This Handout Contains a Selection Visual Effects Movies of Computer Animation and Effects Timelines and Milestones Between 1970 and 2002

Selected Timelines of Computer Animation and Visual Effects

This handout contains a selection Visual Effects Movies of computer animation and effects timelines and milestones between 1970 and 2002. Animated 2D/3D Feature Movies Each of the categories is color-coded. The live action feature movies with computer-generated visual effects appear in green. Independent Shorts Winners of the AMPAS award for visual effects are marked with an asterisk, the runners-up are listed right next to it. In magenta are animated feature movies, most of which include three-dimen- sional computer animation. Independent productions and short computer animations are in blue boxes.

(Four additional categories that can be found in the book are not For additional information visit: included here: Video and Computer Games, Computer Technology www.artof3d.com and Industry Events, Related Technologies and Events, and Television Programs.)

The Art of 3D Computer Animation and Effects SELECTIONS FROM KERLOW’S “THE ART OF 3D COMPUTER ANIMATION AND EFFECTS”

WWW.ARTOF©3 D2004.COM Isaac• ALL Kerlow RIGHTS RESERVED 1970s Timeline of Computer Animation and Visual Effects Page 2 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Categories Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: (No AMPAS Visual Visual Effects Movies: Tora! Tora! Tora! * Bedknobs and The Poseidon Effects Award given Earthquake * VFX Movies Patton Broomsticks * Adventure * this year). (only nominee) Other Movies w/VFX: When Dinosaurs (only nominee) Visual Effects Movies: Other Movies w/VFX: Animated Features Airport Ruled the Earth The Exorcist Chinatown Heavy Traffic by Ralph Independent Shorts M*A*S*H Other Movies w/VFX: Westworld The Towering Inferno Silent Running Bakshi Young Frankenstein The Savage Planet by Fritz the Cat by Ralph René Laloux Hunger by Peter Bakshi Foldes, National Film Warner Bros. and Board of Canada. Animated Faces, by Hanna-Barbera’s Fred I. Parke at Charlotte’s Web University of Utah

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: The Hindenburg * King Kong * Star Wars * Superman * Alien * (only nominee) and Logan’s Run * Close Encounters of (only nominee) The Black Hole Other Movies w/VFX: (dual award) the Third Kind Other Movies w/VFX: Moonraker / 1941 Jaws Other Movies w/VFX: Capricorn One Star Trek–The Motion Airport ‘77 Picture The Spy Who Loved The Lord of the Rings Other Movies w/VFX: Me by Ralph Bakshi Apocalypse Now Voyager animated Galaxy Express 999, simulations of space animé by Rintaro and exploration by Jim Kon Ichikawa Blinn at Jet Propulsion Hayao Miyazaki’s The Lab. Castle of Cagliostro.

SELECTIONS FROM KERLOW’S “THE ART OF 3D COMPUTER ANIMATION AND EFFECTS”

Categories Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: The Empire Strikes Raiders of the Lost E.T. the Extra- Return of the Jedi * Indiana Jones and the VFX Movies Back * Ark * Terrestrial * (only nominee) Temple of Doom * (only nominee) Dragonslayer Blade Runner Octopussy Ghostbusters Animated Features Other Movies w/VFX: Other Movies w/VFX: Poltergeist 2010 Escape from New York An American Werewolf Other Movies w/VFX: Fire and Ice by Ralph Independent Shorts Nausicaä of the Valley Battle Beyond the in London Firefox Bakshi. of the Wind by Hayao Stars Clash of the Titans Star Trek II–The Growth: Mysterious Miyazaki. Xanadu Looker Wrath of Kahn Galaxy, the first in a TRON series of semi-abstract Bio-Sensor created at The Empire Strikes Looker, becomes first animations by artist- Osaka University and Back takes “effects film featuring the first TRON is first live programmer Yoichiro Toyo Links, is an early movies” to a new level virtual actor, “Cindy,” action film with over Kawaguchi. example of modeling of complexity and made from simulated 20 minutes of 3D with blobby surfaces accomplishment. body scans of actress computer animation. and figure locomotion. Paul Grimault’s Le roi Susan Dey. ILM’s Genesis Effect Still Life Etude, an et l’oiseaux (The King The Secret of Nimh, created for Star Trek early simulation of and Mr. Bird). by Bluth Productions II, is the first all com- light, fog, rain, and puter-animated visual Vol Libre, animation American Pop by skies created at effects movie shot. of fractal landscapes Ralph Bakshi Hiroshima University. by Loren Carpenter Jim Henson creates Trailer for The Works, The Dark Crystal with an unfinished New puppetry, stop motion York Institute of and animatronics. Technology movie. Le maitres du temps by René Laloux Non-Edge Cloud and Smoke Simulations by Geoffrey Gardner at Grumman Data Systems

