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HVDC BACK TO BACK CONNECTION FOR
POWER EXCHANGE BETWEEN ELECTRICAL GRIDS

by
MD. ARIFUR RAHMAN

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
DHAKA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
GAZIPUR

December-2014

HVDC BACK TO BACK CONNECTION FOR
POWER EXCHANGE BETWEEN ELECTRICAL GRIDS

A Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

By
MD. ARIFUR RAHMAN
Student No: 022219 Session: 2003-2004

Supervised By
Dr. Md. Bashir Uddin
Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
DHAKA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
GAZIPUR

December-2014

Declaration

It is hereby declared that this project or any part of it has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma.

Candidate’s Signature

(Md. ArifurRahman)

ii

Acknowledgement

It is a great pleasure of the author to acknowledge respect and gratitude to the supervisor Dr. Md. Bashir Uddin, Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, DUET, Gazipur, for his kind cooperation, constant encouragement, valuable advice and guidance throughout the project work. Dr. Md. Bashir Uddin provided with information, comments, corrections and criticisms pertaining to the preparation of this project hand note. Without his whole-hearted supervision, this work would not have been possible.

I am grateful to Dr. Md. AnowarulAbedin,Professor & Head, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering for providing the opportunity of completion of M. Engineering degree through extending my student-ship.

I am thankful to Project Director, Manager and Engineer Colleagues of Grid Interconnection Project, Power Grid Company of Bangladesh Ltd. for providing the information against HVDC and Grid Interconnection.

I am also thankful to the Engineers of Siemens AG Germany, COBRA Instalaciones Y Servicios Spain and Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. who have provided the information by training on HVDC station, AC transmission line and Grid Interconnection.

I am grateful to my family and friends who have provided support and encouragement during my studies.

Finally I am grateful to Almighty Allah that I have completed the project successfully.

iii

Abstract

The demand of electrical power reserve capacity in Bangladesh is increasing continuously day by day. This has led to increase in the generation and transmission structure to meet the increasing demand. The imperatives of supplying energy have led to the establishment of generating stations. An alternate way to meet the requirements is to import electrical energy from neighboring countries like India, Nepal, Bhutan,

Myanmar etc. To meet the growing demand for electricity and keep the country’s

economic growth unhurt, the Bangladesh government is taking different strategies to minimize the difference between demand and supply of electricity and importing electricity from India is one of them. The regional cooperation is necessary for development and to strengthen South Asian union, country and their motto of cooperation, long term economic analysis etc.

In technical consideration electrical energy will be imported through grid interconnection system with HVDC link. However, as generation and utilization of power remain at alternating current, for this the HVDC link requires conversion at two sides, from AC to DC at the sending side called rectification and DC to AC at the receiving side called inversion. For long distances DC line is required in between rectification and inversion

station. In economical consideration, the distances less than “break even” value, HVAC

transmission tends to be economical than HVDC transmission and more expensive for longer distances.For short distance two grids should be connected with AC transmission line, where two converter stations are at one end of the line called “HVDC back to back station” and AC switching station at the other end. In back to back DC link’s the rectification and inversion processes are carried out in the same converter station mainly in the same building.

iv

The development of solid state electronics paved the way for facilities the conversion of high voltage AC (HVAC) to high voltage DC (HVDC) and vice-versa in power system operation. The converters use high powered thyristors connected in series to give the required voltages. For reduction of number of series connected thyristors, the AC voltages are reduced by step down transformers in both of the AC sides. For constant AC voltages at both of rectifier and inverter ends, transformers are used with On Load Tap Changing (OLTC) mechanism. In order to obtain smooth DC in AC to DC conversion process, DC filters or smoothing reactors are used in between rectifier and inverter. Due to generation of harmonics caused by AC to DC and DC to AC conversion, AC harmonic filters are used at both of the AC sides.

The physical process of conversion is such that the same station can switch from rectifier to inverter by simple control actionby changing firing angle of thyristors, thus facilitating power reversal.Hench the HVDC back to back station can be called power exchange center and used in transmission section for interconnection between grids.

v

Contents

Page No.
Chapter – 1: Introduction
1.1 1.2
Introduction Objectives

….

