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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UM! films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, sbme thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy sutwnitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographicaliy in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Artx>r, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE ILLICIT SEXUAL BEHAVIORS: A TEST OF SELF CONTROL THEORY A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By SHARON REDHAWK LOVE Norman, Oklahoma 2001 UMI Number 3034893 UMI’ UMI Microform 3034893 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 ILUCrr SEXUAL BEHAVIORS: A TEST OF SELF-CONTROL THEORY A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY BY © Copyright by SHARON REDHAWK LOVE 2001 AU Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In completing this degree, I am reminded there are many people who have made this journey possible, far too many to name, although several deserve special mention. First, I send prayers to The Creator, the Grandfathers and Grandmothers before me who made this way. To the Elders and the Whippoorwill who have and continue to sustain me, 1 honor each of you. I pledge to continue to carry your words and ways as 1 go forward, remembering to give as 1 have been given to. Mitakuye Oyasin. 1 wish to thank my mentor, advisor, chair and support, Susan Sharp, for her involvement in this process. Her dedication and excitement to this discipline, to students, is inspiring. 1 thank Wil Scott for his early support and guidance, which encouraged me to have a broader sociological view, yet remain focused. In addition, 1 wish to thank Trina Hope for her expertise in self-control theory and laughter at pivotal moments. While they were not consulted on a daily basis, I am grateful to Dan Lawrence, Stephen Sloan and Susan-Marcus Mendoza all of whom shared thoughts and suggestions that were invaluable to this process. I am grateful to Vivian Carter who provided the voice of sanity in dark nights, and laughter on cold days but more importantly offered me her friendship. She made many trips, sent long e-mails, and gave lots of encouragement. The roles played by Dennis Brewster, Marguerite Keesee, Nancy Sonleimer, and Elaine Eriksen have been indispensable. Without their support and tenacious friendships, this journey would have been much harder. Andy and Angela Boatman, I thank you for standing by me regardless of where I was and for somehow knowing I would come through. To those from the IV “Oklahoma Contingency” I thank you for including me in spirit when I was unable to be with you in ceremony, your words and prayers stay with me. I want to honor Dr. Richard Rettig, who is now retired from the University of Central Oklahoma and living in Oregon. If not for him, I could not have walked this path. Richard mentored me as an undergraduate, and through my Master’s degree providing daily doses of sociological discourse. Most importantly, I thank those whom I am proud to call family. You have stood by me, whatever came, and I am grateful. Carol was my foundation, always supportive of my endeavors, regardless of the shortness of my time, temper and funds. She encouraged me to step forward and make dreams realities. I could not have wished for a better partner. Joyce has been an encouragement to me to stay the course, reminding me that I could get to the mountaintop because it was my journey to make. Mom kept the phone calls coming from Kentucky, reminding me I was the first in the family to complete this journey. In turn, I want to thank each of you who have made this journey with me in some way, I am grateful beyond words. I acknowledge each of you and I share with you this accomplishment. May you each stand in peace. This is the way of it Let the stoiy fiies be lighted, [.et our circle be strong and AiU of medicine. Hear me. This is my dream song that I am singing for you. This is my power song that is taking me to the edge. This is Rock medicine. The talking tree. The singing water. Listen. I am dancing iinrfCTneath you. This is the way of it. It is a river. It is a chant. It is a medicine story. It is what happened long ago. It is a bead in a story belt It is what has been forgotten. It is the smell of sweetgrass and cedar and prayers lifted to Sky Father. It is a way. a tradition. The way it was always done by the people. It is a feeling of warmth. The sound of voices. Listen. I am dancing underneath you. Table of Contents Signature Page ....................................................................................... i Copyright Page ....................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................... iv Table of Contents .................................................................................. vi List of Tables ........................................................................................ viü Abstract ................................................................................................. x Chapter 1: .............................................................................................. 1 Introduction ............................................................................... 1 Theory Testing .......................................................................... 1 Focus of Study .......................................................................... 3 Chapter 2: Self-Control Theory ............................................................ 4 Ineffective Parenting ................................................................. 8 Versatility ................................................................................. 10 Stability .................................................................................... 15 Age and Self-Control ................................................... 15 Gender and Self-Control .............................................. 19 Race/Ethnicity and Self-Control .................................. 21 Measurement Controversies ..................................................... 23 Causal Order ................................................................. 25 Opportunity ............................................................................... 26 Variation ....................................................................... 27 Differing Populations ................................................... 29 Chapter 3: Sexual Deviance ................................................................. 31 Sexual Encounters Outside of Primary Relationships ............. 33 Masturbation ............................................................................ 34 Sexually Explicit Materials ..................................................... 35 Sexual Exposure ...................................................................... 37 Cross-Dressing ........................................................................ 37 Number of Sexual Partners ..................................................... 38 Age .............................................................................. 39 Sexual Behavior and Self-Control ........................................... 40 Statement of the Problem ........................................................ 40 Hypothesis ............................................................................... 40 Chapter 4: Methodology ..................................................................... 41 Sample .................................................................................... 41 Procedures .......... 41 Measures ................................................................................. 43 Independent Variables ............................................... 43 Self-Control .................................................... 43 Opportunity ..................................................... 47 Dependent Variables ................................................... 48 Crime/delinquency (Delinstd) ......................... 48 Illicit Sexual Behavior (Sexdevl/Sexdev2) ... 49 Number of Sexual Partners ............................ 50 VI Control Variables ..............................................................