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Differential Diagnosis of an Elderly Manic-Depressive Patient with Depersonalization and Other Symptoms

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Differential Diagnosis of an Elderly Manic-Depressive Patient with Depersonalization and Other Symptoms Hindawi Publishing Corporation Case Reports in Psychiatry Volume 2016, Article ID 1454781, 4 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1454781 Case Report Differential Diagnosis of an Elderly Manic-Depressive Patient with Depersonalization and Other Symptoms Shigehiro Ogata,1 Yu Itohiya,2 Yuri Sakamoto,3 Yuki Sato,3 Yudai Suyama,3 Hidenori Atsuta,3 and Ken Iwata3 1 Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogahahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan 2DepartmentofPsychiatry,ToshimaHospital,33-1Sasae,Itabashi-ku,Tokyo173-0015,Japan 3Department of Neuropsychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Hiroo Hospital, 2-34-10 Ebisu, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0013, Japan Correspondence should be addressed to Shigehiro Ogata; [email protected] Received 15 December 2015; Revised 11 March 2016; Accepted 4 May 2016 AcademicEditor:ErikJonsson¨ Copyright © 2016 Shigehiro Ogata et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The case study of an elderly man having persecutory delusions and bizarre complaints at the first psychiatric interview is reported. The patient complained: “I have no sense of time” and “I have no sense of money.” He refused nursing care. He had delusions centered on himself including that of his own death, which were difficult to diagnose but suggested the possibility of Cotard’s syndrome. We assumed that the man was depressed and treated him for depression. However, as a result of this treatment he became temporarily manic but finally recovered completely. After his recovery, we learnt the patient’s past history of hospitalization for psychiatric problems, and based on that history he was diagnosed as suffering from a bipolar I disorder. The lack of typical symptoms of depression and the remarkable depersonalization and derealization in this patient made it difficult to infer a depressive state. Nevertheless, being attentive to his strange feelings related to the flow of time would have helped us to make an accurate diagnosis earlier. 1. Introduction Typical depressive symptoms, such as depressive mood, were not observed in this patient. Rather, the patient made Geriatric depression has not been sufficiently investigated many strikingly odd complaints that could be explained as to date. One reason for this could be that elderly patients depersonalization and derealization. Therefore, we consid- compared to younger patients complain less often about ered the differential diagnoses of neuropsychiatric diseases, depressive moods and more often emphasize somatic symp- such as delusions of guilt, or Cotard’s syndrome, both of toms [1, 2]. Depression might also be accompanied by which developed during the course of his illness. This made temporarily cognitive impairments that are often referred us focus on the likelihood that the patient was suffering from to as pseudodementia that can imitate frank dementia [2]. a depressive state and his complaints about time or, more Therefore, when making a diagnosis of depression in elderly correctly, his feeling about the flow of time was indicative of patients, it is important to consider frank dementia as a depression. The case study of this patient is presented. possible differential diagnosis. An elderly inpatient attending our hospital was diagnosed 2. Case-Presentation with Cotard’s syndrome, which is a rare disorder, in which thecentralsymptomsarenihilisticdelusions[3,4].We A 70-year-old man, Mr. I, had been restless at home because treated this patient using modified electroconvulsive therapy of a false belief that police would arrest his family. His (mECT), which resulted in a manic episode. However, the family made him undergo a medical examination by a general psychiatric history of this patient, which we could only obtain practitioner in our hospital. His vital sign and physical after mECT, might have resulted in diagnosing the patient examination, including neurological signs, were normal. with bipolar depression with psychotic symptoms. Moreover,hisbloodtestshowednoabnormalities.Thedoctor 2 Case Reports in Psychiatry prescribed an antipsychotic, 25 mg of quetiapine before sleep. a stone,” “my heart has stopped,” “I can go 300,000 light- The next day he was referred to the psychiatric department for years ahead,” “I have destroyed all mankind,” or “loans evaluation. have accumulated to an astronomically large amount.” He The patient had worked as an accountant in a travel sometimes grinned and was in a mild stupor. Then, he company for 30 years. He had at times lost over several