out, which and assures a regular supply at the same tein and the last step is to use the sea weed means that the waters surrounding the island time as it prevents overfishing in the areas to produce the fish feed. are being overfished. At the Institute of near shore waters.” “We have created this integrated system Marine Sciences (IMS), located in Zanzibar Flower Msuya drives us through the lush as a model for fish farming and people come and part of the University of Dar es Salaam, and beautiful island, on small bumpy roads, from all around Tanzania, Africa and even researchers have developed methods to farm to Makoba on the northwest coast where IMS from other continents to study it. We invite fish, shellfish and seaweed in an ecologically develops and tests new methods for milk fish people from the villages to workshops, and sustainable manner. This is a way for them to cultivation. the first fish and shellfish farms by local com- contribute to Tanzania’s food security pro- “With an increasing population and demand munities have already started in Zanzibar as gramme and to poverty alleviation. for food, mariculture is one of the potential well as mainland Tanzania. This is an opportu- For many years poor women have collect- areas for more production of proteins”, she nity that seems to interest young people”, ed shellfish at low tide along the coasts of explains. explains Dr. Flower Msuya. Zanzibar. They pick both big and small shells, The fish ponds are constantly provided with Flower Msuya‘s own field of research con- and sometimes there are no shellfish to be sea water through a system of channels. cerns two kinds of seaweed from which the found. Fingerlings of milk fish are caught in the man- Carrageenan gel is produced. The gel is used “We looked for new markets for produce grove areas and put in a first row of ponds to for beauty products, shampoo, toothpaste from the sea. Through a survey, we found grow. The next row of ponds contain shellfish and ice cream etc. The seaweed accounts that hotels were willing to add shellfish to in cages fastened to poles. They live off the for about 30 per cent of Zanzibar’s exports. their restaurant menus provided that they surplus food that gets washed away from the Flower Msuya is experimenting with seasonal could be assured to get deliveries every day. fish ponds thereby cleaning the water of variations of various physical chemical We saw this as a possibility for women to do organic matter. A third row of ponds and parameters to see what conditions give the business.” Dr. Flower Msuya is a researcher some nets on the water’s way back to sea highest seaweed growth, gel quantity and at IMS and she proudly explains that the insti- contain a sea weed that thrives on nutrients quality. tute has offered courses about how to make which are produced by the milk fish and the wooden enclosures in the water where the shellfish. Without this biofilter the fish farm

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Orange Sweet Potatoes Save Lives

“Up to 60,000 children die every year of dis- deadly diseases such as measles, malaria, amount of beta-carotene,” he explains. eases related to vitamin A deficiency,” says and diarrhoea. In sub-Saharan Africa, around Current emphasis on sweet potato research Dr. Mwanga who works on the Sweet Potato 3 million children under the age of five suffer is to improve nutrition through increasing the Programme at the Namulonge Agricultural from a vitamin A-related form of blindness beta-carotene content of the roots and, also, and Animal Production Research Institute known as xerophthalmia, or dry eye and to promote the orange-fleshed sweet potato NAARI, located outside the Ugandan capital other serious diseases. Children below the among communities in Uganda. Kampala. The aim of the initiative is to pro- age of 6 and pregnant and breast-feeding By 2004, an estimated two million vide new, orange-fleshed sweet potato vari- mothers are most vulnerable to vitamin A Ugandans were eating the new varieties of eties which are rich in beta-carotene, a nutri- deficiency. sweet potato. The VITAA Project won the ent the body uses to produce vitamin A. Among others the Sweet Potato Initiative prestigious CGIAR Partnership Award during “If the orange-fleshed sweet potato substi- at NAARI is funded through CIP, the the 2003 CGIAR Annual General Meeting held tuted the white-fleshed sweet-potato types on International Potato Center (known worldwide in Nairobi, Kenya. a wide scale, the vitamin A deficiency could by its Spanish acronym CIP). CIP is one of be reduced to almost zero,” says Dr. the institutes within the CGIAR, the Mwanga. Consultative Group on International Up to 90 per cent of the Ugandan popula- Agricultural Research. tion consume sweet potato as their primary The Sweet Potato Initiative is an example or secondary food. “To get their supplement of many years’ research in areas like plant of vitamin A, children would need to eat only breeding, plant husbandry, nutrition, econom- 40 grammes of the dark orange-fleshed ics, social aspects etc. It is also an example sweet-potato a day,” says Dr. Mwanga waving on how long term research planning can have his arms as to emphasise the importance of an impact on poverty reduction. his work. Dr. Robert Mwanga, who has researched It is easy to understand his enthusiasm. on sweet potato since 1978, shows different The lack of Vitamin A weakens the immune samples of the potato. “As the colour intensi- system, making people more vulnerable to fies from white to orange the higher is the

Uganda. Doctor Robert Mwanga, the Sweet Potato Programme at NAARI. Photo: Mats Widén.

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A Strong Cup of Coffee

Professor Le Thi Anh Hong relaxes with a cup Institute in Vietnam and SLU in Sweden. The tropical diseases. In Alnarp, our students are of coffee, one of five she normally drinks aim of the project was to strengthen the given a great deal of support and attention. every day. The Agricultural Genetic and capacity for national plant pathology research When they return from Sweden they are more Biotechnology Institute is situated in a beauti- in Vietnam, be of relevance to crop improve- dynamic and active, and can work in a more ful old building on the outskirts of Hanoi. ment programmes and cater for testing bac- independent way”. Here, the development of the Vietnamese cof- terial, fungal and viral resistance and for con- fee industry is taking place, with Mme Hong trolling planting material. as the responsible professor. In 2004, the non-chemical control of coffee Vietnam has a long tradition of both drink- production project began in cooperation with ing and growing coffee. The type grown is the Department of Crop Science at the mostly Robusta, a coffee often grown in west- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in ern Africa which can also be cultivated on Alnarp. Through Swedish support, Vietnam lowlands in hot climates. Robusta is consid- aims to develop the production of eco-coffee, ered lower quality than Arabica and fetches a which fetches a much higher price on the lower price on the world market. world market. During the past ten years, Vietnam has “In order to develop a high quality coffee become a major coffee exporter on the world and a sustainable coffee production we need market. Robusta coffee is widely used in good management and a better understand- instant coffee products. The total area of cul- ing of fungus infections and other diseases. tivation is approximately 500,000 acres and Step by step we aim to reduce the use of Vietnam has become one of the largest cof- chemicals in order to replace it with organic fee producers on the world market. fertilisers”, says Professor Le Thi Anh Hong. But increased production also puts a strain But why would coffee growers in Vietnam on the environment. In 2000 a plant diseases want to cooperate with Sweden, a country control project began in cooperation between where coffee is not cultivated? the Agricultural Genetic and Biotechnology “Sweden has a long experience of studying Vietnam. Professor Le Thi Anh Hong. Photo: David Isaksson.

