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Native American Sacred Sites and the Department of Defense Item Type Report Authors Deloria Jr., Vine; Stoffle, Richard W. Publisher Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona Download date 04/10/2021 07:21:53 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/272997 NATIVE AMERICAN SACRED SITES AND THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Edited by Vine Deloria, Jr. The University of Colorado and Richard W. Stoffle The University of Arizona® Submitted to United States Department of Defense Washington, D. C. June 1998 DISCLAIMER The views and opinions expressed here are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U. S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of the Interior, or any other Federal or state agency, or any Tribal government. Cover Photo: Fajada Butte, Chaco Culture National Historic Park, New Mexico NATIVE AMERICAN SACRED SITES AND THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Edited by Vine Deloria, Jr. The University of Colorado and Richard W. Stoffle The University of Arizona® Report Sponsored by The Legacy Resource Management Program United States Department of Defense Washington, D. C. with the assistance of Archeology and Ethnography Program United States National Park Service Washington, D. C. June 1998 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables vii List of Figures ix List of Appendices x Acknowledgments xii Foreward xiv CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 Scope of This Report 1 Overview of Native American Issues 3 History and Background of the Legacy Resources Management Program 4 Legal Basis for Interactions Regarding Cultural Resources 7 National Environmental Policy Act 8 National Historic Preservation Act 8 Archaeological Resources Protection Act 11 American Indian Religious Freedom Act 12 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 13 Executive Actions after NAGPRA 14 Service and Installation Specific Regulations 15 Tribal Recognition Status 15 Legal Summary 17 Organization of Report 17 Summary of Major Findings 17 CHAPTER TWO SACREDNESS AMONG NATIVE AMERICANS 19 Religious Contexts 20 The Mysterious Presence 20 Manifestations of the Mysterious Presence 21 Understanding the Nature of Symbolism 21 Ritual Activity 22 Kinds of Ritual Activities 23 Healing 24 Thanksgiving 24 Vision Quests 24 Condolence 25 Rituals and Sacred Places 26 Sacred Objects 26 Summary 28 i CHAPTER THREE KINDS OF SACRED SITES 29 Selection of Sacred Sites 29 Burials and Ruins 29 Mourning and Condolence Ceremonies 30 Linkage 30 TYPE A: Creation Story Locations and Boundaries 35 TYPE B: Sacred Portals Recounting Star Migrations 36 TYPE C: Universal Center Locations 36 TYPE D: Historical Migration Destiny Locations 37 TYPE E: Places of Prehistoric Revelations 38 TYPE F: Traditional Vision Quest Sites 38 TYPE G: Plant- Animal Relationship Locations 39 TYPE H: Mourning and Condolence Sites 40 TYPE I: Historical Past Occupancy Sites 41 TYPE J: Spirit Sites 41 TYPE K: Recent Historical Event Locations 42 TYPE L: Plant, Animal and Mineral Gathering Sites 43 TYPE M: Sanctified Ground 44 Summary 45 CHAPTER FOUR SACRED SITES AND MILITARY LANDS /ACTIVITIES 46 Sacred Site Locations By State 46 Arizona 47 Apache 47 Havasupai and Walapai 49 Hopi 49 Mohave and Chemehuevi 50 Navajo 50 Pima and Maricopa 51 Tohono O'odham Peoples 52 Yuma and Cocopa 52 Arkansas 53 California 53 Colorado 56 Hawaii 57 Idaho 58 Bannock 59 Northern Paiute 60 Shoshone 60 Ute 62 ii Iowa 62 Kansas 63 Kiowa 63 Pawnee 64 Louisiana 64 Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska 65 Missouri 66 Montana 67 Nevada 68 Paiute 68 Shoshone 70 New Mexico 71 Apache 74 Comanche 75 Navajo 77, Pueblo 78 Oklahoma 79 Oregon 80 Texas 81 Utah 82 Washington 83 Wyoming 84 Summary 85 CHAPTER FIVE A CONSULTATION MODEL 87 Defining Consultation 88 General Consultation 89 Specific Consultation 90 Establishing Cultural Affiliation 91 Traditional Period Affiliation 92 Aboriginal Period Affiliation 92 Treaty- Tribes 93 Land -Claims Tribes 93 Historic Period Affiliation 94 Contacting the Tribes 95 Having An Orientation Meeting 96 Forming A Consultation Committee 97 Chaco Mini -Case 98 Committee Rules 99 American Indian Information Base 100 Nevada Test Site Mini -Case 102 DOE /NV and Indian Consultation 102 iii The Consolidated Group 103 American Indian Monitors 104 The NAGPRA Subgroup 104 Conducting Site Visits 104 Forming A Study Design 105 Defining Basic Concepts 106 Assuring Participation 106 Presenting the Findings 107 Developing Native Mitigation Recommendations 108 Maintaining Ongoing Interactions and Monitoring 109 Mutual Trust 109 A Common Knowledge Base 110 Cultural Resource Management Plan 110 Monitoring Plan 111 Terminating Consultation 111 Making Analogs 111 Keeping Relations 112 CHAPTER SIX NATIONAL PICTURE: DOD INTERACTIONS WITH