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This book provides a very unorthodox treatment of the Arab Spring by looking into the association between interpersonal trust and terrorism. Shamaileh develops a novel theory that explains how the state of social capital at the individual level might have shaped the differential outcomes of the Arab Spring in Egypt, Libya, Syria, and beyond. The theoretical and empirical analysis presented in this timely book is a fine example of social scientific inquiry at its best. The author brings a wealth of evidence ranging from in-depth analysis of cases to large-N quantitative analysis to test the rich theoretical propositions. Trust and Terror will be a valuable resource for students of comparative politics and Middle Eastern studies as well as to policymakers. Sabri Ciftci, Michael W. Suleiman Chair in Arab and Arab-American Studies, Kansas State University To illustrate the critical interaction between general levels of interpersonal trust and the options to which individuals resort when addressing grie- vances, Shamaileh shows the depth of his analytical range, adeptly bring- ing together formal modeling, case studies, interviews, statistical analysis, and even Foucauldian interpretative analysis of satirical comic caricatures of Assad and popular comedy skits. Throughout the work, the author’s logic drives home the mechanisms behind the inevitable outcome of the Syrian protests and the relationship between the cultivated lack of trust in Syrian society and the recourse to terrorism as the means to counter the state. Michael Wuthrich, Academic Director of Global & International Studies Programs, University of Kansas Shamaileh offers a novel and persuasive argument about the effects of trust and interpersonal ties on individuals’ choices to pursue non-violent versus violent means of resistance. The book makes a major contribution to growing research on how the characteristics of societies and relations between militants and communities affect the trajectory of violent move- ments. It provides a fascinating lens through which to analyze variation in the protest movements that emerged in the Arab Spring – and beyond. Risa A. Brooks, Allis Chalmers Associate Professor, Marquette University This page intentionally left blank Trust and Terror Why do some individuals choose to protest political grievances via non- violent means, while others take up arms? What role does whom we trust play in how we collectively act? This book explores these questions by delving into the relationship between interpersonal trust and the nature of the political movements that individuals choose to join. Utilizing the examples of the Arab Spring uprisings in Egypt, Libya, and Syria, a novel theoretical model that links the literature on social capital and interpersonal trust to violent collective action is developed and extended. Beyond simply bringing together two lines of literature, this theoretical model can serve as a prism through which the decision to join terrorist organizations or violent movements may be analyzed. The implications of the theory are then examined more closely through an in-depth look at the behavior of members of political movements at the outset of the Arab Spring, as well as statistical tests of the relationship between interpersonal trust and terrorism in the Middle East and globally. Trust and Terror will be of interest to scholars of Comparative Politics and International Relations. Ammar Shamaileh is an assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Louisville, USA. His current research agenda focuses primarily on the relationship between informal institutions or cultural phenomena and political behavior and violence in the Middle East. Conceptualising Comparative Politics Edited by Anthony Spanakos (Montclair State University) and Francisco Panizza (London School of Economics) Conceptualising Comparative Politics seeks to bring a distinctive approach to comparative politics by rediscovering the discipline’s rich conceptual tradition and inter-disciplinary foundations. It aims to fill out the con- ceptual framework on which the rest of the subfield draws but to which books only sporadically contribute, and to complement theoretical and conceptual analysis by applying it to deeply explored case studies. The series publishes books that make serious inquiry into fundamental con- cepts in comparative politics (crisis, legitimacy, credibility, representation, institutions, civil society, reconciliation) through