Carla’s Island by Nelson Max at the Lawrence Livermore National Lab

SELECTIONS FROM KERLOW’S “THE ART OF 3D COMPUTER ANIMATION AND EFFECTS”

Categories Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Cocoon * Aliens * Innerspace * Who Framed Roger The Abyss * VFX Movies Return to Oz Little Shop of Horrors Predator Rabbit * The Adventures of Young Sherlock Other VFX Movies: Die Hard Baron Munchausen Animated Features Akira by Katsuhiro Holmes Flight of the Navigator Willow Back to the Future Otomo popularizes Other VFX Movies: Part II Independent Shorts animé, feature-length Who Framed Roger The Last Starfighter In Disney’s The Great Other VFX Movies: sci-fi Japanese anima- Rabbit breaks new Back to the Future Mouse Detective the Indiana Jones and the tion, with international ground by combining moving gears in the Last Crusade The Last Starfighter audiences. live actors with ani- chase sequence are Field of Dreams created with a Cray created with 3D com- mated characters. Stanley and Stella: Ghostbusters II supercomputer at puter animation. Many cars in Disney’s Digital Productions, Breaking the Ice by The Abyss includes Oliver & Company are first live action feature Laputa: Castle in the Symbolics Graphics first convincing 3D 3D CGI models. film with realistic com- Sky by H. Miyazaki and Whitney Demo character animation. Productions, early puter animation. An American Tail by My Neighbor Totoro flock animation The Little Mermaid is Don Bluth by Hayao Miyazaki The Black Cauldron, Disney’s last film to Red's Dream by Pixar first Disney animated Jim Henson’s Labyrinth Stop motion, puppetry use traditional ink and and live action in Jan paint, CG closing shot. feature film to use 3D Baloon Guy by Chris CG technology John Lasseter’s Luxo Svankmajer’s Alice Jr. nominated in Wedge at Ohio State Kiki’s Delivery Service Brilliance commercial AMPAS Animated University The Land Before Time by Hayao Miyazaki by Don Bluth opens in Japan. by Abel and Associates Short Films category. Rendezvous in features sexy female Montreal by Nadia Graveyard of the All Dogs Go to robot with convincing The still image Road to Point Reyes redefines Magnenant Thalmann Fireflies by animé Heaven by Don Bluth realistic motion. and team. director Isao Takahata realism by compositing Knickknack by Pixar, Growth III by Yoichiro graftals and fractals to Pixar’s Tin Toy by Don’t Touch Me by Kawaguchi portray a landscape. John Lasseter and Kleiser-Walczak, early Tony de Peltrie by Visitor on a Foggy William Reeves wins motion capture char- Pierre Lachapelle and Night by the CG AMPAS award. acter animation team. Research Group at Technological Threat Preview of NYIT’s The Hiroshima University by William Kroyer and Works, The Little Brian Jennings Death by Matt Elson at Symbolics, Eurythmy Locomotion, a Pacific by Susan Amkraut and Data Images short, Michael Girard early example of 3D squash-and-stretch.

The Sky, simulations of light and skies at Hiroshima University.

SELECTIONS FROM KERLOW’S “THE ART OF 3D COMPUTER ANIMATION AND EFFECTS”

Categories Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Total Recall * Terminator II: Death Becomes Her * Jurassic Park * Forrest Gump * VFX Movies (only nominee) Judgment Day * Aliens 3 Cliffhanger The Mask Other VFX Movies: Backdraft Batman Returns The Nightmare Before True Lies Animated Features Back to the Future III Hook Other VFX Movies: Christmas Other VFX Movies: Die Hard 2: Die Harder Other VFX Movies: The Flintstones Independent Shorts Other VFX Movies: Bram Stoker’s Dracula Dick Tracy Star Trek VI The Lawnmower Man The Fugitive Speed Ghost The wildebeest stam- The Hunt for Red Terminator II is the Early 1990s defined by Jurassic Park sets new October first mainstream block- succesful revival of live standards for realism, pede in Disney’s The buster movie with action feature movies inverse kinematics and Lion King is a tour de Disney’s The Rescuers multiple morphing with visual effects. digital compositing. force in the integration Down Under, first of traditional with 3D effects and simulated Tim Burton’s The Disney animated fea- natural human motion. Aladdin is Disney’s first computer animation. ture film done entirely use of fully computer- Nightmare Before with the first version The animated camera animated character and Christmas takes stop Jan Svankmajer’s Faust of the CAPS System in Disney’s Beauty and 3D organic surfaces. motion to new heights Thumbelina by Don The Beast travels in and becomes a classic. Bluth Hanna-Barbera’s 3D space; first animat- Porco Rosso by Hayao Jetsons: The Movie Miyazaki Computer animation ed film nominated for Listerine Arrows TV includes computer-ani- for Babylon 5 TV AMPAS Best Picture. commercial by Pixar mated vehicles and Kroyer Films’ hand- series is produced with drawn environments. Mutations by William Fern Gully… off-the-shelf micro- Immersion, an early The Last Rainforest computer systems. Latham and IBM UK experiment in image- Karl Sims’ Panspermia, uses edge-detection Don Quichotte by First Polar Bears com- based rendering early particle systems Video System uses filters to draw outlines computer animation. around 3D objects. mercial for Coca-Cola keyframe character by Rhythm & Hues. animation techniques. Cool World by Ralph Primordial Dance by Bakshi Karl Sims uses particles. Liquid Selves, particle Leaf Magic by Alan systems animation by Norton uses motion Karl Sims dynamics animation. The Seven Wonders of the World by Electric Images pushes the boundaries of architectural visualization.

