(IBDinbutgf) CDition CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES IN TWENTY-TWO VOLUMES AND INDEX VOLUME VII THE DOMINION POLITICAL EVOLUTION PART II The Edinburgh Edition of ^ Casada Aiwu /Ts Provinces' is limited to S/j Impressions on All- Rag Watermarked Paper This Impression is Number. \ ^c-<:,>^Ot<^<^ SIR ROBERT LAIRU BORDEN EIGHTH PRIME MINISTER OK THE DOMINION From II photogniph by Montmigny, Quebec CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES A HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS BY ONE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES GENERAL EDITORS: ADAM SHORTT AND ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY VOLUME VII THE DOMINION POLITICAL EVOLUTION EDINBURGH EDITION PRINTED BY T. is" A. CONSTABLE AT THE EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS EOR THE PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION OF CANADA LIMITED TORONTO 1914 133^74 Copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne Convention IU025 CONTENTS DEFENCE, 1812-1912. By C. F. Hamilton I. UNIVERSAL SERVICK M. REBF.LLION AND MOBILIZATION in. VOLUNTEERS OR MILITIA? 391 IV. THE FENIAN RAIDS 406 V. THE MARITIME PROVINCES 4'3 VL THE DEAD PERIOD 421 VU. THE NORTH-WEST REBELLION 430 VIII. THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR 436 IX. THE NEW TEMPER . 442 X. THE REORGANIZATION 44S XI. THE SYSTEM IN 1912 449 XU. IMPERIAL ORGANIZATION . 460 DOMINION FINANCE, 1867-1912. By J. M. COURTNEY and Adam Shortt CONFEDERATION AND FINANCE 471 THE DOMINION AND THE PROVINCES 473 JOHN LANGTON AND DOMINION FINANCE . 476 EARLY ADMINISTRATION OF FINANCIAL AFFAIRS 479 THE PUBLIC DEBT .... 486 NATIONAL BOOK-KEEPING 488 PROVINCIAL OPPOSITION TO FINANCIAL TERMS 489 MANITOBA IN THE DOMINION 491 BRITISH COLUMBIA IN THE DOMINION 492 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND IN THE DOMINION 493 BETTER TERMS AGITATIONS . 493 — iii THE DOMINION : POLITICAL EVOLUTION ALBERTA AND SASKATCHEWAN IN THE DOMINION 495 BETTER TERMS ONCE MORE . 496 REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE THE EARLY MINISTERS OF FINANCE 499 THE DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE 503 APPENDIX I . Extract from the Resolutions adopted at Quebec in October 1864, at a Conference of Delegates from Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland APPENDIX II ....•• • 509 Extract from the British North America Act, 1867—viii. Revenues ; Debts ; Assets ; Taxation • • APPENDIX III . • • 5'4 Ministers of Finance and Receivers-General since Con- federation IMMIGRATION AND POPULATION. By W. D. ScOTT L THE GROWTH OF POPULATION . -517 Canada's Population at Confederation — The Decennial Census of 1881 —The Decennial Census of iSgi —The De- cennial Census of 1901 —The First Decade of the Twentieth Century IL THE IMMIGRATION BY RACES . -531 The Negroes—The Icelanders—The Mennonites—The Mor- mons—The Doukhobors—The Crofters—The Barr Colony British Immigrant Children— Other British Immigration United States Immigration—Austro-Hungarians—The Italians —The French—The Belgians—The Dutch—The Swiss—The Germans — The Scandinavians—Turks, Armenians and Syrians— Greeks, Macedonians and Bulgarians—The Chinese —The Japanese—The Hindus—The Jews in. LAWS RESPECTING IMMIGRATION . -572 IV. THE IMMIGRATION POLICY OF CANADA . -577 V. IMMIGRATION PROPAGANDA ..... 579 In Great Britain and Ireland— In Continental Europe— In the United States VL RAILWAY EXTENSION AND IMMIGRATION . .587 Ready-made Farms VII. THE PROBLEM OF FUTURE IMMIGRATION . .588 1 CONTENTS ix ''*'"' INDIAN AFFAIRS, 1867-1912. l!y DUNCAN C. Scott I. THE DOMINION ANII THK INDIANS .... 593 A Policy of Expansion—The North-West—South Saskatche- w.in Inspectorate— Eastern Canada— British Columbia—The Yukon—The Sioux—The Eskimos II. .SOCIAI. LIFE OV THE INDIANS ..... 6l2 Indian Education—The Present Legal Position of the Indians III. THK INDIAN DEPARTMENT ..... 620 IV. THE FUTURE OF THE INDIAN ..... 622 V. STATISTICS ........ 623 THE PO.ST OFFICE, 1867-1912. By William Smith I. THE NEW DOMINION ..... O29 II. DEPENDENCE ON UNITED STATES MAIL SERVICE . 634 III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THK POSTAL UNION . 636 IV. RECENT DEVELOPMENT . .641 NATIONAL AID TO THE FARM. By J. A. Ruddick I. r.ENERAL VIEW OF FARMING IN C.VNADA . 65 II. THE DAIRVINi; INDUSTRY . .654 The Introduction of Domestic Cattle— Cheese and Butter Production in Canada III. OOVERNMENT ENCOURAGEMENT TO AGRICULTURE . 663 First Attempts—Agricultural Societies— Boards of Agriculture —The Dominion Government and Agriculture— Experimental Farms Established—The Dairying Service^The Health of .\nimals Branch—The Tobacco Division—The Exhibition Branch !V. THE POSITION OF CANADIAN AGRICULTURE -675 ILLUSTRATIONS SIR ROBERT LAIRD liORDEN, Eic.HTii Prime Minister ok tiik Dominion .... Frontispiece From a photoirafh hy Montmigny, Quebec SIR ALEXANDER TILLOCH GALT, First Finance MiNi.sTKR OF THE Dominion .... Facing j>age ii,Ti\ From a pholograj-h by Topley, Ottaxca SIR RICHARD JOHN CARTWRIGHT, Mini.ster of Finance, 1873-78 ...... „ 486 From a pholograpli by 'Fopley, Ottawa SIR SAMUEL LEONARD TILLEV, Minister of FlN.