13

….

Chapter – 2: Power Grid Interconnection
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
Interconnected Power Grid

…. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. ….

4
General Benefits of Grid Interconnection Economics of Grid Interconnection
57
Features and Functions of HVAC and HVDC Comparison of HVAC and HVDC
910 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 17
Advantages and Disadvantages of HVDC Possible Configurations for HVDC Interconnection 2.7.1 HVDC Connection with DC Overhead Line 2.7.2 HVDC Connection with DC Sea Cable 2.7.3 HVDC Back to Back Connection

  • HVDC Link in Neighboring Country
  • 2.8

2.8.1 HVDC Link with Overhead Line in India 2.8.2 HVDC Back to Back Connection in India

Chapter – 3: Back to Back Converter Station

  • 3.1
  • Converter Station Layout

…. …. …. …. …. …. ….

19 20 21 22 23 24 26
3.1.1 Converter Station Equipment

  • AC Switch-yard Equipment
  • 3.2

  • 3.3
  • AC Filter, Shunt Capacitor and Shunt Reactor

3.3.1 Necessity of AC Filter
3.4 3.5
Converter Transformer in HVDC System DC Filter/ Smoothing Reactor

vi

  • 3.6
  • Thyristor Valve

…. …. ….

27 27 29
3.6.1 Thyristor Valve Layout 3.6.2 Physical Arrangement of Thyristor Valves 3.6.3 Power Thyristor and Thyristor Evolution 3.6.4 ThyristorSnuber Circuit

…. ….

31 32

  • 3.6.5 Grading Resistor and Thyristor Monitoring Electronics ….
  • 34

35 36 37
3.6.6 Grading Capacitor

…. …. ….

3.6.7 Saturable Reactor 3.6.8 Thyristor Valve Cooling System

Chapter – 4: HVDCThyristor Converters

  • 4.1
  • HVDC Link between AC Grids

…. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. ….

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 49 51 53
4.1.1 DC Voltages at Both Converters are Positive 4.1.2 DC Voltages at Both Converters are Negative Three Phase Twelve Pulse HVDC Configuration Three Phase Twelve Pulse Converter
4.2 4.3
4.3.1 Operation Sequence for Twelve Pulse Converter

  • Three Phase Six Pulse Converter
  • 4.4

4.4.1 Operation Sequence for Six Pulse Converter

  • Converter DC Voltages
  • 4.5

4.6 4.7
Converter Operation as Rectifier and Inverter AC Line Current for 12-Pulse Converter Operation

Chapter – 5: Converter Controland Protection
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
Control Function and Power Control Power Flow Direction Control

…. …. ….

55 57 59 62
Rectifier and Inverter Voltages Characteristics DC Voltage and Current Control for Change of AC Voltage ….

vii

5.5 5.6
AC Filter Sub-Bank Control 5.5.1 Reactive Power Control 5.5.2 AC Voltage Control

…. …. …. …. …. ….

65 66 68 69 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
5.5.3 Voltage Limitation Control 5.5.4 Harmonic Performance Control HVDC Protection 5.6.1 Valve Short Circuit Diff. Protection (87CSY, 87CSD) …. 5.6.2 Bridge Differential Protection (87CBY, 87CBD) 5.6.3 Group Differential Protection (87CG) 5.6.4 DC Differential Protection (87DCB) 5.6.5 AC Over-current Protection (50/51C)

…. …. …. ….
5.6.6 DC Over-voltage/ Open Converter Protection (59/37DC)… 78

5.6.7 DC Under-voltage Protection (27DC) 5.6.8 AC Over-voltage Protection (59AC) 5.6.9 AC Under-voltage Protection (27AC)

…. …. ….

79 80 81 82 83
5.6.10 AC Valve Winding Ground Fault Supervision (59ACVW). 5.6.11 Fundamental Frequency Protection (81DC 50Hz)

….

Chapter – 6: Technical Exposure of HVDCBack to Back Connection

  • 6.1
  • Bangladesh - India Grid Interconnection

….

84
6.1.1 Transmission in Bangladesh Side 6.1.2 Transmission in India Side

…. ….

