Assiut J. Agric. Sci., (48) No. (3) 2017 (112-122) ISSN: 1110-0486 Website: http://www.aun.edu.eg/faculty_agriculture E-mail: [email protected] Influence of Bio and Chemical Fertilization on Production

1Antoniadis Research Branch, Horticultural Research Alexandria, Egypt 2Department of soil physics and chemistry, Desert Research Center, Egypt Received on: 28/3/2017 Accepted for publication on: 5/4/2017 Abstract The present study was carried out during the two seasons of 2014/ 2015 and 2015/2016 in Nubaria region, west of Alexandria city, Egypt. A pot experiment conducted to examine the possibility of producing variegatum L. under lower levels of NPK chemical fertilizer doses by using some biofer- tilizers. Five tested treatments were used including control, full mineral NPK dose (36 g of ammonium sulphate, 20.5% N, 24 g of calcium super phosphate, 15 % P2O2 and 12 g of potassium sulphate, 48% K2O,) per , 1/2 inorganic NPK dose + 1 g nitrobein, 1/2 inorganic NPK dose + 1 g phosphorien, and 1/2 inor- ganic NPK dose + 1 g nitrobein + 1 g phosphorein. The obtained results indicated that the different vegetative growth characters as well as chemical constituents of croton plants were considerably augmented due to various mineral NPK or 1/2 NPK + biofertilizers. The best results were obtained by mineral full NPK dose and the half dose of NPK plus nitrobein and phosphorein biofertilizers. Such two superior treatments gave almost equal results which assure the possibility of re- placing one half of the chemical NPK by the use of some N- fixing and P- dissolving bacteria biofertilizers in producing ornamental shrubs such as Codi- aeum variegatum. Keywords: Bio fertilizers, Croton, Mineral fertilization, Loamy sand.

Introduction well as illustrated by Brickell, (1988). Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. The God Star plant is a Juss plants (Crotons) are members of commonly seen croton; it is a shrub the "" family. Crotons that has bright green leaves with have been popular in tropical and flecks of gold all over leaves and sub-tropical garden for countries, but, hence, the name became. It is a very only in recent years, they become pretty plant and can be used to create popular indoor plants. The croton a hedge when planted close together. plants are used and grown for the at- It makes attractive specimens as re- tractive foliage which is available in ported by Rodriguez and Rohde, many brilliant colors. It is an orna- (2006). mental evergreen shrub with alter- Mineral N, P and K fertilizers nate, simple leaves that used in con- could be substituted partially by N- tainers and bed. A mature plant will fixing and P- dissolving bacteria in grow about six feet tall and does well order to reduce the environmental in sun or part shade. For planted out- pollution and cost expenditure. Many door, crotons are tolerant in sandy investigators reported the enhancing soils and they tolerate salt air near the effect of NPK fertilization on vegeta- beach. They tolerate heat extremely tive growth characters, photosyn-

