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OLPC En Paraguay 5 – Conclusión: El Futuro De OLPC 6 – Bibliografía

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OLPC En Paraguay 5 – Conclusión: El Futuro De OLPC 6 – Bibliografía OLPC 1 – Introducción 2 – OLPC en el Mundo 3 – OLPC en la Región 4 – OLPC en Paraguay 5 – Conclusión: El futuro de OLPC 6 – Bibliografía Autor: Raúl Gutiérrez Segalés Fecha: 17/09/2007 Introducción Los avances en la tecnología han revolucionado la forma en la cual las personas viven, aprenden y trabajan. Pero estos beneficios no se han esparcido por el mundo de forma pareja y equitativa. Existe una brecha digital entre las comunidades según el acceso a las computadoras, a Internet y a otras tecnologías existentes. Las Naciones Unidas (NN.UU) comprende la importancia de incluir el desarrollo tecnológico como parte de un esfuerzo más grande para disminuir la brecha. El Proyecto del Milenio fue elaborado por el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas en el 2002 para desarrollar un plan de acción concreto para que el mundo (la humanidad) pueda alcanzar las metas de desarrollo del Milenio (MDG - Millennium Development Goals) y así poder revertir la pobreza,el hambre y las enfermedades que afectan a miles de millones de personas. En el 2005 un grupo de consejeros independientes, encabezados por el Profesor Jeffrey Sachs, presentó sus recomendaciones finales al Secretario General en una síntesis llamada "Invirtiendo en el Desarrollo: Un plan práctico para alcanzar las metas de desarrollo del Milenio”. La mayor parte del trabajo fue llevado a cabo por 10 grupos de trabajo de distintas áreas. De estos grupos cada uno presentó su propias recomendaciones detalladas en enero del 2005. Los grupos de trabajo estaban compuestos de más de 250 expertos de alrededor del mundo incluyendo investigadores, científicos, creadores de políticas, representantes de ONGs, agencias de las NNUU, el Banco Mundial, el FMI y el sector privado. Las 8 metas del desarrollo del milenio son: – erradicar la extrema pobreza y el hambre – lograr educación primaria universal – promover equidad de genero y dar mas espacio a las mujeres – reducir la mortalidad infantil – mejorar la salud maternal – combatir el HIV/Sida, malaria y otras enfermedades – asegurar la sostenibilidad ambiental – desarrollar una alianza global para el desarrollo En el 2002, el Secretario General Kofi Annan lanzó un desafío a Silicon Valley para que creasen las tecnologías que permitirán a los "pobres en materia digitalmente” entrar en la era de la Información. También instó a la industria de la tecnología a "ampliar su horizonte y a llevar más de su resaltable dinamismo e innovación a los países en vías de desarrollo". También anunció que la Asamblea General de las NN.UU estaba planeando tener una Cumbre Internacional sobre la Sociedad de la Información en el 2003 en Genova y en el 2005 en Tunes. Muchas organizaciones y grupos han trabajado para responder a este desafío. Han habido varias iniciativas para proveer recursos computacionales en los recientes años incluyendo el Simputer de India, la PC comunitaria de Intel y la iniciativa 50x15 de AMD. Pero de entre todas estas iniciativas la más conocida es el proyecto de la laptop de 100$. La fundación "Una laptop por niño" (One Laptop Per Child - OLPC) es una organización sin fines de lucro creada por Nicholas Negroponte, quien anteriormente fue director del Media Lab de MIT. La meta de OLPC es crear una laptop de 100$ para ser vendida a los gobiernos para que estos las repartan, sin costo, a los niños en edad de primaria. La laptop de 100$ fue diseñada especialmente para países en vías de desarrollo y su producción masiva empieza a finales de este año (octubre del 2007). Las laptops consumen muy baja energía (2 watts en los momentos de menor consumo) y vendrán con una manivela para poder recibir energía sin la necesidad de una fuente de energía electríca. El uso de Software Libre y/o de Código Abierto (FOSS - Free and Open Source Software) es un componente fundamental de esta iniciativa. La laptop viene instalada con un sistema operativo libre (una distribución de Linux basada en Fedora 7) y una interfaz gráfica denominada Sugar (también GPL) diseñada especialmente para niños en edad de educación primaria. El uso de software libre es importante para reducir los costos (aunque la laptop contempla la posibilidad de correr Windows) y sobre todo por la libertad que se concede a los países que se unan al proyecto para modificar el software a sus necesidades educativas. En la cumbre de Tunes en el 2005 Kofi Annan ayudo a Nicholas Negroponte a presentar un prototipo de la OLPC (denominada XO). La participación de las Naciones Unidas en el proyecto se volvió más intima aún en el foro económico de Davos cuando Kemal Dervis, cabeza de UNDP (United Nations Development Programa - Programa de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas), firmó un memo en el cual se acordaba que el UNDP