85 85
6.2 Transmission Line of Bangladesh-India Grid Interconnection
6.2.1 Transmission Line Length

…. …. …. …. ….

86 86 87 87 88
6.2.2 Transmission Line Physical and Electrical Data 6.2.3 Transmission Line Conductors 6.2.4 Line Earth Wire and Optical Ground Wire 6.2.5 Transmission Line Insulators

viii

6.2.6 Clearance to Obstacles from Lines 6.2.7 Types of Tower

…. …. …. ….

88 89 89 90
6.2.8 Height of Towers for Different Type 6.2.9 Different Type of Towers Used in Bangladesh Side

  • Converter Station at Bheramara
  • 6.3

6.4

  • 6.3.1 Power, Voltage and Current Rating of HVDC Station ….
  • 91

92 93
6.3.2 Technical Data ofThyristor Valves

…. ….

6.3.3 Technical Data ofConverter Transformers 6.3.4 Data of AC Filters, Shunt Capacitors and Shunt Reactors.. 94 AC Switch-Yard Equipments at Converter Station 6.4.1 Technical Data of Bus-Bars

…. ….

94 95 96 97 98 99
6.4.2 Technical Data ofCircuit Breakers 6.4.3 Technical Data of Capacitive Voltage Transformers …. 6.4.4 Technical Data of Current Transformers AC Harmonic Filters at Converter Station

…. …. ….

6.5

  • 6.6
  • Double Tuned AC Filter in 400kV Side (DT 12/24)

6.7 6.8
Double Tuned AC Filter in 230kV Side (DT 12/24) Double Tuned AC Filter in 230kV Side (DT 3/12)

…. ….

106 113

Chapter – 7: Economical Exposure of HVDC Back to Back Connection
7.1 7.2
Cost of Imported Electrical Energy Cost of HVDC Back to Back Station

…. ….

119 121
7.2.1 Calculation of Cost of HVDC Back to Back Station Cost of AC Switching Station

…. …. …. …. ….

124 127 130 133 135
7.3 7.4
7.3.1 Calculation of Cost of AC Switching Station Cost of AC Over-head Transmission Line 7.4.1 Calculation of Cost of AC Transmission Line
7.5 7.6
Information against HVDC & HVAC Costs and Losses Transmission Line Losses

…. ….

137 140

ix

7.7 7.8
Calculation of Losses in Grid Interconnection System Running Cost for Energy Transmission

…. ….

142 144

  • 7.9
  • Calculationof Transmission Costfor Interconnection System ….
  • 147

7.10 Calculation of Transmission Costfor Total System

…. ….

149 154 156
7.11 Bangladesh – Nepal Electrical Grid Interconnection

7.11.1 General Costs for Bangladesh – Nepal Grid Interconnection ...

7.11.2 Calculation of Cost of HVDC Back to Back Station

….

159
7.11.3 Calculation of Cost of AC Switching Station 7.11.4 Calculation of Cost of AC Transmission Line

…. ….

162 165 167 169

170

7.11.5 TotalCostfor Bangladesh – Nepal Grid Interconnection..
7.12 Bangladesh – Myanmar Electrical Grid Interconnection

….

7.12.1 General Costs for Bangladesh – Myanmar Grid Interconnection

7.12.2 Calculation of Cost of HVDC Back to Back Station 7.12.3 Calculation of Cost of AC Switching Station 7.12.4 Calculation of Cost of AC Transmission Line

…. …. ….

173 176 179

  • 181
  • 7.12.5 TotalCostfor Bangladesh–Myanmar Grid Interconnection

Chapter – 8: Discussion
8.1 8.2
Discussion References

…. ….

183 184

x

List of Figures

Sl. No. 1. Fig -2.1 : Variation of cost with distance for AC & DC transmission 2. Fig- 2.2 : Configuration of HVDC connection with DC overhead line ….

  • Description:
  • Page No.

….

813 14 15
3. Fig-2.3 : Configuration of HVDC connection with DC sea cable 4. Fig- 2.4 : Configuration of HVDC back to back connection

…. ….