Sohier, G. El-Sayed and Sahar, M. Ismail, 2017 http://ajas.js.iknito.com/ thetic pigments, and N, P and K up- chemical composition of different take of croton plants (Conover and woody plants. So, the objective of Pool, 1983; Mohamed et al., 2004; this research was to study the effect Karm et al., 2009). Based on a study of different chemical and bio fertiliz- carried out by El-Aziz et al., (2007), ers on morphological, chemical con- croton plants had higher growth at the stituents, production of croton plants lowest level fertilizer suggesting the and find out the best treatment of fer- use of lower rates of controlled re- tilization (bio-and chemical fertiliz- lease fertilizer (CRF). Also, Younis et ers) for the best vegetative growth. al., (2010) mentioned that different Materials and Methods growing media on croton plant gave A pot experiment was carried the best result of quality production. out during two successive seasons of Using of microorganisms as biofertil- 2014/ 2015 and 2015/2016 in Nubaria izer improves the soil characters. The region, west of Alexandria city, fixed nitrogen solubilized mineral nu- Egypt. It is applied by replacement of trients, synthesis of the vitamins, 1/2 of chemical NPK fertilizers by N amino acids, auxins and gibberellins, and P biofertilizers in producing which stimulate the plant growth Codiaeum variegatum plants. Rooted come as a result of inoculation by terminal cuttings of croton (Codi- these microorganisms (El-Merich et aeum variegatum L) cv. Pictum var. al., 1997), However, Nath and Das, "Gold Star" of 14 to 16 cm height and (1995), Vashight and Sharma, (2003); 4 to 6 leaves were transplanted on the El-Fawakhry et al. (2004), Gabera, 10th of April in both seasons. To plas- (2004), Younis et al.(2004), kandeel tic pots of 25 cm in diameter that et al. (2004), Soliman, (2005), Sha- filled with a mixed soil (3clay: 1 sand heen and Abd-El-Wahab, (2013), w/w), one cutting was put. The mix- Abdullahi et al. (2014); Niharik, ture well done inside each pot. The (2015) and Zare et al. (2015), proved chemical and physical characteristics the efficiency of combining N- fixing of the used mixed soil were deter- and P- dissolving bacteria partially mined according to the methods out- with NPK chemical fertilizers on lined by Page et al. (1982) and listed improving of vegetative growth and in Table (1).

Table 1. Some chemical and physical properties of the mixed soil a by 3: 1 clay to sandy loam soil E.C Available Mechanical analy- pH Organic CEC Total car- (dsm-1) nutrients sis (%) -1 matter (cmol+/kg bonates (Soil paste (mg kg ) Sand Silt clay (1:2.5) (%) soil) (%) extraction) N P K 43 20 37 4.32 8.20 12 5 95 0.67 25 11.25 Texture : clay loam

One month from planting, the tested, namely 1) control (unfertilized experiment was arranged in com- plants), 2) full mineral NPK dose (36 pletely randomized block design with g ammonium sulphate, 20.5% N, 24 g three replications (plant / replication). calcium super phosphate, 15 % P2O5 Five fertilization treatments were and 12 g potassium sulphate, 48.5%

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K2O / plant, 3) 1/2 of the above men- a and b and carotenoid content of the tioned NPK dose + 1g nitrobein (N- leaves (mg/g F.W.) were estimated in fixing bacteria), 4) 1/2 of the above the second week of August. accord- mentioned NPK dose + 1 g phos- ing to Fadl and Seri- Eldeen, (1978). phorein and 5) 1/2 NPK + 1 g of ni- Also N, P and K contents of the trobein + 1 g phosphorein. Biofertil- leaves were determined according to izers (nitrobein and phosphorein) Page et al., (1982). Obtained data were applied as a soil drench after 2 were statistically analyzed according weeks from the final transplanting to Steel and Torrei, (1960). and after 40 days from the first addi- Results tion at the level of 1 g / pot at each Vegetative Growth Characters: time, while mineral N, P and K All tested vegetative growth amounts were divided into four equal traits, namely plant height, stem di- doses; the first dose was added after ameter, number of leaves as well as one month from transplanting and the fresh and dry weights of leaves, three other doses were applied after stems, and roots of Codiaeum varie- 21 days from the first one with 30 gatum plants were significantly aug- days interval periods among them mented in both seasons due to all four during the growth season. The ex- treatments, in comparison with the periment continued eight months control. Among the four fertilization from planting and the harvest was in treatments, the highest values were December. Other agricultural prac- obtained from full dose of NPK treat- tices were performed as usual. At the ment and 1/2 NPK dose + NP biofer- end of the experiment in both sea- tilizers as shown in Tables (2a, 2b sons, data were recorded for plant and 2c). However, no significant dif- height (cm), stem diameter (cm), ferences were found between such number of leaves per seedling and two treatments for plant height, stem fresh and dry weight of leaves, stems diameter and fresh and dry weights of and roots (g). In addition, chlorophyll leaves and roots in the both seasons.