SELECTIONS FROM KERLOW’S “THE ART OF 3D COMPUTER ANIMATION AND EFFECTS”

Categories Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Babe * Independence Day * Titanic * What Dreams May The Matrix * VFX Movies Apollo 13 Dragonheart The Lost World: Come * Star Wars Episode I– Other VFX Movies: Twister Jurassic Park Mighty Joe Young The Phantom Menace Animated Features Batman Forever Other VFX Movies: Starship Troopers Armageddon Stuart Little Casper / Congo Mission Impossible Other VFX Movies: Other VFX Movies: Other VFX Movies: Independent Shorts La Cité des enfants The Rock Air Force One Deep Impact End of Days perdus Star Trek: First Contact Alien: Resurrection Deep Rising Fight Club Crimson Tide Batman & Robin Godzilla The Mummy Goldeneye James and the Giant Con Air / Contact Lost in Space Sleepy Hollow Judge Dredd Peach combines stop Dante’s Peak Mouse Hunt Wild Wild West Jumanji / Stargate motion and computer The Fifth Element Pleasantville Species animation techniques. Flubber Small Soldiers 2D brushstokes recre- Twelve Monkeys Mars Attacks! Sphere ated on 3D geometry Disney’s Hunchback of Waterworld Men in Black X-Files: The Movie in Disney’s Tarzan. Notre Dame has 3D Spawn / Volcano Toy Story is first fully confetti, crowds, and Disney/Pixar’s A Bug’s Toy Story 2 takes Buzz 3D computer-animat- architectural details. Princess Mononoke by Life and DreamWorks/ and Woody to new ed feature movie. Hayao Miyazaki opens PDI’s ANTZ present levels of comedic and Warner Bros.’s Space in Japan (U.S in ‘99). all-CG insect worlds. technical achievement. The canoe and Mother Jam features the Loony Disney’s Fantasia 2000 Willow sequences in Tunes characters. Hydra sequence and CG Hun crowd simula- in IMAX, with 3D CG. Disney’s Pocahontas morphed clouds in tion and props in The Fight by Acclaim created with 3D CG. Disney’s Hercules. Disney’s Mulan. Entertainment proves Fresh animation style and NPR rendering in Mamoru Oshii’s Ghost viability of mocap for Fox’s Anastasia by DreamWorks’ Prince Brad Bird’s Iron Giant. in the Shell (U.S in ‘98) character animation. Don Bluth of Egypt with stylized characters and superb Le Château des Singes, Joe's Apartment I Married a Strange First-person point of effects animation. by Jean-F. Laguionie. view animation in Roach Rally by Blue Person by Bill Plympton New Wave’s LBE The Sky Productions. Nickelodeon’s low- South Park: Bigger, Volcano Mine Pixar’s Geri’s Game by budget Rugrats Movie Longer & Uncut, uses Jan Pinkava wins is box-office success. 3D billboard technique. Dance Fever commer- AMPAS award, with cial for Shell Oil by subdivision surfaces. Kirikou et la Sorcière, Daniel Robichaud’s R/GA squashes and by Michel Ocelot, sig- Tightrope, playful stretches cartoon cars. Virtual Andre com- nals revival of French jester confronts suit. mercial by Digital animated features. Chris Landreth’s the end Domain uses mocap. Bjork’s All is Full of Chris Wedge’s Bunny Love music video. at Blue Sky Studios wins Animated Short NPR rendering and sur- AMPAS Award. real comedy of spatial errors in PDI’s Fishing Bingo by Chris Landreth and Spatial Frames explores neo-Dada theatre. IMAX-LBE Race Fiat Lux by Paul For Atlantis animated Debevec, a landmark in by Rhythm & Hues. image-based rendering Piotr Karwas’ The Mask receives first SIGGRAPH Jury Honors award.

SELECTIONS FROM KERLOW’S “THE ART OF 3D COMPUTER ANIMATION AND EFFECTS”

2000 2001 2001 (cont.) 2002 2002 (cont.)