encouraging regional and multidisci- for VicRes in Uganda, is aiming to plinary research that will provide prac- overcome the costly and labour inten- tical solutions to poverty and environ- sive obstacle of egg production when mental degradation in the Lake farming catfish. The catfish (Clarias Victoria Basin. Universities in spp.) is highly appreciated as food for Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda are the population around Lake Victoria. participating in the programme in It is fast growing and has modest which VicRes acts as a research coun- demands for food and space when cil. The research covers a range of dis- kept in captivity. A major problem for ciplines from pollution, fish farming farming, though, is that fertilisation and medicinal plants to gender and must be made artificially. Females in socio-economic issues. captivity do not produce the necessary Research findings will be taken to spawning hormone, which has to be political and other decision-making extracted from the wild population levels. One of the aims is to draw up and then injected into mature females guidelines for sustainable utilisation of to produce eggs for the farms. the lake, such as how fish-breeding The research is made along two can increase income without having a lines – to find out what natural stimuli negative effect on the water, how to is needed to induce spawning, and to improve the possibilities for the poor develop methods to mass produce the fishing community and the measures hormone. required to reduce discharges. It also The two-day annual meeting for involves reducing the wear and tear on VicRes in Uganda gathered about  Lake Victoria’s wetlands. participants. These represented a One important research project, majority of projects funded by VicRes, presented at the  annual meeting several East African universities,

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national research councils and the and set overall research priorities for East African Community. the  system, envisioning that donors will be directing ‒ per Linking with international research cent as core funding on the agreed- Sida promotes links between national upon system priorities. research and the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Re- Economic growth search () which is the most In industrial countries, the role of important of the international research in relation to social progress research organisations in the field of and economic growth is well recog- natural resources. Swedish support nised. In developing countries, govern- through  dates back to  and ments are currently showing an the association is co-sponsored by increased interest in science and tech- , The World Bank,  and nology. Investments will have a clear . direction at innovation as a means of Its  specialised institutes keep an reducing poverty. Research within nat- overview of international research in ural sciences and technology has the their respective field, and identify and potential for producing commercially conduct research in neglected research interesting results as shown by the fol- areas of key relevance to poverty lowing examples. In Uganda, clay reduction. The traditional orientation minerals have been found to be suit- of the research conducted by the able for manufacturing high quality  and its partners focuses on fireclay refractories, in Tanzania dif- improving the critical components of ferent types of biocomposites are pro- the agricultural sector including agro- duced from local raw material, in forestry, biodiversity, food, forage and Mozambique, research on the utilisa- tree crops, pro-environment farm tion of tropical wood may improve technologies, fisheries, forestry, live- and diversify the country’s manufac- stock, food policy and agricultural turing industry. Chemical and biotech- research services. Increasingly, re- nological research is supported by search is also addressing economic Sida in several cooperating countries. conditions and driving factors for pro- This has resulted in the identification duction, as well as sustainable develop- of and production of compounds of ment in society as a whole. A major medical, agricultural and environmen- challenge for the new Science Council tal interest. established in  will be to balance “Research within natural sciences and technology has the potential for producing commercially interesting results”.

Vietnam. Coffee farmer in Bavi. Photo: Johan Resele. 39 SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.23 Sida 40

Innovation strategies Mozambique and the University of A term that is used diligently is “inno- Dar es Salaam in Tanzania) was vation”, in particular in an attempt to approved in . This will focus on intensify cooperation between univer- technology given national priority sities, authorities, politicians and the within the countries, i.e. environmen- private sector in order to convert tally friendly technology for sustain- research into practical solutions. able utilisation of natural resources, One of the challenges for cooper- development of rural and urban infra- ating countries is in building a nation- structure, renewable energy and ener- al capacity to modernise innovation gy systems and development of . structures and policies. Research councils and universities have central Decreasing dependency on roles, as do the private sector and fossil fuels authorities. Renewable Energy Technologies in In order to establish a dialogue Asia, , is a regional programme with cooperating countries concerning aimed at decreasing energy-poor innovation, Sida has supported semi- countries’ dependency on fossil fuels. nars and workshops with researchers, The programme has been carried out politicians and representatives of the in three phases during ‒ industrial sector in Eastern Africa and through a research network of  in Bolivia, Nicaragua and Honduras. with  national research institutes The main purpose of the workshops from six Asian countries. has been to stimulate awareness, coop- Activities carried out by the partici- eration and debate on the role of clus- pating institutions include develop- ters in the development of innova- ment of solar and solar-biomass tions. hybrid dryers, micro-utility systems, Engineering sciences, technological briquette stoves and gasifiers, all skills and analytical capacity are designed and adapted to the local con- required for direct and indirect ways ditions. Adaptive research has helped of combating poverty. It is therefore reduce imported items and enhanced important for low-income countries to capacity of the institutions to design, reinforce their capacity in finding their fabricate and commission systems. own niche for product development. These cleaner technologies have Research may lead the way to produc- contributed to pollution reduction by tion suitable for local conditions, as replacing the use of fossil fuel for well as for export. A significant exten- lighting and fuel wood for cooking. sion of the Sida support to strengthen- They have also contributed to increasing research capacity at three faculties ing small business income. As an in Eastern and Southern Africa example, entrepreneurs can earn their (Makerere University in Uganda, living by producing and selling bri- University Eduardo Mondlane in quettes. The programme’s awareness “Engineering sciences, technological skills and analytical capacity are required for direct and indirect ways of combating poverty”.

Tanzania. University of Dar es Salaam, The prospective College of Engineering (pCET). Photo: Stefan Bladh.