Table 2a. Effect of mineral NPK and (NP) biofertilization treatments on plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves of Codiaeum variegatum plants during the two seasons of 2015 (1st) and 2016 (2nd). Plant height Stem diameter NPK/Biofertilizer No. of leaves (cm) (cm) treatments 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd Control 38.70 39.70 0.59 0.53 50.90 55.11 NPK 51.17 52.21 0.76 0.79 63.00 66.40 1/2 NPK+Bio.N 45.00 47.41 0.65 0.64 60.00 60.80 1/2 NPK+Bio.P 44.00 45.35 0.63 0.63 58.40 58.20 1/2 NPK+Bio.NP 46.07 49.69 0.67 0.72 61.11 62.00 L.S.D at 5% 4.99 5.49 0.10 0.08 7.40 8.60

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Sohier, G. El-Sayed and Sahar, M. Ismail, 2017 http://ajas.js.iknito.com/ Table 2b. Effect of mineral NPK and (NP) biofertilization treatments on fresh weight of leaves, stems and roots of Codiaeum variegatum plant during the two seasons of 2015 (1st ) and 2016 (2nd). Leaf fresh weight Stem fresh weight Roots fresh weight NPK/Biofertilizer (g) (g) (g) treatments 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd Control 33.37 33.90 14.17 14.41 7.61 8.29 NPK 42.25 43.56 20.43 21.91 11.07 11.16 1/2 NPK+Bio.N 36.57 37.57 15.99 16.71 9.36 9.67 1/2 NPK+Bio.P 35.50 35.78 14.41 15.33 8.68 8.78 1/2 NPK+Bio.NP 40.25 41.80 17.57 19.67 10.02 10.70 L.S.D at 5% 3.72 4.05 2.63 1.60 1.96 2.67

Table 2c. Effect of mineral NPK and (NP) biofertilization treatments on dry weight of leaves, stems and roots of Codiaeum variegatum plant during the two sea- sons of 2015 (1st ) and 2016 (2nd ). Leaf dry weight Stem dry weight Roots dry weight NPK/Biofert. treat- (g) (g) (g) ments 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd Control 6.28 6.25 2.88 3.18 1.58 2.05 NPK 7.48 7.87 4.26 4.51 2.12 2.17 1/2 NPK+Bio.N 7.15 7.26 3.41 3.98 1.90 1.96 1/2 NPK+Bio.P 6.62 7.17 3.18 3.28 1.70 1.86 1/2 NPK+Bio.NP 7.23 7.56 4.01 4.24 1.98 2.14 L.S.D at 5% 1.05 0.54 0.52 0.54 0.45 0.27

These results were in an agree- (2013) and Zare et al. (2015) on Ste- ment with those of Badran et al., via rebaudiana. (1994) on Leucaena Ieucocephala; Chemical Constituents: Kannan and Palwal, (1995) on Cassia Obtained data in (Figures 1a and siamae; Munda et al, (1997) on Swit- 1b as well as Tables 3a and 3b) indi- enia macrophyla; Badran et al., cated that chlorophyll a and b as well (2003) on Acacia saligna and Helmy, as carotenoids contents of leaves and (2006) on Khaya senegalensis seed- nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium lings for NPK fertilization. Mean- contents of leaves increased consid- while, the positive effect of partial erably, due to the full dose of NPK replacement of mineral NPK by some and 1/2 dose of NPK + biofertilizers, biofertilizers was revealed by Nath in comparison with those of the con- and Das, (1995) on Leucaena leuco- trol in the both seasons. The highest cepha and Gomelina arborea; values of leaf N, P and K for all these Vashight and Sharma, (2003) on chemical constituents were due to full China hybrid, El- Fawakhry et al. dose of NPK (2.78, 0.205 and 1.60 % (2004) on three Ficus sp. and Soli- in the 1st and 2.97, 0.265 and 1.42 % man, (2005) on Acacia farnesiana,as in the 2nd seasons) followed by 1/2 well as Shaheen and Abd El-Wahab, NPK dose + NP biofertilizers

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Figure 1a. Effect of mineral NPK and (NP) biofertilization treatments on chemical con- stituents (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) of Codiaeum variegatum leaves during the two seasons of 2015 (1st) and 2016 (2nd).

