Marc Sanjaume I Calvet

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Marc Sanjaume I Calvet Moral and Political Legitimacy of Secession: A Theoretical and Comparative Analysis Marc Sanjaume i Calvet TESI DOCTORAL UPF / ANY 2013 DIRECTOR DE LA TESI Dr. Ferran Requejo i Coll DEPARTAMENT DE CIÈNCIES POLÍTIQUES I SOCIALS ii Als meus pares i al meu germà. iii iv Agraïments Aquesta tesi doctoral no hauria estat possible sense el suport que he rebut per part de moltes persones, el mèrit és tan meu com de tots aquells a qui els dec afecte, esforços i recursos. Recordar totes aquestes persones, encara que sigui de forma genèrica, és just perquè així puguin sentir-se part d’aquest treball. Els meus pares Narcís i Núria, que han estat sempre al meu costat en aquest trajecte i m’han donat una educació que m’ha fet creure en mi mateix, en el valor de l’estudi i en la dedicació acadèmica. El meu germà Roger, de qui encara n’aprenc i n’he d’aprendre moltes coses, ha estat per a mi la veu de la consciència quan jo ja pensava que a la majoria d’edat calia tirar per la borda les conviccions de joventut. He tingut la sort també de comptar amb uns avis, tiets i cosins, meravellosos. Els avis em van ensenyar ja fa molts anys a estimar el meu país i a respectar tot allò que el seu temps ens ha deixat. En Valentí, tiet i padrí, marxà sense poder veure aquesta tesi doctoral acabada, però sabent que sempre ens va unir la passió per l’esforç del fondista. En aquest doctorat m’he retrobat amb la Cèlia que ha vist com ningú el meu dia a dia dels darrers anys i ha entregat tot el seu afecte a una relació de parella que també és una relació intel·lectual. La Cèlia m’ha descobert un veritable univers cultural que només coneixen els humanistes de la seva categoria; però també m’ha obert la porta a la particularitat del seu país, Mallorca, on he estat acollit per la seva família i amistats com si fos un dels seus. Espero que d’aquí poc ella també hagi d’escriure les darreres ratlles d’una tesi doctoral magnífica. Tal com digué Ausiàs March, un dels protagonistes de la seva tesi: “Plenya de seny, dir-vos que us am no cal; puys crech de cert que us ne teniu per certa”. v Les meves amistats de Cardedeu, tota la colla, també han estat sempre una referència per a mi, especialment en la distància de les estades de recerca. En Pere Coma, que em visità durant l’estada al Quebec i després m’allotjà a Ca l’Espavil, junts vam recórrer terres del Canadà francès i la ciutat de Nova York; en Josep Girbau, que quan encara érem nens ja m’empenyia a la pràctica política i és un exemple de fermesa i convicció; en Daniel Soler, que em visità durant l’estada de recerca a Escòcia. Cardedeu és una escola de formació ciutadana i de pràctica política envejable amb el seu entramat d’associacions. Des de ben jove he après molt participant a les assemblees i activitats organitzades des del Casal La Traca fins als Biciats. El meu tutor, en Ferran Requejo, des d’abans de començar aquesta tesi doctoral ha estat el meu mestre al món acadèmic. La nostra relació començà al primer curs de llicenciatura quan fou un dels professors que més em va agradar, no només pels seus coneixements, sinó per la seva capacitat de fer entendre les idees polítiques. Posteriorment vaig col·laborar a la seva recerca en diverses ocasions. Li estic molt agraït per totes les oportunitats que m’ha donat al llarg d’aquests anys, projectant-me també al circuit acadèmic internacional, per tots els consells i per uns valuosíssims comentaris als primers manuscrits d’aquest document. També estic en deute amb ell per la inclusió a la versió final de la tesi d’un article coautorat per tots dos sobre el cas de Catalunya. Em considero un deixeble de la seva escola de ciència i pensament polític que té una vocació no només acadèmica, sinó també de servei al país des de l’estudi acadèmic. Tots els companys i membres del Departament de Ciències Polítiques i Socials han estat un suport indispensable per a realitzar aquest treball. Agraeixo tot els comentaris rebuts als seminaris de tesi doctoral dels darrers anys i la companyia de tots els estudiants de doctorat amb qui he conviscut dins i fora del despatx. Amb els companys Marc Guinjoan i Toni Rodon durant aquests anys de doctorat hi he compartit una amistat i un projecte comú que venia d’enrere. Juntament amb la vi companya Sílvia Claveria vam iniciar el blog de política El Pati Descobert que avui és una pàgina a la secció política del diari Ara. El projecte d’El Pati ens ha dut, amb en Marc i en Toni, a guanyar el Premi Irla d’Assaig polític i a publicar el nostre primer llibre. D’ells n’he après el gust per la feina ben feta, gairebé per la perfecció, i l’avantatge de cooperar en