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The History of James Bay, 1610-1686

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The History of James Bay, 1610-1686 Archaeology ROM Monograph 10 The History of James Bay 1610-1686 A Study in Historical Archaeology W. A. Kenyon **W~~ * *L _^ Archaeology Monograph 10 The History of James Bay 1610-1686 A Study in Historical Archaeology W. A. Kenyon ROM Royal Ontario Museum Publication date: 15 December 1986 Suggested citation: Arch. Monogr. ROM ISBN 0-88854-316-6 ISSN 0316-1285 Royal Ontario Museum Publications in Archaeology The Royal Ontario Museum publishes two series in the held of archaeology—Monographs, a numbered series of original publications, and Papers, a numbered series of primarily shorter original publica- tions—as well as unnumbered major monographs. All manuscripts considered for publication are sub- ject to the editorial policies of the Royal Ontario Museum, and to review by persons outside the Museum staff who are authorities in the particular held involved. Art and Archaeology Editorial Board Editor: M. Allodi Associate Editor: A. J. Mills W. A. Kenyon was formerly a curator in the Department of New World Archaeology, Royal Ontario Museum. Cover illustration: Reconstruction painting, watercolour, Moose Factory. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Kenyon, W. A. (Walter Andrew), 1917-1986 The history of James Bay 1610-1686 : a study in historical archaeology (Archaeology monograph, ISSN 0316-1285 ; 10) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-88854-316-6 1. James Bay (Ont. and Quebec) - Discovery and exploration. 2. James Bay (Ont. and Quebec) - Antiquities. 3. Excavations (Archaeology) - James Bay (Ont. and Quebec). 4. Fur trade - Canada - History. I. Royal Ontario Museum. II. Title. III. Series: Archaeology monograph (Royal Ontario Museum) ; 10. FC3969.5.K461985 971.01 C85-098454-8 F1059.J3K46 1985 © Royal Ontario Museum 1986 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Canada M5S 2C6 Printed and bound in Canada at THE ALGER PRESS 10 10 /%! Contents List of Figures v List of Tables vi List of Plates vii Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Discovery and Exploration of the Bay 2 Excavations at Fort Albany 11 3 Albany Artifacts 27 4 Developments in the Bay 57 5 Discoveries on Charlton Island 60 6 Charlton Island Artifacts 70 7 The Battle for James Bay 76 8 Life on the Bay 86 Bibliography 93 Plates 95 in Beavers live not upon fish, but rinds of Trees. Z. Gillam, 1672 To Norma Figures 1. Henry Hudson's map, published by Hessel Gerritz in 1612 1 2. Map of James Bay in 1686 11 3. Mouth of the Albany River, with Fishing Creek site 12 4. Pierre Allemand's 1686 map (redrawn) 12 5. Details of corner construction, Fort Albany 13 6. Ground plan, House No. 1, Fort Albany 14 7. Ground plan, northwest flanker, Fort Albany 17 8. Ground plan, north half, Fort Albany 18 9. Ground plan, House No. 2, Fort Albany 19 10. Ground plan, southwest flanker, Fort Albany 21 11. Ground plan, Fort Albany 21 12. Pointed stakes at bottom of moat, Fort Albany 23 13. Stove, House No. 3, Fort Albany 25 14. Ground plan, House No. 3, Fort Albany 26 15. Mining scene from De re metallica by Georgius Agricola, 1556 28 16. Sectional views through shovel, Fort Albany 29 17. Back of shovel, Fort Albany 29 18. Types of nail heads and points 31 19. Hinges, Fort Albany 33 20. Iron handle, Fort Albany 33 21. Wall hook, Fort Albany 33 22. Wall hook, Fort Albany 33 23. Tackle hook, Fort Albany 34 24. Tackle hook, Fort Albany 34 25. Long-shanked hook, Fort Albany 34 26. Bolt keeper, Fort Albany 35 27. Iron hasp, Fort Albany 36 28. Case-lock hasp, Fort Albany 36 29. Proportional compass, Fort Albany 37 30. Wine bottle, Fort Albany 39 31. Wine bottle, Fort Albany 39 32. Wine bottle, Fort Albany 39 33. Bale seal, Fort Albany 42 34. Bale seal, Fort Albany 42 35. Bale seal, Fort Albany 42 36. Bale seal, Fort Albany 42 37. Button, Fort Albany 43 38. Button, Fort Albany 43 39. Button, Fort Albany 43 40. Button, Fort Albany 43 41. Button, Fort Albany 43 42. Buttons, Fort Albany 43 43. Button, Fort Albany 43 44. Button, Fort Albany 43 45. Maker's mark on knife blade, Fort Albany 45 46. Three-pound cannon, Fort Albany 46 47. Four-pound cannon, Fort Albany 47 48. Lock plate, Fort Albany 48 49. Lock plate, Fort Albany 48 50. Iron trigger guard, Fort Albany 49 51. Iron trigger guard, Fort Albany 49 52. Iron trigger guard, Fort Albany 49 53. Terminal ramrod guide, Fort Albany 50 54. Ramrod guide, Fort Albany 50 55. Ramrod guide, Fort Albany 50 56. Kaolin pipe, Fort Albany 54 57. Apothecary jar, Fort Albany 55 58. Apothecary