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Tanzania. Seaweed in Zanzibar. Photo: Stefan Bladh. SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.23 Sida 42

and demonstration programmes coup- The African Economic Research led with seminars and workshops have Consortium (), an African highlighted the feasibility of renew- research and training organisation, able energy technologies among users, has received Sida funding for over a policy personnel, entrepreneurs and decade. Its research focuses on macro- the general public. In Bangladesh, as economics, growth studies, poverty an example, taxes on the import of and the African economics in a global solar modules have been exempted context. In   had  mem- and issues of  are being included ber universities in  countries, and in the National Energy Policy. provided formal training on an c The overall impact of the pro- and PhD level. gramme can be summarised as aware- The second phase of one thematic ness of renewable energy technologies research project, “Poverty, Income dis- among rural people, improved stan- tribution and Labour Market Issues in dard of living with opportunity for Sub Saharan Africa”, was launched in income generation and less environ- . Findings from its first phase has mental pollution. As a concluding been used by policymakers in their activity in October  a regional elaboration of poverty reduction Renewable Energy Technology strategies. Another example is ’s research project ”African Imperatives in the New World Trade Order”. The “Understanding the process of economic project provides knowledge and insight which is used when African growth and its determinants is of great governments in various constellations negotiate trade agreements with the importance in designing economic policies,  and the , which can result in increased exports and improved con- institutions and systems”. ditions for foreign trade. The political economy of growth which takes into account institutional, Transfer Workshop was organised in political and governance aspects as order to transfer the technologies and important determinants of growth has accessories developed by the pro- received increased interest. Under- gramme to interested entrepreneurs, standing the process of economic institutes and organisations of devel- growth and its determinants is of oping countries. Seventy participants great importance in designing eco- from  Asian and African countries nomic policies, institutions and sys- attended the workshop. It included tems which are conducive to growth presentations on the technologies and create conditions for sustainable developed, demonstration of the tech- eradication of poverty. The  nology packages and accessories, research project “Explaining African hands-on training sessions, and a dis- Economic Growth” involves some  cussion forum for further promotion African countries. One consistent of the technologies packages. result emerging from the project is the key role of reforms and political sta- Growth strategies and economics bility as major determinants of eco- Governments need to create condi- nomic growth. Market-based reforms tions that are favourable for economic and improvements in public sector growth if there should be any chance management provided a strong basis of poverty elimination. A sound busi- for renewed growth among African ness climate needs to be created to countries that established or main- promote the establishment of compa- tained political stability during the tur- nies. Governments also need to be bulent s. Where reforms or politi- well informed about the best ways of cal stability failed, however, so did utilising and protecting natural growth. Creating a political economy resources from an economic point of of sustained growth therefore repre- view. This calls for strong analytical sents a critical input to achieving capacity and research with a base in poverty reduction and long-run deve- the local context. lopment in Africa.

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India. Drinking water tap in New Delhi. Photo: Silver photo.

Safe Drinking Water Practices

The demand for potable water and sanitation expand rapidly in the short-term. A substitute drinking water by about 5 percentage points. is often presumed to be low in developing short-term solution is disinfection at point of From a policy perspective it is important to countries due to poverty. But is poverty the use, such as boiling water or straining con- understand how much people are willing to only reason for the low demand on environ- taminants. pay for purification technologies. In their mental quality or is it also lack of adequate Household specific interventions can have study the authors estimate this willingness information about environmental hazards? a large health impact, the SANDEE study using data from a sub-sample of households A study from 2004 by The South Asian reveals. The authors state that providing poor from Delhi. They estimate that the average Network for Development and Environmental people with information about problems asso- person in Delhi is willing to pay approximately Economics, SANDEE, demonstrates that the ciated with dirty water can prevent health haz- 25 rupees per month to ensure that drinking demand for clean water and consequent ards such as diarrhoea and other waterborne water is clean. adoption of safe drinking water practices is diseases. One of the conclusions in the study is that as strongly dependent on awareness and In their study the authors examine different awareness campaigns about clean water education as on wealth. The authors Jyotsna sources of awareness – formal schooling, should be increasingly used as tools for pub- Jalan, E. Somanathan and Saraswata exposure to massmedia and occurance of lic health interventions. The authors also Choudhuri of the Indian Statistical Institute diarrhoeal diseaeses. According to the state that media can play a powerful role in examine the determinants of clean drinking authors, educational attainment and wealth sensitising people to health hazards from water practices by using a national data set both significantly increase the likelihood of unsafe drinking water. However the authors up from urban India. households adopting safe drinking water underline that these strategies do not negate Contaminated drinking water is a major practises. The study also reveals that listen- the need for an increased supply of regulated health hazard in developing countries. In India ing to the radio and reading the newspaper pipe water. Every possible policy to make alone, there are more than a million child raise awareness of purification techniques. water safe needs to be considered and deaths per year as a result of waterborne dis- The authors state that if a female adult adopted. eases such as diarrhoea (Parikh, 1999). The household member reads a newspaper at WHO estimates that universal availability of least once a week, the likelihood of adopting Based on SANDEE working paper entitled piped and regulated drinking water would safe drinking water practices incresases by ”Awareness and the Demand for Environmental result in a reduction of some 7.6 billion diar- some 8 per cent. A prior bad health experi- Quality: Drinking Water in Urban India” by Jyotsna rhoea cases annually. However this type of ence, from diarrhoea for example, also raises Jalan, E. Somanathan and Saraswata Choudhuri. infrastructural intervention is unlikely to the probability of households boiling their

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Environmental economics achieving success in other policy areas Economic growth is often based on like human rights, democracy, gender the use of land and natural resources. equality, sustainable utilisation of nat- However, utilisation of these resources ural resources and sustainable eco- needs to be planned and based on effi- nomic growth. Therefore, research on ciency and sustainability criteria. the social aspects of development is South Asian Network for Develop- essential to understand the context, ment and Environmental Economics constraints and opportunities for () and Environmental Eco- socio-economic transformation and nomics and Policy in South East Asia for designing an appropriate develop- () are two research networks ment strategy. Research findings pub- focusing on policy relevant environ- lished by the  Research Institute for mental economics research. One pro- Social Development, , in  ject in Cambodia studied chemical “Social Policy in a development con- contamination of vegetables grown in text” addresses broad issues of social Phnom Penh. The researcher came to policy and draws lessons from an the conclusion that the most cost effec- extensive survey of theoretical work tive and feasible solution to this prob- and country experiences. It argues for lem is to re-locate farmers who are a strong link between the economic currently cultivating polluted wetlands and social dimensions of development and to set up an irrigation system for and emphasises the importance of their new fields that would use treated context specific analysis in the design household water. Another study focus- of appropriate developing policy. It es on wastewater management in also argues for the necessity of diverse industrial estates in Vietnam and strands of analysis and approaches to shows that many industries have not issues of development and stresses invested in wastewater treatment and “the fundamental values of social fall short of necessary compliance. It inclusion, equity, human rights and then makes recommendations on how widening of human capabilities”. The to handle the situation: tightened pol- main conclusion is that social policy lution monitoring and assessment, and economic policy should be stricter legislation and stiffer penalties. designed simultaneously and in a holistic way, and that social policy Social development should not be seen as providing a safe- Social development is both a goal in ty-net from the negative consequences itself and a necessary condition for of macroeconomic policies.