5. Fig. 3.1 : Convertor station layout for HVDC back to back station 6. Fig. 3.2 : Converter transformer

…. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. ….

19 25 25 26 28 29 30 30 31
7. Fig. 3.3 : Converter transformer winding & core arrangement 8. Fig. 3.4 : DC filter / smoothing reactor 9. Fig. 3.5 : Thyristor valve layout 10. Fig. 3.6 : Physical arrangement of thyristor valves 11. Fig. 3.7 : Double valve arrengement 12. Fig. 3.8 : Quadruple valve arrengement 13. Fig. 3.9 : Light triggered power thyristor 14. Fig. 3.10: Evolution of power thyristors 15. Fig. 3.11: Thyristorsnubber circuit 16. Fig. 3.12: Snuber resistor

…. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. ….

32 33 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
17. Fig. 3.13: Snuber capacitor 18. Fig. 3.14: Thyristor monitoring electonics 19. Fig. 3.15: Grading Capacitor 20. Fig. 3.16: Saturable reactor 21. Fig. 3.17: Cooing components 22. Fig. 3.18: Parallel cooling system 23. Fig. 4.1 : HVDC link between ac grids 24. Fig. 4.2 : Current and power are in same direction 25. Fig. 4.3 : Current and power are in opposite direction

26. Fig. 4.4 : HVDC monopole configuration

….

42

xi

27. Fig. 4.5 : HVDC bipole configuration

…. …. …. …. …. …. ….

42 43 44 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 49 52 52 53 54 56

57 58

59 60 61 62

64

67 68 72

28. Fig. 4.6 : Three phase’s twelve pulse bridge converter circuit

29. Fig. 4.7 : Thyristor operation sequence for 12 –pulse converter

30. Fig. 4.8 : Three phase’s six pulse converter circuit

31. Fig. 4.9 : Thyristor operation sequence for 6 –pulse converter 32. Fig. 4.10: Zero (0) degree firing points for 6 –pulse converter 33. Fig. 4.11: Three phase six pulse converter valves 1& 2 conducted 34. Fig. 4.12: Three phase six pulse converter valves 1, 2 & 3 conducted …. 35. Fig. 4.13: Three phase six pulse converter valves 2 & 3 conducted …. 36. Fig. 4.14: Three phase six pulse converter valves 3 & 4 conducted ….

37. Fig. 4.15: Three phase six pulse converter voltages with ‘α’ firing angle…

38. Fig. 4.16: Idealized controlled six pulse converter voltage

….
39. Fig. 4.17: Relationship between DC voltage “Ud” and firing angle “α” ….

40. Fig. 4.18: AC line current of star and delta transformer for every 6-pulse.. 41. Fig. 4.19: AC line current on transformer primary side for 12-pulse 42. Fig. 5.1 : HVDC control function

…. ….

…. ….

…. …. …. ….

….

…. …. ….

43. Fig. 5.2 : Two ac systems coupled with HVDC link 44. Fig. 5.3 : Direction of power flow with dc voltages

45. Fig. 5.4 : Two ac systems connected with 12-pulse HVDC link 46. Fig. 5.5 : Rectifier and inverter operation 47. Fig. 5.6 : Converter (rectifier & inverter) characteristics

48. Fig. 5.7 : DC voltage control for change of rectifier side acvoltage 49. Fig. 5.8 : DC voltage control for change of inverter side acvoltage

50. Fig. 5.9 : AC filter switching in reactive power controlmode 51. Fig. 5.10: AC filter switching in ac voltage control 52. Fig. 5.11: HVDC protection zone

53. Fig. 5.12: Valve short circuit differential protection zone

….

73

xii

54. Fig. 5.13: Bridge differential protection zone

…. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. ….