NATIVE AMERICAN GROUPS 113 Sources of Data 113 Three National Mail Surveys 114 Advisory Council for Historic Preservation -Cultural Resource Management Survey (ACHP Survey) 1991 114 Legacy National Survey of Cultural and Natural Resource Programs (Legacy Survey) 1992 115 U.S. Air Force Natural and Cultural Resource Management Survey (USAF Survey) 1992 116 Two Phone Surveys 116 Legacy Study of American Indian Access to Department of Defense Facilities (Access Survey) 1992 -1993 116 Legacy Sacred Site Protection Strategies Project (Follow -Up Survey) 1993 -1994 117 Methodology 117 UofA Master List of DoD Installations (UofA Master List) 118 List of DoD Installations for which CRM Data was Collected (CRM List) 119 University of Arizona Database (UofA Database) 119 Master Data Files 120 Spreadsheet Data 120 Overall Patterns of Interactions 120 Definition of Variables 120 Branch of Service 120 iv Size of Installation 121 Region 121 Level of Interaction 121 Type of Cultural Resource 121 Basis of Interactions 122 Other Interaction Issues 122 Interactions by Branch of Service 122 Interactions by Region of Installations 124 Interactions by Size of Installations 126 Installations with Interactions 128 Levels of Interaction 130 By Branch 132 By Size 133 By Region 134 Type of Cultural Resource 136 Basis of Interactions 140 Cultural Resource Issues 140 Other Issues 146 Additional Concerns 147 Native American Involvement in the BRAC Process 147 Project Specific Concerns 148 NAGPRA Concerns 149 Summary of Analysis 149 CHAPTER SEVEN CASE STUDY OF EXEMPLARY CULTURAL RESOURCE PROGRAM: FORT HOOD, TEXAS 151 History 152 Native Americans 152 Fort Hood 155 Present Relationship 155 Focus of Native American Concerns at Fort Hood 155 Origin of the Relationship 156 Establishment of the Reburial Cemetery 157 Maintenance and Use of the Site 158 Further Interactions 160 Elements of a Successful Relationship 161 Determining Cultural Affiliation 161 Contacting the Tribes 162 Orientation Meeting and Site Visit 162 Forming Native American Consultation Committee and Procedures 163 Further Site Visits and Inventory of Cultural Resources 163 Mitigation Recommendations 163 v Monitoring and Ongoing Interactions 164 American Indian Efforts 165 DoD Personnel Efforts 166 Barriers and Efforts to Overcome Them 167 Time 167 Recognition of Good Efforts and Programs 167 Need for Resources 168 Conclusion 168 CHAPTER EIGHT THE CONSULTATION PROCESS IN THE DOD 171 Cultural Affiliation 175 Contacting the Tribes 178 Method of Contact 178 Mail 178 Phone 179 In Person 180 Method of Contact Summary 180 Use of Liaisons 181 Orientation Meeting and Site Visit 182 Tribal Consultation Committee 183 Site Visits and Inventory of Cultural Resources 184 Mitigation Recommendations and Formal Policies 186 Cultural and Natural Resource Policies 186 Evolution of the Policies 187 Content of the Policies 187 Human Remains and Reburials 188 The Evolution of Reburial Policies 189 Content of Native American Human Reburial Policies 190 Application of the Policies 194 Monitoring and Ongoing Interactions 195 Installation Closure and Termination of the Relationship 196 Summary 200 Resources 200 Changes in Personnel 201 Include Individuals with the Experience and Attitudes Necessary for Making the Relationship Succeed 201 Responsibility to More Than One Individual 202 Respect the Significance of the Individuals 202 Minimize Changes, Create Buffers for Higher Level Reorganization 203 Relationship to Other Cultural Resource Management Efforts 203 References Cited 204 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1. Selected Legacy Program Cultural Resources Studies 7 Table 1.2. Legislation and Executive Orders Regarding Native American Cultural Resources 9 Table 6.1 Number of Respondents and Number with Native American Interactions for each Survey 114 Table 6.2 Number of Installations with CRM Data by Branch of Service 119 Table 6.3 Number and Percent of Installations that have Interactions with Native Americans Regarding Cultural Resources 124 Table 6.4 Installations by Region 124 Table 6.5a Number of Installations on CRM List by Branch of Service and Region . 125 Table 6.5b Number of Installations on Interaction List by Branch of Service and Region 125 Table 6.6 Installations by Size 126 Table 6.7 Average Size of Installations (in acres) 126 Table 6.8 Median Size of Installations (in acres) 127 Table 6.9a Number of Installations on the CRM List by Branch of Service & Size Category 127 Table 6.9b Number of Installations on the Interaction List by Branch of Service & Size Category 128 Table 6.10 Installations on the Interaction List by Branch of Service 130 Table 6.11 Installations on the Interaction List by Presence of Formal Policies and Frequency of Interactions 131 Table 6.12 Installations on the Interaction List by Frequency of Interactions and
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