Sri Lanka. Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo. Photo: Stefan Bladh. 44 SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.23 Sida 45

Health HIV/AIDS – a global threat “Aids is no longer just The global health research gap has  is no longer just a health widened into a chasm, separating problem. In Africa, above all, the a health problem. In developed countries from developing pandemic has become the biggest nations. This is often known as the threat against development and Africa, above all, the ”⁄ gap” – in reference to the esti- growth. Sida has therefore intensified mate made in  that less than  its efforts in combating the / pandemic has become per cent of global health research pandemic throughout 2004. / resources were being applied to  per is now in focus for all development the biggest threat cent of the world’s health problems. cooperation initiatives involving the At the Ministerial Summit on Health worst hit countries.  began sup- against development Research in November  the exer- porting / research not long cise of political commitment was seen after the virus was first identified just and growth”. as the necessary prerequisite to ensure over  years ago. Since then special the implementation of a health research programmes have evolved research agenda required to support under the supervision of an interna- the achievements of the Millennium tional group of scientific experts. Development Goals. Research projects receiving support The Statement from the meeting within the programme include vaccine highlights, among other things, the development and the study of disease need for more research on the deter- transmission from mother to child. minants of child and maternal health In October , Sida invited as well as greater attention to sexual researchers and / experts to a and reproductive health. Additionally, symposium to determine how far it includes the need for more research / biomedical research had in biomedical and social sciences, and come and where it was heading. The research into providing access to symposium was arranged in coopera- health systems and services, and their tion with the Royal Swedish Academy increased utilisation. of Sciences and the Swedish Research To provide the resources necessary Council and was attended by re- for essential research within develop- searchers, experts and politicians. ing countries, the governments of The debate focused on the possibil- these countries were urged to spend at ities of producing a vaccine against least  per cent of their national the disease. Many agreed that while it health expenditures on health was unlikely that any future vaccine research. would provide  per cent protection,

Vietnam. Information Campaign on HIV/AIDS. Photo: Johan Resele. 45 SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.23 Sida 46

Nicaragua. Reyna Vargas Salazar at Centro de Investigación en Demografía y Salud. Photo: Kina Robberts.

Researching and Reducing Poverty

The CIDS programme in Nicaragua is one by researchers in other fields. city of León, just beside a small creek that very visible example of how research can “Through the programme we have seen often overflows. Most households here are play an active role in poverty reduction and at many examples of how small improvements living informally, without title to the land. the same time produce a – for the country – benefit the health situation. One example is Some of the houses are just shacks, others a very valuable research material. that children are not dying in areas where all little bit better. CIDS (Centro de Investigación en Demo- households have access to clean water,” One of the daughters in the family visited is grafía y Salud) is a multidisciplinary health says Elmer Zelaya Blandón, PhD and pregnant. She is not much more than 20 but and demography research centre at the researcher at CIDS. this is her third child. Reyna asks about her University of León in Nicaragua. CIDS has Since the outset, researchers have been health situation. Has the mother to be been been building up a database since 1993 con- working closely with the communities where to the clinic? If not, why? Besides collecting sisting of health information from around the research is taking place. All contacts in data the investigators sometimes give advice 70,000 people in the city and 30,000 from a the areas are first discussed with local lead- and encourage people to make use of the rural area. Three to four times a year investi- ers. As data and findings are reported back, health services provided. gators have been asking questions about the the community people are able to discuss Gabriela Mercedes Lopez Santana is a number of children, deaths and births in the and find solutions for their problems. One 23–year-old mother of one. The household family and health situation for each family such example were the figures on domestic has access to clean water, which is one rea- member. Many important indicators such as violence, that led to a discussion on violence son why she believes that her child has not domestic violence, suicidal rates, birth rates and its causes in the community and made been sick so often. etc. are included. The system includes a people act against the violence. “They are asking how the children are, if mapping, household by household, on a num- Reyna Vargas Salazar belongs to the they have any illnesses and other things. ber of indicators. Many of the indicators are demographic surveillance project’s field They also tell us what we can do, when we useful for other researchers as well as for team. For a number of years she has regular- should go to the doctor and so on. I think it’s local authorities, for example the number of ly returned, asking questions about the situa- very good that they come here and ask ques- latrines in a community. The result is a gold- tion in the household. This day she is visiting tions”, she says. mine of information, ready to be studied also the households in the poor outskirts of the

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 per cent would nevertheless be a “Individual health ministries and donor great help in the fight against the pandemic. Opinions varied as to when agencies have invested in Demographic some form of vaccine would be available. Surveillance Sites (DSS) in a number of The long-term investments in capacity building at Muhimbili countries”. University College for Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania have resulted in a group of researchers within several diciplines which are ready to participate in collaborative Shigella, Vibrio cholera and Esche- research teams. richia coli, and to develop vaccines to Vaccine trials are planned for prevent the illnesses. Africa and developed for the virus One of the centre’s latest projects strains that exist there. The trials start studies the effects of arsenic in the out in Sweden where the reactions of groundwater on foetus growth and  injected volunteers are registered birth weight. Since arsenic was discov- for nine months. The first phase inves- ered in the ground water in Bangla- tigates the effects of the vaccine on desh in , ‒ per cent of all the volunteers, not its protection wells are thought to be contaminated against infection. The trials will then with arsenic at levels over the local take place in Tanzania – hopefully at limits. This means that around  mil- the end of next year. lion people in Bangladesh are chroni- “We are now building capacity in cally exposed to arsenic. all aspects in Tanzania in, for instance, Little is known about the effects of laboratories”, explains Eric Sandström, arsenic in drinking water on human professor in venereology at Stockholm reproductive outcome and the possible Söder Hospital, and research leader of aggravating role of malnutrition. the vaccine trial . “Our philoso- Understanding the role of nutrition in phy, which we share with Sida, is that the toxicity of arsenic provides a everything can be done locally. We are rationale for intensifying ongoing sup- also building clinics and our first vol- plementation programmes. unteers have been recruited from The research has been nested into within the Tanzanian police force.” an ongoing food and micronutrient Vaccine is not the only solution to supplementation trial involving the / enigma; greater know- around , women. Skin lesions, ledge is required of the virus and skin cancer, diabetes and hypertension there is a need to test new ways of have already been associated with designing the vaccine. Increased sup- arsenic exposure in Bangladesh. port to / research is needed Experimental studies have shown that and Sida announced a new call for high doses of arsenic induce severe proposals in November  directed malformations in the foetus. Arsenic is at a new generation of / also toxic for the ovaries. researchers. Younger researchers and new research teams are prioritised. Demographic surveillance sites Many developing countries do not Environmental medicine have National Demographic Registers. Sida has supported the Centre for The lack of appropriate registers and Health and Population Research data relating to nativity, mortality and (,) in Bangladesh, since . the health situation of many low-in- The centre specialises in child health. come countries results in decisions and According to , acute diarrhoea- policies founded on unreal and often related illnesses rank as the third most wrong premises. common cause of child mortality in To address this, individual health developing countries. Sida supports ministries and donor agencies have projects aimed at acquiring knowledge invested in Demographic Surveillance of the common bacterial pathogenic Sites () in a number of countries. microorganisms that causes diarrhoea, In  these sites established an inter-