74

  • 55. Fig. 5.14: Group differential protection zone
  • 75

  • 56. Fig. 5.15: DC differential protection zone
  • 76

  • 57. Fig. 5.16: AC over-current protection zone
  • 77

58. Fig. 5.17: DC over-voltage/ open converter protection zone 59. Fig. 5.18: DC under-voltage protection zone
78 79

  • 60. Fig. 5.19: AC over-voltage protection zone
  • 80

  • 61. Fig. 5.20: AC under-voltage protection zone
  • 81

62. Fig. 5.21: AC valve winding ground fault protection zone 63. Fig. 5.22: Fundamental frequency protection zone 64. Fig. 6.1 : Bangladesh-India grid interconnection system 65. Fig. 6.2 : Double tuned ac filters (DT 12/24 and DT 3/12) 66. Fig. 6.3 : Double tuned ac filter in 400kV side (DT 12/24) 67. Fig. 6.4 : Double tuned ac filter in 230kV side (DT 12/24) 68. Fig. 6.5 : Double tuned ac filter in 230kV side (DT 3/12) 69. Fig. 7.1 : Interconnected grid systems with HVDC 70. Fig. 7.2 : Transmission line route from Bangladesh to Nepal 71. Fig. 7.3 : Transmission line route from Bangladesh to Myanmar
82 83 84 98 99 106 113 145 155 170

Abbreviations & Notations

xiii

  • A
  • - Ampere

  • AC
  • - Alternating Current

- Alternating Current Filter - Bangladeshi Taka - Back to Back
ACF BDT BtB

  • CB
  • - Circuit breaker

  • CT
  • - Current Transformer

  • - Direct Current
  • DC

DCF DS
- Direct Current Filter - Disconnecting Switch

  • - Double Tuned
  • DT

ENR ER
- East-Northern Region - Eastern Region

  • ES
  • - Earthing Switch

ESOF ETT
- Emergency Switch Off - Electrically Triggered Thyristor
FACTS - Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems FCL HVAC HVDC IPC
- Fault Current Limiter (Series Reactor) - High Voltage Alternating Current - High Voltage Direct Current - Individual Phase Control

  • - Kilo Ampere
  • KA

  • KG
  • - Kilo Gram

  • KM
  • - Kilo Meter

  • KN
  • - Kilo Neutron

  • KV
  • - Kilo Volt

xiv

KVA KVAR KW
- Kilo Volt Ampere - Kilo Volt Ampere Reactive - Kilo Watt
KWH LA
- Kilo Watt Hour - Lightning Arrester

  • LTT
  • - Light Triggered Thyristor

  • - Mega Volt Ampere
  • MVA

  • MW
  • - Mega Watt

  • NR
  • - Northern region

ODAF OLTC PT
- Oil Dynamic Air Force - On Load Tap Changer - Potential Transformer - Reactive Power Control - Southern Region
RPC SR SVC TCSC USD VBE VSC WR
- Static VAR Compensator (Parallel)
- Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator
- United State Dollar - Valve Base Electronics - Voltage Source Converter - Western Region

xv

1

Chapter – 1 Introduction

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  • Lightning Protection for Telecommunication Stations Imp

    Lightning Protection for Telecommunication Stations Imp

    Lightning protection for Telecommunication Stations Imp. Carret-Vène - Octobre 2006 ABB Lightning Protection Group 22, rue du 8 Mai 1945 95340 - Persan France Tel : +33 (0) 1 30 28 60 88 Fax : +33 (0) 1 30 28 60 79 Impacts on structures: direct effects ABB Soulé located in Bagnères-de- Lightning protection (strikes Bigorre (South West of France) has with indirect effects) for SKILLSseveral decades of experience, and uses HOW? telecommunication stations by its technological expertise to provide lightning arresters, is protection against lightning and applicable for all electrical overvoltage. networks. It is also compulsory In addition to up-to-date expertise with its to provide protection against global lightning protection offer (external lightning strikes with direct and internal), ABB Soulé now offers a effects by placing a lightning range of lightning conductors and arrester (near the top of the stations ? lightning arresters to protect a Telecom tower) for which the earthing site. device installed to be at the ABB Soulé also has a laboratory same potential as the earth of comprising several generators capable of the electrical network, will give testing all equipment under real a good path for the lightning conditions with different amplitude surge current from the entire currents, in order to optimize protection installation. solutions. The owner of the line is responsible for protecting the HV transformer and the LV circuit breaker: - either the energy distributor (EDF, Impacts public corporation, on electrical lines: others, etc.) indirect effect LESPS laboratory in Bagnères-de-Bigorre, France - or a large private Impacts subscriber / on the ground, How to protect Telecommunication to protect How consumer (tertiary potential rising from A recognized skill in lightning protection industry, others).
  • The Crystal Valve Arrester Story