Figure 1b. Effect of mineral NPK and (NP) biofertilization treatments on the contents of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (of dry weight) of Codiaeum variegatum leaves during the two seasons of 2015 (1st ) and 2016 (2nd ).

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Sohier, G. El-Sayed and Sahar, M. Ismail, 2017 http://ajas.js.iknito.com/

Table 3a. Effect of mineral NPK and biofertilization (NP) treatments on the con- tents of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids (mg/g fresh weight) of Codiaeum variegatum leaves during the two seasons of 2015 and 2016. Chlorophyll and Carotenoids (mg/g) NPK/Biofertilizer Chl-a Chl-b Carotenoids Chl-a Chl-b Carotenoids treatments First season Second season Control 0.55 0.47 0.56 0.78 0.62 0.89 NPK 0.93 1.30 0.59 1.17 0.61 0.66 1/2 NPK+Bio.N 0.67 0.99 0.63 0.90 1.41 0.83 1/2 NPK+Bio.P 0.61 0.62 0.85 0.89 1.34 0.72 1/2 NPK+Bio.NP 0.72 1.11 0.81 0.97 0.72 0.52

Table 3b. Effect of mineral NPK and (NP) biofertilization treatments on the con- tents of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (% of dry weight) of Codiaeum variegatum leaves during the two seasons of 2015 and 2016. NPK/Biofert. treat- Leaf N (%) Leaf P (%) Leaf K (%) ments 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd Control 1.58 1.56 0.125 0.126 0. 90 0.81 NPK 2.78 2.97 0.205 0.265 1.60 1.42 1/2 NPK+Bio.N 2.03 1.86 0.145 0.155 1.23 1.28 1/2 NPK+Bio.P 1.88 1.73 0.145 0.155 1.15 1.24 1/2 NPK+Bio.NP 2.03 1.89 0.160 0.175 1.32 1.29

(2.03, 0.16 and 1.32 % in the 1st and on Khaya senegalensis, Kandeel et al. 1.89, 0.175 and 1.29 % in the 2nd sea- (2002) on Melia azedarach. Badran et sons). These two treatments gave sig- al. (2003) on Acacia saligna, and nificantly equal values in both sea- Badran et al. (2007) on Eucalyptus sons except those of leaf N content in and Casuarina. Nitrogen is a con- the first season and leaf P content in stituent of most organic compounds the second season. The role of min- such as amino acids, many enzymes eral NPK in promoting the photosyn- and energy transfer materials such as thetic pigments was reported by chlorophyll, ADP and ATP. Photo- Sayed, (2001) on Khaya senegalen- synthesis produces soluble sugars sis, Kandeel et al. (2002) on Melia from CO2 and H2O but the process azedarach, Badran et al. (2003) on cannot go to the production of pro- Acacia saligna and Badran et al. teins. Thus, severe shortage of nitro- (2007) on Eucalyptus and Casuarina. gen will halt the processes of growth However, total chlorophylls in croton and reproduction as recorded by leaves as well as carotenoids were in Bidwell (1974). Phosphorus com- harmony with the growth parameters. pounds are essential for photosynthe- It is reasonable since the chlorophyll sis, the interconversion of carbohy- activity depends on the growth status. drates and related glycolysis, amino The same effect was found by Reem acid metabolism and biological oxi- (1997) on Codiaeum varigatum L. dation. Lack of phosphorus, there- Also, it was reported by Sayed (2001) fore, hampers metabolic processes