Categories Visual Effects Movies: Visual Effects Movies: Metropolis, animé Visual Effects Movies: Fox’s Ice Age by Chris Gladiator * The Lord of the Rings: directed by Rintaro The Lord of the Rings: Wedge mixes physical VFX Movies Hollow Man The Fellowship of The Two Towers * comedy with refined The Perfect Storm the Ring * Nickelodeon’s Jimmy Spiderman ray tracing rendering. Animated Features Other VFX Movies: Artificial Intelligence Neutron Boy Genius Star Wars: Episode II - 102 Dalmatians Pearl Harbor delivers using off-the- Attack of the Clones Animated Movies: ‘02 Independent Shorts The Adventures of Other VFX Movies: shelf software and Other VFX Movies: Spirited Away * Rocky & Bullwinkle Black Hawk Down below-average budget. Astérix & Obélix: Ice Age Cast Away Cats & Dogs Mission Cléopâtre Lilo & Stitch Square’s Final Fantasy: Spirit: Stallion of the The Cell / Dinosaur Enemy at the Gates The Spirits Within dis- Blade 2 Dr. Seuss’ How the Evolution Clockstoppers Cimarron plays dazzling CG Treasure Planet Grinch Stole Christmas The Fast and the technique but fails to Die Another Day Mission: Impossible 2 Furious Eight Legged Freaks Other: capture the main- El bosque animado Mission to Mars Harry Potter and the stream box office. Harry Potter and the O Brother Where Art Sorcerer's Stone Chamber of Secrets (The Living Forest) Thou? Jurassic Park III Mainframe motion- Men in Black 2 Hey Arnold! Pitch Black Lara Croft Tomb captures American Minority Report Mutant Aliens Red Planet / X-Men Raider Ballet Theatre dancers Panic Room The Powerpuff Girls Monkeybone to animate characters Reign of Fire First Feature Disney’s Dinosaur The Mummy Returns in Mattel’s all-CG Resident Evil Return to Never Land combines live action Planet of the Apes direct-to-video Barbie Scooby-Doo The Wild Thornberrys backgrounds with real- in the Nutckracker. Spy Kids The Scorpion King Sylvain Chomet’s Les istic 3D computer ani- Swordfish Solaris Pixar short Mike's New Triplettes de Belleville mated characters. Spy Kids 2: Island of Car by Pete Docter is released in France, The AMPAS creates Lost Dreams Aardman Sudio’s/ and Roger Gould. combines 2D/3D. new category for Best Star Trek: Nemesis DreamWorks stop Animated Feature. motion Chicken Run Van Phan’s Values is Stuart Little 2 Disney’s Lilo & Stitch Animated Movies: ‘01 Best Animated Short The Time Machine pairs a Hawaiian girl DreamWorks’ The Shrek * at SIGGRAPH 2001. xXx and her alien pet, lus- Road to El Dorado cious retro watercolors. Jimmy Neutron Boy The Lord of the Rings Genius Fox’s Titan A.E. by 2 uses a combination Disney’s Treasure Planet Monsters Inc. Don Bluth of performance cap- displays sophisticated Other: ture and keyframe 2D/3D technique, fails Disney’s Emperor’s Atlantis: The Lost techniques to animate at box office. New Groove and The Empire the Gollum character, Tigger Movie Final Fantasy: The superb crowd simula- Mattel's direct-to-video Spirits Within Barbie as Rapunzel Nickelodeon’s Rugrats tion software. Marco Polo: Return to in Paris Memorable commer- Xanadu Star Wars: Episode II cials for Blockbuster’s Mutant Aliens is shot on HD video Pixar’s For the Birds by Carl and Ray, Levi’s, Osmosis Jones with massive amounts Ralph Eggleston wins X-Box Mosquito, and The Prince of Light of blue screen and vir- AMPAS award. Game Boy Advance. Recess: School's Out tual characters. Onimusha is Best The Trumpet of the Eric Armstrong's The Robert Rodriguez’s Animated Short at Swan ChubbChubbs wins Spy Kids 2 uses HD SIGGRAPH 2000. Waking Life AMPAS Short Award. and desktop produc- Victor Navone’s Alien Shrek combines irrever- tion to benefit an Tomek Baginski’s The Song is widely viewed ent comedy with cut- independent produc- Cathedral is Best Short on the Web. ting-edge rendering, tion model. at SIGGRAPH 2002. wins AMPAS Animated Feature first award. Hayao Miyazaki’s Spirited Away wins Pixar’s Monsters Inc. AMPAS award with story turns the tables fantastic story. on who scares who.

SELECTIONS FROM KERLOW’S “THE ART OF 3D COMPUTER ANIMATION AND EFFECTS”