    The Crystal Valve Arrester Story

    The Crystal Valve Arrester and Electric Supply Services Company Story In the first half of the 20th century The Electric Supply Services Co. (ESSCo) was a thriving manufacturing enterprise serving the electrical, railroad, and porcelain industry. The product that is of interest to me of course is the Crystal Valve Arrester that was used on distribution medium voltage systems. By the end of the 20th century, they were only known to collectors of antiques. Whatever happened to ESSCo is the question at hand. Was it bought out and its name lost in the history of another company? Did it fail as a business; did it change its name? Read on to learn some of the story. The main offices and factory of ESSC0 were located on the corner of North 17th and West Cambria St. in Philadelphia Pa. USA. Only 3 short miles from downtown Philly. My research so far has not revealed the founders or officers of the business. The only person I have been able to associate with this company was John Robert McFarlin a prolific design engineer who patented several arrester associated products for ESSCo from as early as 1918 and as late as 1950. More on John Robert McFarlin later. We know from a superb brochure published by ESSCo in 1935 titled “43 Years” that they proudly produced distribution arresters from 1892 until 1935. Other data suggest they produced arresters into the 1940s (perhaps even into the 50s). The last model of arrester they manufactured was called the Crystal Valve Arrester. It took its name from the fact that the Silicon Carbide (SiC) material used in the arrester was a crystalline in form, and the SiC acted as an electrical valve in its application.
  • Concept and Application of Lightning Arrester for 11Kv Electric Power Systems Protection

    Concept and Application of Lightning Arrester for 11Kv Electric Power Systems Protection

    Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research (AJBSR) Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages 35-49, January-March 2020 Concept and Application of Lightning Arrester for 11kV Electric Power Systems Protection Research Article Received: 22 November 2019 Accepted: 27 December 2019 Published: 23 January 2020 1 Uche C. Ogbuefi , Cajetan M. Abstract: The phenomenon of lightning is an exciting natural incident. However, its rate of 2 3 Nwosu & Cosmas U. Ogbuka occurrence can be as critical as it is electrifying. The magnitude of energy contained in lightning 1,2,3 Department of Electrical Engineering, strikes is very high and can be destructive. In order to prevent electric power equipment from University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. lightning, protection schemes like the use of lightning rods, ground wires and surge diverters are put in place to curtail its effects on electric equipment. This device is used for the protection of Corresponding Author Author Email: substations equipment against high travelling waves, by arresting the abnormal high voltage spike [email protected] to the general mass of the earth devoid of affecting the continuity of supply. In this paper, a detailed design of surge diverter or lightning arrester for protection of electric power system is presented. 1. INTRODUCTION SOLIDWORKS software was utilized in this study to access the performance analysis and Lightning is unpredictable and it application of an 11kV valve-type surge diverter modelled after the IEEE lightning arrester model. Different lightning arrester models are presented. By Slight variation to the IEEE model, a 92% is the most destructive of all reduction in the lightning-induced voltage was recorded.
  • Transient Lightning Protection for Electronic Measurement Devices

