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The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariats of UNESCO and IOC concerning the legal status of any country or territory, its authorities, or concerning the delimitations of the frontiers of any country or territory. The authors are responsible for the choice of the facts and opinions presented within their chapter sections, and all images are the authors unless otherwise cited. The opinions expressed therein are not necessarily those of IOC or UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Acknowledgments: Appreciation is expressed to all those who assisted in the preparation of this book. It is the culmination of the hard work of the many people and institutes involved in ODINAFRICA III, with special thanks due to the invited authors for their contribution. The editors would like to thank Thorkild Aarup and Bernardo Aliaga for their review of Chapters 4 and 6. Rita Anyumba for the preparation of the first draft and Sam Ngete of KMFRI for producing all maps of Chapter 7. Special thanks are due to Brian Harding, Malika Bel Hassan-Abid and Peter Pissierssens for providing a final edit of the book. Edited by Mika Odido and Stefano Mazzilli For bibliographic purposes this document should be sited as follows: UNESCO-IOC. 2009. African Oceans and Coasts. Odido M. and Mazzilli S. (Eds). IOC Information Document, 1255, UNESCO Regional Bureau for Science and Technology in Africa, Kenya. IOC/INF-1255 ISBN 92-9158-017-1 © UNESCO 2009 Published by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Regional Bureau for Science and Technology in Africa. P.O. Box 30592, Nairobi, 00100 GPO, Kenya Layout, design and printing by Lino Typesetters (Kenya) Ltd. Printed in Kenya on chlorine free paper produced from sugar cane pulp for sustainable afforestation. Contents Preface v 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Where is the Data? 9 Desiderius C.P. Masalu 3.0 African Marine Atlas 19 Lucy Scott and Murray Brown 4.0 Is the sea level changing? 25 Angora Aman and Charles Magori 5.0 Marine information sciences 35 Arame Ndiaye Keita 6.0 Ocean Data Application 43 A. K. Armah 7.0 The Ocean Data and Information Network for Africa 51 7.1 Benin 53 Roger Djiman and Zacharie Sohou 7.2 Cameroon 59 Jean Folack 7.3 Congo 65 Lucien Maloueki 7.4 Cote d’Ivoire 71 Yacouba Sankare 7.5 Egypt 77 Ahmed El Nemr and Azza Khaled 7.6 Gabon 83 François Edgard Faure and Carine Moussounda 7.7 Ghana 89 Hawa Bint Yaqub 7.8 Guinea 95 Satigui Diakité 7.9 Kenya 99 Harrison Ong’anda, Nina Wambiji and Mika Odido 7.10 Madagascar 105 John Bemiasa 7.11 Mauritania 111 Mohamed Ould Mahfoudh and Assane Fall 7.12 Mozambique 117 Clousa Maueua 7.13 Namibia 123 Anja Kreiner, Deon Louw 7.14 Nigeria 127 Larry Awosika and Regina Folorunsho 7.15 Senegal 133 Arame Keita and Anis Diallo 7.16 Seychelles 139 Calvin Gerry 7.17 Tanzania 143 Edna A. Nyika 7.18 Togo 151 Adoté Blim Blivi, Koko Houédakor, Okoè Kouévi-Akue, Pessiézoum Adjoussi, and Dangnisso Bawa 7.19 Tunisia 157 Malika Bel Hassen References 161 List of acronyms Preface Coastal and marine resources provide the basis for a substantial management in an integrated manner have been launched in Africa proportion of economic and social activities in Africa. These include in recent years. However the data and information generated from fishing, tourism, offshore mining (including oil and gas), navigation these projects and programmes remain virtually inaccessible to marine and other industries. Africa, like the rest of the world is experiencing scientists and resource managers though they are in the public- a steady migration of populations to the coastal areas, in search of domain. improved livelihoods and economic opportunities. This has led to intense competition for the use of coastal areas and resources by The Ocean Data and Information Network for Africa (ODINAFRICA) different sectors of the society. Science-based approaches to sustainable brings together more than 40 marine related institutions from twenty management will ensure equitable solutions. five countries in Africa (Algeria, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Egypt, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, The stress on the coastal and marine resources originates in: industrial Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, and municipal pollution, coastal change and modification, destructive Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, fishing and over-fishing, invasive species, and global issues such as sea and Tunisia). With the support of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic level rise and climate change. These human-driven factors exacerbate Commission of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and natural degradation of coastal resources due to storm surges, droughts, Cultural Organization) and the Government of Flanders (Kingdom of floods and threats to the availability and use of freshwater. Given that Belgium) the network has strived to address the challenges faced in the lives and livelihoods of much of the coastal population are dependent ensuring that ocean and coastal data and information generated in on coastal and marine resources, conserving and sustainably managing national, regional and global programmes are readily available to a these resources is essential for social and economic development and wide range of users in an easily understandable format. in efforts towards poverty alleviation in Africa. Each of the participating institutions has developed a suite of data and The availability of reliable, up-to-date, accessible data and information information products including: directories of marine and freshwater is essential as a basis for integrated and sustainable management of professionals, catalogues of marine related data sets, marine species coastal and marine environment and resources. Indeed, the shortage databases, library catalogues, and catalogue of marine related of such data and information has been and continues to be a major publications from or about Africa. ODINAFRICA made substantial constraint to sustainable development in coastal and marine areas in contribution to the development of the African sea level network, which Africa. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation approved in 2002 currently comprises more than 40 tide gauges installed and maintained as a major outcome of the World Summit on Sustainable Development by several organizations, including national agencies and international (WSSD) places great emphasis on the need to obtain information about programmes. The African Marine Atlas (www.africanmarineatlas.net) the environment as the basis for monitoring its behavior and forecasting developed in collaboration with the African Coelacanth Project (ACEP), the effects of environmental change, so as to provide decision makers and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides access with the tools they need to improve and sustain development and to to maps, images, data and information to a wide range of users. mitigate or reverse undesirable trends or effects. These are but a few of the products that have been developed by the An increasing number of initiatives, supported by national governments Ocean Data and Information Network for Africa. The IOC through its and international partners, to address coastal and marine resource continued efforts in capacity development during the last 25 years v has endeavored to put in place at the national level the scientific and technical capabilities necessary to use these resources in the formulation of national policies. New cohorts of young African scientists and technicians are rapidly populating the old science institutions left from the colonial times. New, more modern institutions are emerging and the old ones are being re-invented to serve new needs. Without an autonomous development of science in Africa, the continent will remain reliant on external help and guidance. There is still a long way to go, and significant resources will be needed to achieve a seamless end-to-end system, from scientific facts to policy and management decisions. This said, what has been achieved so far is both refreshing and encouraging. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO and the Government of Flanders are proud to have been partners in this worthwhile endeavor and look forward to continued collaboration with the Members States from Africa in further development and strengthening of the network so that it continues to provide the data, information and products required for management of the marine and coastal environment and resources for the benefit of the coastal populations of Africa. Dr. Cherif Sammari Vice Chairman Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO Dr. Patricio Bernal Executive Secretary Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Assistant Director-General of UNESCO vi The Ocean Data and Information Network for Africa Introduction The Ocean Data and Information Network for Africa 1 Introduction The IODE capacity building activities in Africa were initiated in 1989 with the Regional Cooperation in Scientific Information Exchange in the Western Indian Ocean (RECOSCIX-WIO) project. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) launched RECOSCIX-WIO after a fact-finding mission undertaken in 1987 (Onyango and Pissierssens, 1987), funded by UNESCO. The objective of this mission was to investigate the feasibility of establishing a regional network (with point-to-point
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