jars, Fort Albany 55 59. Stove, Charlton Island 63 60. Buildings at Nixon's settlement, Charlton Island 66 61. Gun lock, Charlton Island 71 62. Drawer pull and hasp, Charlton Island 73 63. Reconstruction, phase 3, Fort Albany 80 64. Ground plan, phase 1, House No. 3, with palisade, Fort Albany 81 65. Reconstruction, phase 2, Fort Albany 81 66. Ground plan, Moose Factory 82 67. Ground plan, Rupert House 83 68. Reconstruction drawing, Fort Albany 84 69. Reconstruction watercolour, Moose Factory 85 70. Reconstruction drawing, Rupert House 85 Tables 1. Cannon balls, Fort Albany 47 2. Grenades, Fort Albany 47 3. Musket ball calibres, Houses Nos. 1 and 2, Fort Albany 51 4. Musket ball calibres, House No. 3, Fort Albany 52 5. Musket ball calibres, Houses Nos. 1, 2, and 3, Fort Albany 53 6. Pipe stem bore diameters, Fort Albany 54 7. Types and numbers of glass beads, Fort Albany 56 8. Musket ball calibres, Kildale's tool-box, Charlton Island 74 9. Pipe stem bore diameters, Charlton Island 75 vi I Lists of Figures and Tables Plates 1. Southeastern corner of House No. 1, Fort Albany 95 2. Grindstone in situ, House No. 1, Fort Albany 95 3. Tile structure, House No. 1, Fort Albany 96 4. East wall of trench through crawl-way, House No. 1, Fort Albany 96 5. Birch-bark basket, House No. 1, Fort Albany 97 6. Birch-bark basket, House No. 1, Fort Albany 97 7. North end of trench through crawl-way, House No. 1, Fort Albany 97 8. Back of fireplace, House No. 2, Fort Albany 98 9. Flooring and bottle in situ, House No. 2, Fort Albany 98 10. Fort Albany, looking northwest 99 11. Southeastern corner of southeast flanker, Fort Albany 99 12. North moat, Fort Albany 100 13. Southwestern corner of House No. 3, Fort Albany 100 14. Excavating House No. 3, Fort Albany 101 15. House No. 3, Fort Albany 101 16. House No. 3, Fort Albany 102 17. Aerial view, Fort Albany 102 18. Iron axes, Fort Albany 103 19. Iron axes, Fort Albany 103 20. Maker's stamp on axe, Fort Albany 104 21. Maker's stamp on axe, Fort Albany 104 22. Splitting wedges, Fort Albany 104 23. Sledgehammer and blacksmith's tools, Fort Albany 104 24. Pickaxes, Fort Albany 105 25. Crosscut saw blades, Fort Albany 105 26. Saw-set, Fort Albany 106 27. Augers, Fort Albany 106 28. Cooper's auger, Fort Albany 106 29. Cutting blade from a wooden spade, Fort Albany 106 30. Shovel, Fort Albany 107 31. Chisels, Fort Albany 107 32. Cold chisels, Fort Albany 107 33. Punches or drift pins, Fort Albany 108 34. Gate studs, Fort Albany 108 35. Nails with pointed tips, Fort Albany 109 36. Nails with splayed tips, Fort Albany 109 37. Unfinished spike, Fort Albany 109 38. Angle-irons, Fort Albany 110 39. Pintles, Fort Albany 110 40. Hinges, Fort Albany 111 41. Drawer pulls, Fort Albany 112 42. Drawer pulls, Fort Albany 112 43. Drawer pulls, Fort Albany 112 44. Staples, Fort Albany 113 vu 45. Flemish bricks, Fort Albany 113 46. Leaded window panes, Fort Albany 113 47. Embossed lead came, Fort Albany 113 48. Embossed lead came, Fort Albany 113 49. Latch keepers, Fort Albany 114 50. Door hooks, Fort Albany 114 51. Hasps, Fort Albany 114 52. Padlocks, Fort Albany 114 53. Iron keys, Fort Albany 115 54. Keys, Fort Albany 115 55. Gilded brass escutcheons, Fort Albany 115 56. Brass belt-loops, Fort Albany 115 57. Engraved copper strap, Fort Albany 115 58. Perforated copper straps, Fort Albany 116 59. Brass coat of arms, Fort Albany 116 60. Iron hoes, Fort Albany 116 61. Iron crank, Fort Albany 116 62. Proportional compass, Fort Albany 117 63. Iron and brass ladle, Fort Albany 117 64. Copper funnel, Fort Albany 117 65. Ivory dice, Fort Albany 118 66. Threaded ivory rings, Fort Albany 118 67. Pewter cap and stopper from bottle or decanter, Fort Albany 118 68. Lead figurine, Fort Albany 118 69. Hanging lamps, Fort Albany 119 70. Lead net-sinkers, Fort Albany 119 71. Lead discs and squares, Fort Albany 120 72. Common pins, Fort Albany 120 73. Buckles, Fort Albany 120 74. Casket hinge, Fort Albany 120 75. Wine bottle, Fort Albany 121 76. Wine bottle, Fort Albany 121 77. Bottle seal, Fort Albany 122 78. Case bottle, Fort Albany 122 79. Case bottle, Fort Albany 122 80. Medicine bottle, Fort Albany 123 81. Medicine bottle necks, Fort Albany 123 82. Roll of silvered copper wire, Fort Albany 123 83. Silver-wound thread, Fort Albany 123 84. Tinsel braid, Fort Albany 123 85. Tinsel braid, Fort Albany 123 86. Copper chain, Fort Albany 124 87. Copper bell, Fort Albany 124 88. Lump of beeswax, Fort Albany 124 89. Brass kettle-lugs, Fort Albany 124 90. Ivory handle, Fort Albany 124 91. Fish hooks, Fort Albany 124 92. Strike-a-lites, Fort Albany 125 93.
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