47 SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.23 Sida 48

national network, . The net- many public health diseases in Africa work currently consists of  field sites and Asia,  launched the in  developing countries that collec- Health Intervention Trials Platform in tively monitor over . million people . The network is initially focusing at household level. The vision is to on the four diseases malaria, ⁄, provide a better, empirical under-  and rotavirus. standing of health and social issues, and to apply this understanding to WHO shows the connection between alleviate the most severe health and health and development social deterioration. Several sites in Sexual and reproductive health is an the network are supported within area of urgent concern. In addition, Sidas bilateral research capacity build- maternal health is one of the  ing efforts. Millennium Development Goals. A Research in low-income countries high level of ill health and mortality has traditionally focused on infectious among mothers and children in con- diseases and child health. Statistics on nection with pregnancy and childbirth adult morbidity and mortality are has attracted considerable attention. practically unavailable in most set- This also applies to the exposure of tings. The impact of ⁄ and young people to sexual abuse and the increasing emergence of incidence prostitution. ’s Human Re- of non communicable diseases makes productive Programme () focuses it pertinent to monitor adult health. on these issues and Sida has financed During   published the programme since it began in . Model Life Tables for sub-Saharan Via , Sida also supports the Africa. Model life tables provide ways Tropical Disease Research Programme of deriving accurate mortality sched- (). The increased focus on malaria ules or predicting future trends from research was largely due to the  scanty data. In settings where accurate Roll Back Malaria Initiative and the data are unavailable, these provide Multilateral Initiative on Malaria invaluable tools for estimating mortali- (). The vital breakthrough for ty conditions among populations epict malaria research in determining the the different patterns of age-specific entire genetic code of the malaria risks of death in the populations cov- mosquito in , has resulted in new ered. The book presents model life lines of research. The aim is to exploit tables for Africa using accurate empir- the information coming from genome ical data from   demo- sequencing activities on insect disease graphic surveillance system sites vectors.  has during  been throughout sub-Saharan Africa. facilitating the development of a net- A modified Brass logic system is used work of research training centres for to produce mortality models that are functional genomics in Africa, Asia, unique in that they, for the first time, and Latin America. This will open the incorporate empirical and accurate way for promising young scientists in data representing prevailing mortality disease endemic countries to learn the patterns in sub-Saharan Africa, taking skills necessary for using genome data, into account the effect of the ⁄ and for developing partnerships to  epidemic. produce more effective tools to inter- In the light of the growing demand rupt disease transmission. to test drugs and vaccines for the In addition, experimental studies have managed to change the genetic code in a species of malaria mosquito so that it can no longer transmit the malaria parasite. Several promising drug candidates have been developed “Experimental studies have managed to for e.g African sleeping sickness. change the genetic code in a species of Several clinical trials have with posi- tive results been carried out to study malaria mosquito so that it can no longer the effects of a combination treatment involving malaria, schistosomiasis, lep- transmit the malaria parasite”. rosy and tuberculosis.

48 SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.23 Sida 49

Tanzania. The Chalinze Health Centre, Bagamoyo District. Photo: Stefan Bladh. Malaria Treatment Closer to Households

Asha Hasani is lying in her mother’s arms, vided with microscopes. Treatment without a malaria fever accompanied by convulsions in too tired to speak or move. She is two years proper diagnosis increases the risk of quickly children under five is caused by witchcraft. old and for two days she has run a high fever making the parasites resistant, and should be The patient is taken to a traditional healer. It and has been vomiting and coughing. avoided. is only when this treatment does not work The laboratory assistant has taken a blood “Malaria is widespread in Africa because of that they go to a hospital – but by then it is sample from her finger to see if she is suffer- the climate and because of poverty. The par- often too late to save the patient.” ing from malaria, but Dr. Billy Ngasala, a PhD asite is here to stay, the climate suits it well The next step is to bring diagnosis and student from the Muhimbili University College and poor people cannot afford to take preven- treatment closer to the households through of Health Sciences (MUCHS) in Dar es tive measures or to buy medicine”, explains local health workers. The researchers at Salaam, says that malaria treatment must Amos Massele, Professor of Pharmacology at MUCHS are now working on a ‘Rapid Diag- start right away. “Otherwise she might not MUCHS. nostic Test’; a simple and accurate way to survive the day”. “Eighty percent of the population of determine malaria infection which does not Asha´s mother has taken her daughter to Tanzania lives in rural areas and the majority require a microscope. the Chalinze Health Centre in the Bagamoyo of them live on less than a dollar a day. They “Our aim is to reduce mortality through District around 80km from Dar es Salaam. do not have enough to eat and can of course better diagnoses. It is sad to see children The centre is included in MUCHS’ programme not afford to buy mosquito nets and mosqui- dying from malaria. Research projects should to improve malaria case management in to repellents. New more expensive drugs help the community – that is definitely the under fives. This means that the little girl will have to be introduced as the parasite be- case with this one”, says Professor Amos receive treatment for free. Around 70 women comes immune to the old ones. This is not Massele. and children are waiting to see the medical sustainable.” staff this morning – many of them have fever. Professor Massele coordinates the Malaria Through the project all the health workers Case Management Programme supported by Tanzania. Photo: Stefan Bladh. in the Bagamoyo and Kibaha districts have SAREC since 1995. MUCHS works together been educated about malaria and have with Huddinge University Hospital and the received manuals for treatment. However, Karolinska Institute in Sweden. every fever is not malaria. Research at Malaria is the illness which takes most MUCHS has shown that the best diagnosis is lives in Africa today. Surprisingly, many do done with the help of a microscope, which not recognise the symptoms as malaria: makes it easy to see if there are parasites in “In some of the rural areas, where this the blood. Six health centres have been pro- study was conducted, there is a belief that

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Nicaragua. The CIDS programme (Centro de Investigación en Demografía y Salud), the University of León. Photo: Kina Robberts. SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.24 Sida 51

FACTS SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.24 Sida 52

The Bilateral Research Cooperation

Bilateral programme disbursements 2004 by country: Total bilateral disbursements SEK 223.2 million.

