Recherche Dans Les Sols Algériens D'actinobactéries À Activité

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Recherche Dans Les Sols Algériens D'actinobactéries À Activité REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITE SAAD DAHLEBDE BLIDA 1 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET PHYSIOLOGIE CELLULAIRE Mémoire de fin d’étude Présenté pour l’obtention du diplôme deMaster en SCIENCE DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE OPTION : MICROBIOLOGIE-BACTERIOLOGIE Thème Recherche dans les sols algériens d’actinobactéries à activité antifongique Soutenu le 20 /09/2017 PAR BENMOUMOU Sarra Devant le jury composé de : Mme KADRI F. M.A.A. université de Blida 1 Présidente Mme BOUDJEMA N. M.C.B. université de Blida 1 Examinatrice Mme MEKLAT A. M.C.A université de Blida 1 Promotrice Mme Remerciements Remerciant tout d’abord le bon dieu tout puissant de m’avoir donné la volonté et la force d’entamer et de terminer ce travail. En premier lieu, j’aimerais remercier Monsieur le Professeur Nasserdine SABAOU, directeur de labo LBSM de Kouba (Alger), pour m’avoir accueilli dans son laboratoire et pour avoir mis à ma disposition les produits et le matériel nécessaire à la réalisation et la réussite de ce travail. Ses conseils, sa disponibilité, sa modestie, sa gentillesse et sa bonne humeur m’ont permis d’aller vers l’avant durant mon mémoire. Veuillez trouver ici l’expression de mes sincères remerciements pour l’intérêt que vous portez à ce travail et soyez assuré de ma profonde reconnaissance. Je tiens à remercier également, mon encadrante Dr. MEKLAT A., maître de conférences A à l’université de Blida et de lui exprimer ma profonde gratitude pour m‘avoir encadré pendant la durée de ce mémoire, pour la confiance qu‘elle m‘a accordée, pour ses remarques pertinentes et son optimisme. Ses qualités d‘encadrant et son sens du détail m‘ont permis d‘avancer à un rythme régulier dans mes travaux et pour sa disponibilité et son écoute lors de mes requêtes. Je lui suis reconnaissante pour le temps qu‘elle m‘a consacré et toutes les opportunités qu‘elles m‘a offertes au cours de ce mémoire; je ne peux, madame, que sincèrement vous exprimer mon respect et ma gratitude. Je remercie également, Mme KADRI F., MAA à l’Université Saâd Dahleb de Blida, de m’avoir fait l’honneur de présider le jury auquel est soumise mon étude qu’elle trouve ici l’expression de ma profonde reconnaissance. Je remercie Dr. BOUDJEMA N., M C B. à l’Université Saâd Dahleb de Blida, Qu’il me soit ainsi permis de vous remercier très sincèrement pour avoir accepté de juger ce travail. Mes remerciements les plus chaleureux vont à tous les membres du laboratoire LBSM, pour leur disponibilité, leurs conseils scientifiques, leur sympathie, leurs encouragements ainsi que pour l'ambiance agréable tout au long de ce stage. Enfin, Dans l’impossibilité de citer tous les noms, nos sincères remerciements vont à tous ceux et celles, qui de près ou de loin qui ont permis par leurs conseils et leurs compétences la réalisation de ce mémoire. Dédicace Avant tout, nos s’sincères remerciements reviennent à Allah le tout puissant pour tous ses dons. Je dédie affectueusement ce travail à A l’être le plus cher au monde qui m’a poussé et motivé et n’a pas cessé de me fournir son soutien, qui m’a partagé sa patience et à qui je dois ma place pour ses sacrifices. Que dieu le protège et lui donne bonne santé Qu’il trouve dans ce travail la preuve modeste d’une reconnaissance infinie et d’un profond amour. A MON très cher PAPA A celle qui m’a fait voir la lumière, qui m’a fait goûter la joie, qui m’a appris le sourire, qui a toujours été là pour moi, qui a veillé durant mes nuits pour faire la réussite de mes jours, à qui je dois tout et que rien ne suffira pour la remercier. A MA très chère MAMAN A ceux qui m’ont transmis leurs sagesses et leurs conseils, et qui m’ont appris de la vie et continuent à le faire, A MES GRAND PARENTS Aucun mot ne pourra jamais exprimer ma reconnaissance envers vous. A Mes très chers et adorables frères bien aimés Mohamed Tidjani et Hadj Tayeb pour leur disponibilité, leur soutien moral, leur encouragement incessant, d’être coopératif et d’assumer à ma place certaine de mes responsabilités familiales. A toute ma famille, A toutes les personnes que je connais et que je n’ai pas cité. À toutes les personnes qui me sont chères …. ……………Je dédie ce travail BENMOUMOU Sarra Table des matières Remerciements Dédicace Liste de figures Liste des tableaux Liste des abréviations Résumé Abstract ملخص Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 I. Synthèse bibliographique .................................................................................. 3 1. Définition des actinobactéries ................................................................................................ 3 2. Ecologie des actinobactéries ................................................................................................... 4 3. Répartition des actinobactéries dans le sol ........................................................................... 4 4. Critères d’identification des actinobactéries ............................................................................ 5 4.1. Critères morphologiques................................................................................................................... 5 4.1.1. Caractéristiques macromorphologiques .................................................................................. 5 4.1.2. Caractéristiques micromorphologiques ........................................................................................ 5 4.2. Critères chimiques : chimiotaxonomie ............................................................................................ 7 4.3. Critères physiologiques ..................................................................................................................... 9 4.4. Critères moléculaires ........................................................................................................................ 9 4.4.1. Analyse des séquences du gène codant pour l’ARN ribosomique 16S ........................................ 9 4.4.2. Hybridation ADN-ADN ............................................................................................................... 9 4.4.3. Pourcentage en guanine-cytosine ................................................................................................. 9 5. Description morphologique de quelques genres d’actinobactéries ................................... 10 5.1. Le genre Streptomyces .................................................................................................................... 10 5.2. Le genre Actinomadura .................................................................................................................. 11 5.3. Le genre Saccharothrix ................................................................................................................... 12 5.4. Le genre Nocardiopsis ..................................................................................................................... 13 5.5. Le genre Nocardia ........................................................................................................................... 13 5.6. Le genre Amycolatopsis .................................................................................................................. 14 5.7. Le genre Actinoplanes ..................................................................................................................... 15 6. Isolement et sélection des genres d’actinobactéries mycéliennes ...................................... 16 7. Importance des actinobactéries mycéliennes ......................................................................... 16 7.1. Importance des actinobactéries dans les domaines pharmaceutiques et industriels ................. 16 7.2. Importance des actinobactéries dans le domaine agronomique .................................................. 17 8. Les antibiotiques ....................................................................................................................... 17 8.1. Les antibiotiques antibactériens ..................................................................................................... 18 8.2. Les antibiotiques antifongiques ...................................................................................................... 18 8.2.1. Classification .............................................................................................................................. 18 II. Matériel et méthodes ....................................................................................... 23 1. Sites d’études et prélèvement des échantillons de sols ....................................................... 23 2. Champignons-cibles .............................................................................................................. 24 3. Souches d’actinobactéries témoins ...................................................................................... 25 Méthodes .................................................................................................................... 25 1. Isolement et purification des actinobactéries ......................................................................... 25 1.1. Milieux d’isolement ......................................................................................................................... 25 1.2. Ensemencement ..............................................................................................................................
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