117 Assiut J. Agric. Sci., (48) No. (3) 2017 (112-122) ISSN: 1110-0486 Website: http://www.aun.edu.eg/faculty_agriculture E-mail: [email protected] such as the conversion of sugar into phorus deficiency, therefore, causes starch and cellulose. Potassium is stunting, delayed maturity and shriv- also important in metabolism and eled seeds. It also has a very impor- formation of soluble sugars and pro- tant capacity to form bonds more than teins. Such important physiological one energy level. This permits the roles enable potassium to perform its storage, transfer and release of energy functions which lead to an increase in within the plant through such materi- various vegetative growth parameters als as ADP and ATP. Potassium is as reported by Devlin (1972). How- needed in relatively large amounts by ever, 1/2 NPK dose + biofertilizers all plants. It aids in the uptake of was revealed by Gabra (2004) on other nutrients and their movement Bougainvillea glabra and Kandeel within the plant. The presence of po- and El-Fawakhry (2004) on Lantana tassium ions in solution helps in camara. In regard to N, P and K leaf maintaining the osmotic concentra- contents, the findings of Kandeel et tion necessary to keep the cells turgid al. (2002) on Melia azedarach, (Devlin, 1972). Moustafa (2004) on Dalbergia sissoo, The role of mineral nitrogen, Helmy (2006) on Khaya senegalensis phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and Badran et al. (2007) on Eucalyp- in enhancing vegetative growth and tus and Casuarina concerning min- stimulating photosynthetic pigments eral NPK fertilizers, and those of as well as N, P and K levels in the Gabra (2004), Younis et al. (2004) leaves of Codiaeum variegatum and Kandeel and El- Fawakhry plants could be realized in the light of (2004) on Bougainvilla, Jasminum their well-known vital physiological grandiflonun and Lantana camara, roles in plant growth and develop- respectively, regarding 1/2 NPK + ment. Takei et al. (2001) indicated biotertilizes were in accordance with that N availability in the root zone the results of the present investiga- may initiate cytokines to be trans- tion. ported across the roots to the shoots. Discussion Moreover, Bravdo (2000) pointed out Growing plants must have ni- that the differences in the mobility of trogen to form new cells and the rate various elements expose the roots to a of growth, then, becomes very nearly wide range of mineral availability and proportional to the rate at which ni- rapid branching of small rootlets, re- trogen is supplied as recorded by sulting, increases in the absorbing Bidwell (1974). Phosphorus has been surface area of the root system and called the “key to life” because it is producing numerous active root tips directly involved in most life proc- which, in turn, produce plant growth esses. Phosphorus in the cell becomes regulators mostly gibberellins and cy- united with carbon, hydrogen, oxy- tokines. Two types of biofertilizers gen, nitrogen and other elements to which are nitrobein (a biofertilizer form the genetic material of the cell product containing N- fixing bacteria, nucleus. The cell can be divided Azotobacter and Azosprillium) and unless there is adequate phosphorus phosphorein (biofertilizer product to form the extra nucleus. So, phos- containing very active phosphate dis-