40 37.4 35

30 27.5 25.2 25 20.1 20 19.1 17.9 14.2 15.3 14.9 15 13.3

10 7.3 6.8 2.6 5 1.4 0

Eritrea Bolivia Laos Ethiopia Rwanda TanzaniaUganda Vietnam HondurasNicaragua Sri Lanka Burkina Faso Mozambique South Africa

Burkina Faso Sida commitment for current agreement period 2004–2008: SEK 66 million. Disbursed 2004: SEK 7.3 million.

Burkinabée institutions: OU – University of Ouagadougou UPB – Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso CNRST – Central National Research Institute, Ouagadougou

Collaborating institutions in Sweden: SLU – Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala and Umeå Uppsala University

Burkina Faso. Photo: David Isaksson.

Honduras The project will start on July 1st, 2005. Disbursements during 2004 refer to the preparation process. Sida commitment for current agreement period July 2005 – June 2008: SEK 39.5 million. Disbursed 2004: 1.4 million, as part of the preparation process.

Honduran institutions: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras (UNAH)

Future collaborating institutions in Sweden: The Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control (Smittskyddsinstitutet), departments for virology and bacteriology, Stockholm Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences

Honduras. Photo: David Isaksson.

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Mozambique Sida commitment for current agreement period 2001–30th June 2005: SEK 79.1 million. Disbursed 2004: SEK 14.2 million.

Supported areas: Anthropology, Archaeology, Biotechnics, Chemistry, Engineering, Geology, History, Informatics, Law, Linguistics, Mathematics, Marine Biology, Marine Science, Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Physics

Mozambican institutions: INIVE – National Veterinary Research Institute, Maputo UEM – Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo

Collaborating institutions: CTH – Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg Mozambique. Photo: David Isaksson. GU – Göteborg University KI – Karolinska Institute, Stockholm Kristineberg Marine Biological Station, Fiskebäckskil KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm LTH – Lund University of Technology LU – Lund University SLU – Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala UU – Uppsala University University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne University of Natal, Durban University of Pretoria Witwatersrand University

Rwanda Sida commitment for current agreement period 2003–2005: SEK 7 million. Disbursed 2004: SEK 15.3 million.

Supported areas: Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), Environment, Conflict Resolution, Democracy and Human Rights, Human Resource Development, Economic Reforms

Rwandan institutions: NUR – the National University of Rwanda, Butare

Collaborating partners: Linköping University, Sweden Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden

Rwanda. Photo: ScanPix.

53 SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.24 Sida 54

Tanzania Sida commitment for current agreement period 2004–2007: SEK 188 million. Disbursed 2004: SEK 37.4 million.

Supported areas: Architecture, Education, Energy and Engineering (Electricity, Electrotechnology, New Materials), Health (HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Reproductive Health), Information and Communication Technology, Languages, Law, Natural Resources and Environment (Agropesticides, Coastal Zone, Drylands), Social and Economic Development, Institutional Support

Tanzanian institutions: UDSM – University of Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Photo: Stefan Bladh. UCLAS – University College of Lands and Agricultural Studies MUCHS – Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences

Collaborating institutions: GU – Göteborg University KI – Karolinska Institute, Stockholm KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SMI – Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm Swedish Environmental Research Group, Stockholm SU – Stockholm University UmU – Umeå University UU – Uppsala University

Uganda Sida Commitment for current agreement period 2002–2004: SEK 104 million. Disbursed 2004: SEK 20.1 million.

Supported areas: Agriculture (Environment), Health (HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Mental Health, Reproductive Health, Pharmacology), ICT, Technology (Architecture, Energy, Engineering, Environment), Social Sciences (Gender, HIV/ AIDS, Political Science, Sociology), Epidemiology, Library Science

Ugandan institutions: Makerere University, Kampala

Uganda. Photo: Mats Widén. Collaborating institutions: GU – Göteborg University KI – Karolinska Institute, Stockholm KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm Luth – Luleå University SLU – Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala UU – Uppsala University BU – Borås University

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Bolivia Sida commitment for current agreement period 2000–2003: SEK 57 million. Disbursed 2004: SEK 19.1 million.

Supported areas: Biotechnology, Chemistry, Food Science, Water Resources Engineering, Regional Planning, Social Economics, History, Anthropology, Archaeology, Linguistics (Aymara)

Bolivian institutions: UMSA – San Andrés University, La Paz UMSS – San Simón University, Cochabamba Vice Ministry for Higher Education, Science and Technology, La Paz CEBEM – Bolivian Center of Multidisciplinary Studies, La Paz Bolivia. Photo: Kina Robberts. CERES – Center of Studies of Economic and Social Reality, Cochabamba

Collaborating institutions in Sweden: LU – Lund University UU – Uppsala University FLACSO – Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (network), Peru

Ethiopia Sida commitment for current agreement period 2002–2005: SEK 103 million. Disbursed 2004: SEK 13.3 million.

Supported areas: Agriculture, Biology, Environmental Economics, Health, Natural Products Chemistry, Solar Energy, Water Resources

Ethiopian institutions: AAU – Addis Ababa University AHRI – Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa AU – Alemaya University, Dire Dawa ESTC – Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission, Addis Ababa

Collaborating institutions: Ethiopia. Photo: Silver photo. GU – Göteborg University ISP – International Science Programmes, Uppsala KI – Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SLU – Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala and Alnarp SU – Stockholm University UmU – Umeå University UU – Uppsala University

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Nicaragua Sida commitment for current agreement period July 2004 – June 2008: SEK 100 million. Disbursed 2004: SEK 27.5 million.

Supported areas: Agriculture, Health, Engineering and Environmental Sciences Nicaraguan Institutions UNA – National University of Agriculture, Managua UNAN-Léon – National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Léon UNAN-Managua – National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Managua UNI – National University of Engineering, Managua Nicaragua. Photo: Kina Robberts.

Collaborating institutions in Sweden: HS – Huddinge University Hospital KI – Karolinska Institute, Stockholm KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm LU – Lund University SLU – Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SMI – Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm UmU – Umeå University

Sri Lanka Sida commitment for current agreement period 2003–2007: SEK 84 million. Disbursed 2004: SEK 17.9 million.