    Transient Lightning Protection for Electronic Measurement Devices

    TRANSIENT LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT DEVICES Patrick S. McCurdy Presented by: Dick McAdams Phoenix Contact Inc. P.O. Box 4100 Harrisburg, PA 17111-0100 INTRODUCTION LIGHTNING MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY Technology advances in the world of semiconductors and microprocessors are increasing at a breathtaking pace. Most of the continental United States experiences at least The density of transistor population on integrated circuits two cloud to ground flashes per square kilometer per has increased at a rate unimaginable just a few years ago. year. About one half of the United States will see three The advantages are many: faster data acquisition, real cloud to ground events per square kilometer per year. time control, and fully automated factories, to name a This is equivalent to about 10 discharges per square mile few. per year. An Isokeraunic map of thunderstorm days developed by ANSI/NFPA 780-1992 is shown in Figure Semiconductor technology is also prevalent in field #1. This shows the average number of thunderstorm days mounted instrumentation and electronic measurement per year by geographic region. A relationship can be devices. Unfortunately, a tradeoff to the increased made between thunderstorm days and flash density (i.e., performance is the susceptibility of these semiconductor the number of lightning-to-ground flashes in a specified devices to voltage and current transient events. The period over a certain area, expressed in flashes / km2 minimum results are unreliable instrumentation readings [Table 1]). and operation, with periodic failures. The worst case result is a completely destroyed measurement device. As can be seen, depending on the region, locations such as Tampa, Florida or Columbia, South Carolina can have Such power surges are often the work of mother nature.
  • Surge Arresters: Applications and Selection 18/683 18.1 Surge Arresters and Blown-Off by the Force of the Gases Thus Produced

    Surge Arresters: Applications and Selection 18/683 18.1 Surge Arresters and Blown-Off by the Force of the Gases Thus Produced

    18/681 Surge arresters: applications and 18 selection Contents 18.1 Surge arresters 18/683 18.1.1 Gapped surge arresters 18/683 18.1.2 Gapless surge arresters 18/684 18.2 Electrical characteristics of a ZnO surge arrester 18/684 18.3 Basic insulation level (BIL) 18/687 18.4 Protective margins 18/688 18.4.1 Steepness (t1) of the FOW 18/688 18.4.2 Effect of discharge or co-ordinating current (In) on the protective level of an arrester 18/688 18.4.3 Margin for contingencies 18/688 18.5 Protective level of the a surge arrester 18/688 18.5.1 Reflection of the travelling waves 18/691 18.5.2 Surge transference through a transformer 18/694 18.5.3 Effect of resonance 18/699 18.6 Selection of a gapless surge arrester 18/699 18.6.1 TOV capability and selection of rated voltage, Vr 18/699 18.6.2 Selecting the protective level of the arrester 18/703 18.6.3 Required energy capability in kJ/kVr 18/706 18.7 Classification of arresters 18/707 18.8 Application of distribution class surge arresters 18/708 18.9 Pressure relief facility 18/709 18.10 Assessing the condition of an arrester 18/710 Relevant Standards 18/718 List of formulae used 18/718 Further Reading 18/719 Surge arresters: applications and selection 18/683 18.1 Surge arresters and blown-off by the force of the gases thus produced. The enclosure is so designed that after blowing off the arc it forcefully expels the gases into the When surge protection is considered necessary, surge atmosphere.
  • Design Requirement and DC Bias Analysis on HVDC Converter Transformer

    Design Requirement and DC Bias Analysis on HVDC Converter Transformer

    E3S Web of Conferences 257, 01038 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125701038 AESEE 2021 Design Requirement and DC Bias Analysis on HVDC Converter Transformer Weijian Peng 1,*, Qi Liu2, Li Liang3, Wenqi Jiang4, Zhuoyuan Zhang 5 1,2,3,4,5UNSW, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, Sydney, Australia Abstract. The converter transformer plays a critical role in the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system, which connects but separates the AC grids and the converter. This paper briefly introduced the essential design requirement of the HVDC converter transformer in a system at ±800kV level and analyzed the DC bias influence on the transformer. The DC bias current effect simulations are analyzed in MATLAB and ANSYS Maxwell in this paper, respectively. 1 Introduction the AC system from each other to avoid direct short- circuiting caused by the neutral point grounding of the The development of high-voltage power transmission is AC system and the neutral point grounding of the DC an inevitable requirement for the power industry to part[7]. develop to a particular stage. Compared with AC Similar to the ordinary transformer in the low-voltage transmission, the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) grids, the basic structure with specific parameters such transmission has the characteristics of large transmission as the rated currents, voltages, and the minimal short- power capacity, small loss, long transmission distance, circuit impedance of the converter transformer should and good flexibility to connect two unsynchronized be calculated[8]. Moreover, due to the nonlinear systems.[1] The high-voltage converter transformer is operation characteristic of the converter in the HVDC one of the critical equipment of an HVDC system.