begantorefusefoodandresistednursingcare.Theantipsy- million yen on stock investments and horse racing. However, chotic medications, risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine, until the current episode, his family had been unaware of were sequentially prescribed for his delusions and halluci- these behaviors or his mood instabilities. In his midfifties, the nations; however, his condition remained unchanged. He patient was fired when his company downsized. Thereafter, denied having a depressed mood. The tricyclic antidepres- he had found new employment as a security guard and had sant clomipramine was administered via intravenous drip, worked for over ten years in this job. Approximately one because it was possible that his symptoms were indicative month previous to the consultation, he had stopped work for of psychotic depression. However, the antidepressant had no personal reasons and had requested to be retired, because of effect on his condition. his long continuing hearing problems. Soon after retirement, mECT was started on the 35th day after admission. The thepatientbegantocomplainthathewaslosinghismemory. patient’s rejective attitude was alleviated following the second During the medical examination, the patient looked very administration of ECT, and he began to eat. He also became perplexed. The examination indicated that his vital signs were well oriented and stopped talking about time or money. normal. He could remember that he had come to our hospital After the fifth mECT, his mood became highly elevated the day before. However, he could neither remember how he and irritated. He talked loudly and could not help talking had come nor remember how he went back home, nor recall indiscriminately and loudly to other patients. As a result, we what he had done at home the day before. He repeatedly said suspected a hypomanic condition and stopped further mECT that he has lost his memory. He also asked repeatedly for treatment and added sodium valproate, which is a mood the time and complained that he felt as if time had passed stabilizer to the prescribed antipsychotic, 15 mg of olanzapine very fast. He could not respond correctly to questions about per day. Sodium valproate was maximized at 1000 mg per day the day of the week nor state the current year and seemed and, approximately two weeks later, his mental state became disoriented. In addition, he mentioned money. He had lost normal.Then,olanzapinewastaperedto10mg/day.Atthis the sense of handling money and questioned the real value of time, he could neither remember his delusions nor remember a yen. He did not respond to questions about delusional ideas. what he had said just after hospitalization. He could respond to certain requests, such as grasping things Following improvement, further information was withhishand,whenaskedtodoso. obtained. The patient had no family history of psychiatric We suggested getting admitted to hospital for further disorders. We also discovered that this patient had once in examination and treatment. The patient’s electroencephalo- his adolescence been admitted to a psychiatric hospital for gram and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated no psychiatric problems. He stated that at the time he had a abnormalities. The color, osmotic pressure, cell numbers, highly elevated mood and had felt that he had superpowers. glucose, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of his spinal fluid He also said that he had been treated with ECT, but he did proved to be normal. In his regular blood test, creatinine not tell us his diagnosis. According to him, he had never was temporarily elevated up to 1.3 mg/dL, because he rejected experienced depression. He was discharged from hospital 90 meals during the early period of his hospitalization (as seen days after admission. below) and dehydration emerged. However, after the treat- ment progressed, creatinine returned normal. We prescribed 3. Discussion 50 mg of an antipsychotic, quetiapine, before sleep. He ate well on the first day of hospitalization and continued to do The patient in this case study was diagnosed with a bipo- so,buthiscomplaintsdidnotchange.Moreover,hecontinued lar I disorder and a current episode of severe depression to walk in the ward corridors, he was occasionally confused, with psychotic symptoms. The course of depression in the andsometimeshehadagrin.Hetoldus,“IknowthatIam patient was acute and severe. Approximately seven days hospitalized now, but I don’t know what date it is, or how long after hospitalization, symptoms of Cotard’s syndrome, orig- Ihavebeeninhospital”andthat“dayshavegonebywithout inally described by June Cotard in an anxious, melancholic me noticing.” He said, “time passes very fast, I feel no sense of patient, include nihilistic delusions and delire´ d’enormit´ e´ time, and it seems as
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