Supported areas: Archeology, Biotechnology, Biochemical Pest Control, Electrical Engineering, Health, Library, Marine Biology, Regional Development/Poverty Alleviation, Social Sciences, University Staff Development, ICT & Postgraduate Studies in ICT

Sri Lankan institutions: NARA – National Aquatic Resources Agency, Colombo NSF – National Science Foundation, Colombo Sri Lanka. Photo: Stefan Bladh. UoC – University of Colombo UoJ – University of Jaffna UoK – University of Kelaniya UoP – University of Peradeniya UoR – University of Ruhuna, Matara UoSJ – University of Sri Jayawardenepura

Collaborating institutions in Sweden: CTH – Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg GU – Göteborg University ISP – International Science Programs, Uppsala KU – Kalmar University KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SLU – Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SU – Stockholm University UU – Uppsala University INASP – The International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications, London

56 SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.24 Sida 57

Laos Sida commitment for current agreement period 2003–2005: SEK 16.0 million. Disbursed 2004: SEK 14.9 million.

Supported areas: Social Sciences, Education, Agriculture, Forestry, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics and IT

Lao institutions at the NUOL – the National University of Laos: FOSS – Faculty of Social Sciences FOE – Faculty of Education FOS – Faculty of Science FOF – Faculty of Forestry Laos. Photo: David Isaksson. FOA – Faculty of Agriculture

Collaborating institutions: SLU – Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala and Umeå UMU – Umeå University KTH – Royal Institute of Technology

Vietnam Sida commitment for current agreement period: 2004–2007: SEK 100 million. Disbursed 2004: SEK 25.2 million.

Supported areas: Health, Biotechnology, Rural Development including Environment

Vietnamese institutions: CLST – Central Library for Science and Technology, Hanoi CTU – Can Tho University Hué University University of Agriculture and Forestry, Ho Chi Minh Institute of Material Sciences, Hanoi Institute of Oceanography, Nha Trang Vietnam. Photo: Johan Resele. Institute of Oceanology, Haiphong MOST – Ministry of Science and Technology, Hanoi NCSSH – National Centre for Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi NIAH – National Institute for Animal Husbandry, Hanoi NISTPASS – The National Institute for Science and Technology Policy and Strategy Studies, Hanoi RCFTI – Research Centre for Forest Tree Improvement, Hanoi Hanoi Medical School Agricultural Genetics Institute, Hanoi

Collaborating institutions: ISP – International Science Programs, Uppsala KI – Karolinska Institute, Stockholm KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm Skogforsk – The Forestry Research Institute, Uppsala SLU – Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SSE – Stockholm School of Economics SU – Stockholm University UmU – Umeå University UU – Uppsala University CMC – Coastal Management Centre, Manila

57 SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.24 Sida 58

Thematic Research Programmes

Tanzania. Photo: Stefan Bladh. Vietnam. Photo: Johan Resele. Sri Lanka. Photo: Stefan Bladh.

Regional and International Programmes: NATURAL SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY

Percentage of total SEK 444.7 million. Collaborating institutions:

Latin America: 6.6 Basic Sciences: International Science Programs, ISP, Uppsala, Sweden Third World Academy of Sciences, TWAS, Trieste, Italy International Centre for Theoretical Physics, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Third World Organisation for Women in Science, TWOWS, Trieste, Italy Biotechnology, Biosafety and Biopolicy in East Africa (BIOEARN): Africa: 27.1 International: 55.5 Ugandan National Council for Science and Technology, UNCST, Kampala, Uganda Stockholm Environment Institute, SEI, Stockholm, Sweden

Asia: 10.8 Energy, Climate and Environment: African Energy Policy Research Network, AFREPREN, Nairobi, Kenya Food Woodstove Dissemination, FWD, Kilimani, Kenya Asian Institute of Technology, AIT, Klongluang Pathumthani, Thailand Asian Regional Research Programme in Energy, Environment and Climate (ARRPEEC), administered by AIT Renewable Energy Technologies in Asia (RETS in Asia), administered by AIT Asian Regional Research Programme on Environmental Technology (ARRPET), administered by AIT

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SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

Collaborating institutions:

Social Sciences: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, UNRISD, Geneva, Switzerland Council for Development of Social Science Research in Africa, CODESRIA, Dakar, Senegal Organisation for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa, OSSREA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia African Association of Political Science, AAPS, Pretoria, South Africa Union for African Population Studies, UAPS, Dakar, Senegal Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales, CLACSO, Buenos Aires, Argentina Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO, San José, Costa Rica Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO, Guatemala City, Guatemala Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO, San Salvador, El Salvador Asian Political and International Studies Association, APISA, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Institute of Southern Africa Studies, ISAS, University of Lesotho, Roma, Lesotho

Economy: African Economic Research Consortium, AERC, Nairobi, Kenya The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm, Sweden Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia, EEPSEA, Singapore South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics, SANDEE, Kathmandu, Nepal UNU/WIDER – World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

Democracy and Human Rights Programme: Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Centre for Research and Documentation, Kano, Nigeria Institute for Free Flow of Information, Jakarta, Indonesia Institutt for Statsvitenskap, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway Centre for East & Southeast Asian Studies, GESEAS, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden Peace & Development Research Institute, PADRIGU, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden Department of Political Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Peace & Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Cambodian Researchers for Development, CRD, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Institute for Malaysian and International Studies, IKMAS, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia Research and Education for Peace Unit, University of Science of Malaysia, REPUSM, Penang, Malaysia The Centre and Programme for Southeast Asian Studies, Indonesian Institute of the Sciences, PSEAS/LIPI, Jakarta, Indonesia Department of Sociology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Archaeology Programme: Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of History, Archaeology Unit, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Pan African Association, PAA) Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Swedish multidisciplinary networks: Gender and Development Network, GADNET, Centre for GlobaI Gender Studies, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden Swedish South Asian Network, SASNET, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

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HEALTH RESEARCH

Collaborating institutions:

Health research and policy: Global Forum for Health Research, Geneva, Switzerland Council on Health Research for Development, COHRED, Geneva, Switzerland Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, AHPSR, Geneva, Switzerland Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland

Child health: Child and Adolescent Health and Development, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland

Sexual and reproductive health: UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme on Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland East, Central and Southern African Organisation for Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ECSAOG

Tropical and other infectious diseases: UNDP/World Bank/WHO/UNICEF Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland Centre for Health and Population Research, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland European Malaria Vaccine Initiative, EMVI, Copenhagen, Denmark International Vaccine Institute (IVI), Seoul, Korea Multilateral Initiative on Malaria, MIM, Stockholm, Sweden