l’anàlisi empíric quantitatiu. N’estic segur que continuaran una carrera acadèmica brillant. En Pablo Simón ha estat durant aquests anys de doctorat un fidel company de despatx i amic. La seva capacitat de treball, l’esforç i sacrifici per la ciència política han estat exemplars per a mi i per a tots els doctorands. Li agraeixo de tot cor els matins i tardes de debats inacabables mentre fèiem un cafè, els seus consells per a la vida i la tendresa de saber compartir una intel·ligència excepcional. Desitjo que tingui moltes més oportunitats després de la seva estada a Brussel·les. Finalment, he d’agrair que els darrers cursos els professors Abel Escribà i Tània Verge m’hagin ajudat a escrutar els feréstecs camins de l’acadèmia; a ells la meva admiració i la meva amistat. En el procés d’elaboració d’aquesta tesi doctoral he viatjat per a fer estades de recerca a dues nacions fredes però acollidores: el Quebec i Escòcia. Al Quebec em va acollir la Universitat de Laval i especialment el professor Guy Laforest. A ell li agraeixo l’amabilitat de tractar-me com un amic des del primer dia i de resoldre’m molts dubtes i curiositats sobre un sistema polític molt llunyà per a mi. També li estic agraït per la generositat de cedir-me el seu propi despatx durant les estades a Europa. A Escòcia, fou l’Institut de Governança de la Universitat d’Edimburg la institució que em va allotjar, voldria agrair a les professores Nicola McEwen i Eve Hepburn haver-me ajudat i encoratjat a participar al seminari del seu departament malgrat la vaguetat dels meus plantejament i un anglès inintel·ligible. Durant aquestes estades, i també a casa nostra, he entrevistat personalitats polítiques i acadèmiques, a tots ells els vull fer partícips d’aquest treball. vii Finalment, també vull donar les gràcies a la Generalitat de Catalunya, a l’AGAUR, per finançar-me durant tres anys dins el marc de les beques de Formació d’Investigadors i per ajudar-me econòmicament en l’estada de recerca a la Universitat de Laval així com al mateix Departament de Ciències Polítiques i Socials pel finançament de les beques EBE. D’altra banda, vull agrair a la Universitat Pompeu Fabra i a tot el seu personal PDI i PAS, especialment a la secretaria del Departament, l’esforç personal i institucional de mantenir uns estudis de prestigi com el Doctorat, el Màster i el Grau de Ciències Polítiques i de l’Administració. viii ix x ABSTRACT This doctoral thesis examines the legitimacy of secession in the context of liberal democracies. This is a recent debate in political theory since secession has been an excluded issue by liberal theories of democracy. The thesis defends the necessity of incorporating principles and criteria to analyze the legitimacy of secession from a liberal-democratic perspective. The first article is a critical review of the theories of secession through a typology. The review outlines the shortcomings and normative basis of existing theories. The second paper examines three cases of secession legitimisation (Quebec, Scotland and Catalonia) through the discourse of political parties. It concludes that these parties advocate for secession from a moderate and pluralistic approach, a spirit of consensus and a modern conception of the state. The third article discusses recent developments in Catalan politics in relation to the theories of secession. This suggests a lack of accommodation and recognition as a key element. It also concludes that Catalan secessionist discourse is based on diverse normative basis beyond liberal-nationalism. Finally, the fourth article establishes the basis for including the legitimacy of secession within the theory of liberal democracy: plurinational recognition, setting criteria for defining political units and a consent-based legitimacy of the state. xi xii RESUM Aquesta tesi doctoral analitza la legitimitat de la secessió en el context de les democràcies liberals. Aquest és un debat recent a la teoria política ja que ha estat un tema exclòs per les teories liberals de la democràcia. La tesi defensa la necessitat d’incorporar principis i criteris que permetin analitzar la legitimitat de la secessió des de la democràcia liberal. El primer article fa una revisió crítica de les teories de la secessió mitjançant una tipologia normativa. La revisió apunta les mancances i les bases normatives de les teories existents. El segon article analitza tres casos de legitimació de la secessió: Quebec, Escòcia i Catalunya, a través del discurs dels partits polítics. Conclou que aquests defensen la secessió de manera moderada i plural, des del nacionalisme liberal, amb voluntat de consens i amb una concepció moderna de l’estat.
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