trabajaría cercanamente con OLPC y otras agencias de las Naciones Unidas bajo la meta de asistir a los gobiernos nacionales en la implementación y distribución de las laptops a las escuelas públicas designadas. Luego de que el Prof. Nicholas Negroponte y el Secretario General de la ONU Kofi Annan anunciasen la laptop de 100$ por primera vez en enero del 2005, se tuvo que realizar un gran esfuerzo para poder hacer realidad el ambicioso plan para combatir las carencias de la educación y la brecha digital. Este esfuerzo fue realizado por el equipo liderado por Negroponte en Cambridge en conjunto con todos los países del mundo que decidieron embarcarse en este proyecto educativo y con empresas del sector privado. Entre estas últimas están Google, Bright Star y Red Hat. OLPC en el Mundo El plan original de OLPC era juntar 5 países que se comprometiesen a comprar un millón de unidades cada uno antes de que empezase la producción masiva. Esta meta al comienzo aparentemente se logró. 6 países anunciaron que se unían y los oficiales iban a ser: Libia,Argentina,Brasil,Nigeria, Rwanda y Uruguay. Hubieron rumores de otros países. Actualmente en Latino América Argentina y Brasil siguen sin definirse. En la última semana de Abril del 2006 se reunieron representantes de los países iniciales. La reunión fue en la oficina de OLPC (en Cambridge). Se habló acerca del proceso de aprendizaje buscado con la laptop y también acerca de posibles planes de implementación. También en esta época del 2006 Rumanía rechazó el proyecto OLPC. Básicamente en Rumanía dijeron que el proyecto era caro y consideraban que las laptops eran juguetes. En noviembre del 2006 Antonio Battro, David Cavallo, y Nicholas Negroponte (todos de OLPC) se reunieron con el ministro de educación de Argentina, Daniel Filmus y con Alejandro Piscitelli y Laura Serra de educ.ar para debatir acerca de como implementar OLPC en la Argentina. Después de esto, a finales del 2006 Argentina empezó a considerar la posibilidad de la Class Mate de Intel y las cosas se enfriaron ahí. En julio del 2006 los titulares de "Valor Económico", uno de los principales diarios del Brasil, afirmaba la intención del gobierno local de llegar a un acuerdo con OLPC antes del final del 2006. La historia resaltaba que Cezar Alvarez, un hombre del gobierno del presidente Lula, encargado de los proyectos de inclusión social y económica estaba encargado del acuerdo. Tambien se publicaron otros artículos en los cuales se anunciaba que los laboratorios del Brasil iban a desarrollar productos encima de la laptop de OLPC. Positivo, una editorial educativa y compañía de servicios que provee portales educativos demostró como su portal y su contenido corría en la laptop sin problemas a pesar de su menor resolución. La idea era tener listo los portales y el contenido para el momento de la introducción de la laptop en Brasil. A finales de agosto del 2006 Brasil ya estaba preparando un plan de implementación en coordinación con varios de sus ministerios. En noviembre del 2006 Nicholas Negroponte y David Cavallo se reunieron con el presidente Lula en Sao Paulo. Lula afirmó públicamente que Brasil estaba comprometido con OLPC. También expresó su profunda conexión con aquellos en Brasil que carecen de la oportunidad, su creer en los niños y su fe en la importancia de laptops conectadas disponibles para todos. Actualmente las cosas también están yendo un poco más lentas, al menos un poco, ya que Brasil aún no tiene fecha oficial. Corea y OLPC Corea tienen un peculiar aspecto en el cual difieren de los otros países: una participación activa en OLPC sin ningún tipo de intervención gubernamental. Si bien no hay ningún anuncio oficial a nivel del gobierno, varios ciudadanos que viven en la isla de Jejudo han participado activamente en la preparación de la implementación de la XO en Corea y seguramente habrán XO en Corea en los próximos años. Actualmente OLPC Corea es un grupo civil dirigido por Do Young-Min sin ninguna relación oficial con la fundación OLPC. Otro aspecto peculiar de OLPC Corea es que pretende fabricar variaciones de la XO de un tamaño un poco mayor. Libia y OLPC firmaron un "memo de entendimiento" a través del cual acuerdan trabajar juntos para la implementación de la laptop OLPC para cada niño en un edad escolar en Libia y contribuir laptops a las naciones pobres de África. OLPC proveerá el soporte necesario para que Libia pueda planificar y llevar a cabo dicha implementación. La firma del acuerdo fue durante la visita de Nicholas Negroponte, Walter Bender y Khaled Hassounah en una reunión con el comité OLPC4Libia (OLPC para Libia). El comité fue presentado con un amplio plan para distribuir las laptops, crear la infraestructura de conectividad y servidores y preparar maestros y alumnos. Si bien no hay muchas noticias oficiales Nigeria está anunciado como uno de los países que se unió a OLPC. Además recientemente en Galadima se inauguró una escuela con laptops OLPC.
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