theoretically engaging and empirically deep analysis. From Religious Empires to Secular States State Secularization in Turkey, Iran and Russia Birol Bas¸kan The Politics of Governance Actors and Articulations in Africa and Beyond Lucy Koechlin and Till Förster Conceptualising Comparative Politics Edited by Anthony Petros Spanakos and Francisco Panizza Migration Governance across Regions State-Diaspora Relations in the Latin American-Southern Europe Corridor Ana Margheritis What Kind of Democracy? Participation, Inclusiveness and Contestation Katerˇina Vráblíková Trust and Terror Social Capital and the Use of Terrorism as a Tool of Resistance Ammar Shamaileh Trust and Terror Social Capital and the Use of Terrorism as a Tool of Resistance Ammar Shamaileh First published 2017 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Taylor & Francis The right of Ammar Shamaileh to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis. com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-138-20173-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-3155058-1-7 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Taylor & Francis Books To Jens Grosser This page intentionally left blank Contents List of illustrations x Acknowledgments xii Preface xiv 1 Introduction 1 2 Trust, Terror, and The Arab Spring: Egypt, Libya, and Syria 9 3 Theory: The Relationship between Trust and Terror 21 4 Islamist Political Mobilization in Egypt, Libya, and Syria 48 5 The Syrian Protester’s Dilemma 61 6 Generalized and Particularized Trust and Support for Terrorism: Evidence from Five Arab States 88 7 Generalized Interpersonal Trust and the Prevalence of Domestic Terrorist Activity: A Cross-Country Study 100 8 Conclusion 114 Appendix A: Ancillary Analyses for Chapter 3 117 Appendix B: Ancillary Analyses for Chapter 6 123 Appendix C: Ancillary Analyses for Chapter 7 127 References 130 Index 141 List of illustrations Figures 3.1 Prisoner’s Dilemma (Self-Interested) 24 3.2 Prisoner’s Dilemma (Other-Regarding) 24 3.3 Cooperating with Outsiders 26 3.4 Delegated Retribution (Self-Interested) 35 3.5 Delegated Retribution (Other-Regarding) 35 3.6 The Cost of Retribution 38 5.1 Approved Cartoon 65 5.2 Rejected Cartoon 66 5.3 The Illusion of Power 68 5.4 Counting Down the Days 69 5.5 Hitching a Ride with Qaddafi 70 6.1 Predicted Probabilities for Generalized and Particularized Trusters 98 7.1 Generalized Trust and Domestic Terrorism 106 7.2 Trust Above/Below 25% and Domestic Terrorism 106 7.3 Economic Development and Domestic Terrorism 108 7.4 Government Performance and Domestic Terrorism 108 A.1 Missingness Map 124 A.2 Overdispersion 124 Tables 3.1 Two-Player Game Payoffs32 6.1 Support for Terror – Summary Statistics 94 6.2 Support for Terror – Ordered Probit Dependent Variable: Support for Terrorism 96 6.3 Scenario 1: Not Generally Trusting – Scenario 2: Generally Trusting 97 6.4 First Differences – Only Generalized Trust 97 7.1 Domestic Terror – Summary Statistics 102 List of illustrations xi 7.2 Domestic Terror – OLS Regressions with Robust Standard Errors Dependent Variable: Domestic Terrorist Incidents 109 7.3 Domestic Terror – Two-Stage Least-Squares Regression (Second-Stage Results) Dependent Variable: Domestic Terrorist Incidents 111 7.4 Domestic Terror – Two-Stage Least-Squares Regression (First-Stage Results) Dependent Variable: Trust 112 A.1 Arab Barometer Key Survey Questions 123 A.2 Additional Robustness Checks Dependent Variable: Support for Terrorism 125 A.3 Ordered Logit Regression Dependent Variable: Support for Terrorism 126 A.4 Predicted Probabilities 126 A.5 Two-Stage Least-Squares Regressions (First-Stage Results) Dependent Variable: Trust 128 A.6 Two-Stage Least-Squares Regressions (Second-Stage Results) Dependent Variable: Domestic Terrorist Incidents 129 Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank Jens Grosser for the immense support he has provided me during this project and throughout my career. Without him, neither this book nor any other scholarly achievement I may accomplish would be possible. He has stood with me through both the good times and the pitfalls that I found myself in during the nascent stages of my academic career, and I am forever indebted to him for his guidance and support. Moreover, the substantive advice he has provided me along the way has greatly enhanced the quality of the work that I have produced. I would also like to thank Eric Coleman, David Siegel, Mark Souva, and Dmitry Ryvkin
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