HIV/AIDS and related sexually transmitted diseases: National Public Health Laboratory Bissau, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden International Aids Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, USA Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection (MMDI), Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Research training and networking in biomedicine in Central America: Fundación para el Desarollo Económico y Social de Centroamérica, FUNDESCA, Panamá, The Karolinska International Research and Training Committee, KIRT, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Network for Research and Training in Parasitic Diseases at the Southern Cone of Latin America, RTPD, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Regional programme for environmental and health research in Central America: Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Heredia, Costa Rica Department for Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Other: Non Communicable Disease Surveillance, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland WHO, Geneva, Switzerland International Network of Field Sites with continuous Demographic Evaluation of Populations and their Health in Developing Countries, INDEPTH, Accra, Ghana

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES & NATURAL RESOURCES

Collaborating institutions

Regional marine research programmes: Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association, WIOMSA, Zanzibar, Tanzania Coastal Management Research Centre, COMREC, Södertörn University College, Stockholm, Sweden Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean, CORDIO, Kalmar University, Kalmar, Sweden University of Dar es Salaam, Institute of Marine Science, Zanzibar, Tanzania National Aquatic Resources Agency, NARA, Colombo, Sri Lanka Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden University of Ruhuna, Matura, Sri Lanka

Other regional programmes: African Research Programme on Sustainable Use of Dryland Biodiversity, RPSUD, Nairobi, Kenya Pastoral Information Network Project, PINEP, Department of Range Management, University of Nairobi, Kenya Research Programme for Environmental Policy and Society, EPOS, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden African Forestry Research Network, AFORNET, African Academy of Science, AAS, Nairobi, Kenya Lake Victoria Research Initiative – VicRes, Inter-University Council for East Africa, IUCEA, Kampala, Uganda Regional Farming Systems in Asia, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

International agricultural research, food security and genetic resources: Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research, CGIAR: International Potato Center, CIP, Lima, Peru International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, ICIPE, Nairobi, Kenya International Food Policy Research Institute, IFPRI, Washington, USA International Rice Research Institute, IRRI, Manila Philippines International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, CIMMYT, Mexico City, Mexico International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria International Center for Tropical Agriculture, CIAT, Cali, Colombia International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, ICRISAT, Andhra Pradesh, India International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, IPGRI, Rome, Italy West Africa Rice Development Association, WARDA, Bouaké, Ivory Coast World Agroforestry Research Centre, ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya Center for International Forestry Research, CIFOR, Jakarta, Indonesia World Fish Centre, Penang, Malaysia International Water Management Institute, IWMI, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Other international organisations: African Centre for Technology Studies, ACTS, Nairobi, Kenya International Foundation for Science, IFS, Stockholm, Sweden

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Members of the Sida Research Committee 2004

Professor Gunnar Öquist, Chairman Permanent Secretary to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Professor Lotta Mellander the Institute for the Health of Women and Children/ Department of Paediatrics Gothenburg University

Professor Barbara Ekbom Institution of Entomology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala

Professor Malin Falkenmark Stockholm International Water Institute – SIWI

Professor Sven Hessle Department of Social Work Stockholm University

Professor Olle Stendahl Division of Medical Microbiology Linköping University

Professor Inga Persson the Institute of Economic Research/ Department of Economics, Lund University

Professor Lena Trojer School of Technoculture, Humanities and Planning Blekinge Institute of Technology

Assistant Professor Måns Lönnroth Foundation for strategic environment research, Stockholm

Ingemar Gustafsson Advisor, Department for Policy and Methodology, Sida

Berit Olsson Director, Department for Research Cooperation, Sida

Staff 2004

Berit Olsson Director Kerstin Alksäter Financial Officer Karin Ringberg Controller Anne Sisask Programme Officer, Editor Sida Studies Ingrid Svensson Information Officer Maria Wibom-Willén Secretary to the Director and the Sida Research Committee

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Division for University Support and National Research Development Tomas Kjellqvist Head of Division Hannah Akuffo Deputy Head of Division, Senior Research Advisor, Uganda, health research Karin Afli Financial Officer Renée Ankarfjärd Research Advisor, Laos, natural resources and environment Maria Teresa Bejarano Senior Research Advisor, Honduras, health research Håkan Berg Senior Research Advisor, Nicaragua, natural resources and environment Ulla Brundin Programme Administrator Ros-Mari Bålöw Senior Research Advisor, Sri Lanka, health research Måns Fellesson Research Advisor, Tanzania, Rwanda, social sciences Solveig Freudenthal Senior Research Advisor, Vietnam, health research Kwame Gbesemete Research Advisor, Burkina Faso, social sciences Zinaida Iritz Research Advisor, Mozambique, natural sciences and technology Tussi Lovén Registration Officer Håkan Marstorp Senior Research Advisor, Ethiopia, natural resources and environment Irene Opira Registration Officer Ester Tewolde-Berhan Programme Administrator Annelie Tillberg Programme Administrator Bertil Wahlund Research Advisor, Bolivia, natural sciences and technology Sven Widerberg Financial Officer

Division for Human Sciences for Social Development Barbro Carlsson Head of Division AnnaMaria Oltorp Deputy Head of Division, Senior Research Advisor, social sciences Marianne Boqvist Research Advisor, social sciences Michelle Bouchard Programme Officer, Sida Council for Development Research Anders Gerdin Research Advisor, social sciences Marianne Lindqvist Programme Administrator, health research Nina Löfquist Programme Administrator, social sciences Bertil Odén Senior Advisor, social sciences Viveka Persson Research Advisor, health research Andrés Rivarola Research Advisor, social sciences Pär Svensson Research Advisor, health research

Division for Natural Sciences for Sustainable Development Eva Ohlsson Head ofDivision Maija Lindroos Deputy Head of Division, Senior Research Advisor, natural sciences and technology Gity Behravan Research Advisor, natural sciences and technology Ellinor Gillberg Assistant Johan Wennerberg Research Advisor, natural sciences and technology Staffan Wiktelius Senior Research Advisor, natural resources and environment

Persons employed with SAREC on December 31st, 2004 are included in the list.

In May, the Division for Thematic Programmes was divided in two: the Division for Human Sciences for Social Development and the Division for Natural Sciences for Sustainable Development.

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SAREC_4868en_Edita.doc 05-09-15 11.22 Sida A

Halving poverty by 2015 is one of the greatest challenges of our time, requiring cooperation and sustainability. The partner countries are responsible for their own development. Sida provides resources and develops knowledge and expertise, making the world a richer place.

SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY

SE–105 25 Stockholm Sweden Telephone: +46-(0)8-698 50 00 Telefax: +46-(0)8-20 88 64