\NCE, 1872-73, 1878-85 .... „ 490 From a photograph by Topley, Ottawa GEORGE EULAS F"OSTER, Minister of Finance, 1888-96 ....... ,,496 From a photograph by F.lliott and Fry, London WILLIAM STEVENS FIELDINf^., Mini.ster of Finance, 1896-1911 ..... ,,502 From a photograph by Elliott and Fry, London DISTRIBUTION OF ABORIGINES (MAP) . Opposite fage S9i A BLOOD INDIAN Facingpage f>o& From the painting by Edmund Morris INDIAN WARRIOR OF THE PLAINS . „ 616 From the statue by .-(. Pliimister Proctor THE POSTMAN OF THE NORTH ... „ 632 Drawn from life by Arthur Heming DEFENCE 1812-1912 DEFENCE, 1812-1912 I UNIVERSAL SERVICE 1782 to Confederation the defence of British FROMNorth America against the United States was the subject of anxious precautions on the part of the imperial authorities and their representatives in the New World. From 1782 to the Crimean War the system which they devised guaranteed the security of the country'. The great republic during that period was a restless neighbour, grudging the British provinces their independence within the Empire ; once there was actual war, and often there were rumours and threats of it ; and in every crisis the British defensive arrangements were adequate. The period from the Crimean War to the end of the American Ci\il War saw a diange ; the danger was greater, and the military system of the provinces was undergoing a change which yielded defen- sive arrangements the adeciuacy of which, untested by real war, may seriously be doubted. After Confederation the American pressure relaxed, and when Canada was again brought to feel the need for military preparation, the impetus to reorganization arose from conditions existing across the ocean. The old system of defence was definite, coherent and intelligent ; it has passed utterly away, and, indeed, is all but forgotten. It was in essence the stationing in the country of a strong garrison of imperial regular troops and the requirement of universal service by the inhabitants. In peace those of military age were grouped in mobilization formations, but were given little tactical training ; annual musters served to inform the authorities as to the numbers ' 380 DEFENCE, 1812-1912 and residences of the men, and to keep alive in the pubHc mind the consciousness that personal service was demanded and obligator}'. In war the men thus rendered available were organized into corps under var^'ing conditions of ser\ace ; as many of these corps as possible were trained as regulars, the militia proper comprising the men who on account of physical unfitness or urgent economic reasons could not be taken into continuous service. Under this system the country could put into the field practically every able-bodied man who could be spared from the necessary work of the community. The classic example of the working of the old system is found in the War of 1812. The Americans trusted to a militia system that had no effective stiffening of professional soldiers ; they contemned regulars and made imperfect use of the powers of leadership and organization of such as they had ; the bulk of the troops which they provided were corps raised hastily for short periods of service, officered by men untrained to leadership and disbanded when they had begun to acquire experience. These levies were met and repulsed by the British forces, which were heavily outnumbered, but which usually surpassed their antagonists in training and discipline. In pursuance of their policy of ' raw troops and short enlistments the federal and state authorities of the United States during the war raised forces numbering more than half a million.* Of these only some 50,000 were regulars ; about 5000 were sailors and marines ; and militia of various sorts numbered 470,000. Many of these troops were confined to the Atlantic seaboard, and, enormous as was the number of enlistments, the forces which actually confronted the British army in the Canadas were surprisingly small. , The 50,000 American regular troops gave the British more trouble than the whole of the 470,000 irregulars. Prior to the arrival of the reinforcements liberated by the ending of the Peninsular War the British land forces fell into tlie following categories : ' General Upton's Military Policy of the United States, which is followed in the text, puts the number of enlistments at 527,654. The Statistical Abstract of the United States, igii, also official and of later date, puts the enlistments at 576,622 and the individuals who enlisted at 286.730. — UNIVERSAL SERVICE 381 1. Regular troops from overseas : In the Canadas — one regiment of cavalry ; thirteen battalions of infantry ; a proportion of artillery and other services. In the Maritime Provinces—three or four battalions of infantry ; artillery and other scr\-ices. Employed at sea as a raiding force, based on Bermuda four battalions of infantry. 2. Regular troops raised in British North America : In the Canadas—about a dozen battalions of infantry, known as Volligeurs, Chasseurs, Fenciblcs, Select Embodied Militia, Incorporated Militia, etc.; de- tachments of cavalry and artillery. In the Maritime Provinces— three or four battalions of infantry (Fencibles, Embodied Militia, etc.). 3. Militia : In the Canadas— (i) Numerous ' flank companies ' of infantry' ; the men remained in these continuously, but were granted frequent leave to labour on their farms.