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Sohier, G. El-Sayed and Sahar, M. Ismail, 2017 http://ajas.js.iknito.com/ solving bacteria) were used in a com- Arabian Nation, Minia Univ., bination with 1/2 of mineral NPK Minia, Egypt, December, 8 -11. dose. Hauwaka (2000) reported that Badran, F. S., M. K. Aly, N. M. Abdalla N- fixing biofertilizers may affect the and A. A. Ahmed (1994). Re- host (plant) by one mechanism or sponse of Leucaena leucocephala more such as nitrogen fixation, en- grown in two soil types to macro and micro fertilization treatments hancing nutrients uptake, protection vegetative growth and photosyn- against plant pathogens and / or pro- thetic pigments Minia J. Agric. duction of growth promoting sub- Res. & Den. Vol.(16), No. 3: 723- stances (gibberellins, cytokines, IAA 746. and organic acids). On the other Badran, F. S., M. K. Aly, A.A. Al- hand, phosphorein was found to con- Badawy and S.H. Mohamed vert tricalcium phosphate to mono- (2007). Influence of indbreak sys- calcium phosphate which is ready for tem and NPK fertilization treat- plant nutrition, resulting in increases ments on growth and chemical in the mineral uptake and water use composition of Casuarina equisti- efficiency and increases in the P folia and Eucalyptus rostrata availability in the soil and plants as grown in the New Valley. First Conf. on Future of Desert Cultiva- pointed out by El-Awag et al, (1993). tion, Minia, Egypt, March, 2007. It is observed that there are increases Bravdo, B.A. (2000). Physiological as- in the fresh and dry weights of the pects connected with drip irriga- whole plant and the chemical con- tion. Rivista de Frutticoltura & di stituents of leaves, especially in the Ortofloncoltura, 62 (718): 18- 20. second season, that they refer to the (CAB Online Abst. J. 2000 (191): high residual effect of NPK and ½ 6442). NPK dose + NP biofertilizers. This Bidwell, R. G. S. (1974). Plant Macmil- means that NP biofertilizers are eco- lan Publishing Go. Inc., New nomic, environmental safe and de- York. crease the mineral fertilizer contami- Brickell, A-Z. (1988). Encyclopedia of nation. In addition, they are cheap garden plants. 284-285, Dorling Kindersley Ldt, London, New and the farmer can use these NP bio- York and Moscow. fertizers easily. Conover, C.A. and R. T. Pool (1983). References Influence of shade and fertilizer Abdullahi, R., H. H. Sheriff and A. Buba levels on yield of Croton River, (2014). Effect of bio-fertilizer and stock plants. Proceedings of the organic manure on growth and nu- Florida State Hort. Sci. Crystal trients content of Preal millet. 96: 261-263. ARPN J. of Agric and Bio. Sci.9 Devlin, R.M. (1972). Plant Physiology. (10), 351– 355. 3rd Edn. Van Nostrand Company, Badran, F.S, M.A. Abdou, M.K. Aly, New York, NY, pp: 1001. M.N. Sharaf El- Deen and S.H. El-Awag, I. I., A.M. Hanna, and I.M. El- Mohamed (2003). Response of Naggar (1993). Influence of bio- sandy soil grown Acacia saligna and mineral Phosphate fertilization seedlings to organic, bio- and on soybean production and some chemical fertilization and IAA water characters under different treatments. 1st Egyptian Syrian Conf. for Agric. and Food in the

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121 Assiut J. Agric. Sci., (48) No. (3) 2017 (112-122) ISSN: 1110-0486 Website: http://www.aun.edu.eg/faculty_agriculture E-mail: [email protected] ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺘﻥ ﺴﻬﻴﺭ ﺠﻤﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ، ﺴﺤﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل ١ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ – ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ – ﻓﺭﻉ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﻨﺔ – ﺍﻻﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ٢ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ – ﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ– ﻗﺴﻡ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻰ– ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻭﺴﻤﻲ ٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥ ، ٢٠١٥/٢٠١٦ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻏﺭﺏ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻜﻼ ﻤ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﺌﻰ ﻻﻤﻜ ﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﺘـﺎﺝ ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺘﻥ ﺒﺎﻹﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻰ ﻟﻸﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺙ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻨﺘﺭﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺠ ﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴ ﻤﻴـﺎﺌﻰ ﻭﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺘﺤﺘـﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻲ (٣٦ﺠﻡ / ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ + ٢٤ ﺠﻡ / ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺒﺭ ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ + ١٢ ﺠﻡ / ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ). ﻭﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ + ١ ﺠﻡ ﻨﻴﺘـﺭﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻨـﺼﻑ ﺍ ﻟﻜﻤﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ + ١ ﺠﻡ ﻓﻭﺴﻔﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ + ١ ﺠﻡ ﻨﺘـﺭﻭﺒﻴﻥ + ١ ﺠـﻡ ﻓ ﻭﺴـﻔﻭﺭﻴﻥ . ﺍﻭﻀﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻥ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺘﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻨﺼﻑ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﻤـﻀﺎﻓﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ (ﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻓﻭﺴﻔﻭﺭﻴﻥ ). ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠـﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟـﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻥ ﻫـﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺘـﺎ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﺴـﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻟﻼﺯﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺸﺠﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺘﻥ.

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