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Estudos Taxonômicos Em Parmotrema S.L. (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota Liquenizados) Com Ácido Salazínico / Adriano Afonso Spielmann -- São Paulo, 2009

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Estudos Taxonômicos Em Parmotrema S.L. (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota Liquenizados) Com Ácido Salazínico / Adriano Afonso Spielmann -- São Paulo, 2009 ADRIANO AFONSO SPIELMANN Estudos taxonômicos em Parmotrema s.l. (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota liquenizados) com ácido salazínico Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Avasculares e Fungos. SÃO PAULO 2009 ADRIANO AFONSO SPIELMANN Estudos taxonômicos em Parmotrema s.l. (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota liquenizados) com ácido salazínico Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Avasculares e Fungos. ORIENTADOR: DR. MARCELO PINTO MARCELLI Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Seção de Biblioteca do Instituto de Botânica Spielmann, Adriano Afonso S755e Estudos taxonômicos em Parmotrema s.l. (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota liquenizados) com ácido salazínico / Adriano Afonso Spielmann -- São Paulo, 2009. 152 p. il. Tese (Doutorado) -- Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, 2009 Bibliografia. 1. Liquens. 2. Canomaculina. 3. Rimelia. I. Título CDU: 582.29 “Gostar de algo é melhor do que meramente conhecê-lo, e encontrar alegria nesse algo é melhor do que meramente gostar dele”. Confúcio, Os Analectos, Livro VI-20 AGRADECIMENTOS À CAPES pela bolsa concedida no início do doutorado, e especialmente à FAPESP (Processo n° 05/53740-5) pela bolsa concedida em seguida. Sem tais bolsas este trabalho não teria sido possível. Ao Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo (IBt), por possibilitar a vinda e permanência em São Paulo por estes últimos seis anos, cinco dos quais se passaram enquanto morava no Alojamento do Instituto. Ao Programa do curso de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente, do IBt, especialmente à Dra. Solange C. Mazzoni-Viveiros, Dra. Sonia Machado de Campos Dietrich e Sra. Márcia Regina Angelo (Marcinha). Obrigado pela oportunidade de ter sido seu aluno “01.01.01” durante o mestrado e “01.02.01” durante o doutorado! É muito bom ver o quanto o programa cresceu nos últimos anos, e faço votos para que tenha um futuro cada vez melhor. Ao meu orientador, Dr. Marcelo Pinto Marcelli, agradeço profundamente a oportunidade de ter vivido seis anos intensos e produtivos, “respirando liquens” e aprendendo muito, o tempo inteiro, com as coisas que “dão certo” e com aquelas que “dão errado” também. Obrigado por todo o incentivo, cobrança e zelo, e por propiciar as todas as vivências que tivemos durante o mestrado/doutorado, que sem dúvida são parte integral de nossa formação. “Lutar pelos liquens” é um sonho que já se tornou realidade. Posso dizer que sairei não um liquenólogo perfeito, mas um lutador vibrante! Obrigado também à Dra. Agnes Elisete Luchi, pela companhia sempre serena e alegre. À American Bryological and Lichenological Society – ABLS e International Association for Lichenology – IAL, pelo custeio de algumas despesas para participar do IAL – 6 em Asilomar, California, E.U.A. À FAPESP, por ter financiado o restante da viagem. E às pessoas incríveis que tornaram possível esta participação em um congresso internacional, especialmente o Dr. Thomas Nash III (Tom). Aos curadores dos seguintes herbários, que gentilmente nos enviaram material para estudo: (acrônimos conforme o Index Herbariorum): ASU, B, BAFC, BM, C, CANB, CHR, COLO, CTES, DUKE, F, FI, G, H, K, L, LD. M, MIN, MSC, O, P, RO, S, TNS, TUR, UPS, UPCB, US, W, e WU. O herbário FH nos deu uma grande oportunidade de efetuar estudos em suas importantes coleções. Agradeço à Dra. Emily Wood e à bibliotecária Judith A. Warnement e todo o seu eficiente time, bem como ao Dr. Donald H. Pfister. Um agradecimento especial é devido à Dra. Michaela Schmull, por todo o carinho, paciência e interesse em nossa pesquisa, bem como envio e re-envio de fotos de importante material. Estimados Robert Lücking & Eimy Rivas Plata, muchas gracias por todo o apoio e dedicação que tornaram possível nossa estadia em Chicago (F)! Vocês são pessoas realmente adoráveis! Aproveito também para agradecer ao Dr. Thorsten Lubsch por nos auxiliar nesta visita. Um agradecimento especial à Dra. Mónica Adler, Dra. Lidia Ferraro e Dra. Sionara Eliasaro, pelo sempre rápido atendimento aos nossos pedidos. Aos muitos liquenólogos que me enviaram bibliografia por todos estes anos, um agradecimento muito sincero! Não posso deixar de mencionar os Drs. Robert Lücking, Teuvo Ahti, Hiroyuki Kashiwadani, Philippe Clerc, John Elix, Klaus Kalb e Mónica Adler. A bibliotecária do IBt, Maria Helena Simões Costa Fernandes Gallo, sempre manteve portas abertas aos meus pedidos, auxiliando na procura e obtenção de muita, repito, muita bibliografia antiga e importante. Não há jeito de deixar um “ratinho” mais feliz. Muito obrigado! Em toda esta jornada foi um privilégio poder contactar e principalmente conhecer a grande família liquenológica mundial. Graças ao GLAL pudemos conhecer nossos hermanos latino- americanos, assim como liquenólogos de hábitats mais distantes, a quem agradeço profundamente toda simpatia e estímulo. À Dra. Neli Kika Honda, muito obrigado pelo excelente curso que nos proporcionou em Campo Grande. Espero ainda trabalharmos muito em conjunto. Ao Dr. John Elix, muito por disponibilizar informações químicas e por se dispor a efetuar análises de praticamente todos os tipos das espécies aqui tratadas. À toda a Seção de Micologia e Liquenologia do IBt, muito obrigado por todo o apoio e fornecimento de facilidades para a realização do trabalho. Em especial à Dra. Adriana Gugliotta, pelo empréstimo da máquina fotográfica para que eu pudesse obter muitas das figuras de detalhe que aparecem neste trabalho. Ao Dr. Carlos Ernesto Schaeffer, da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), muitíssimo obrigado por disponibilizar uma “enxada de trabalho” (estereomicroscópio), que auxiliou muitíssimo durante todo o trabalho. Obrigado também por ceder o tempo livre na Antártica (geralmente fortes nevascas) para que eu pudesse trabalhar na tese. Ao colega Michel Benatti, também subcurador do herbário de liquens, muitíssimo obrigado por toda a competência com que conduziu nossos empréstimos e devoluções de material de herbário, buscando soluções a todos os problemas envolvidos (que não foram poucos) e por fim sempre fazendo que o material chegasse em nossas mãos, são e salvo. À querida Juçára Bordin (Jusci Musci), por todo o auxílio na triagem de espécimes, pelo apoio e simpatia constantes, assim como à Priscila Silva (Pri) e à Regina Hirai (Rê), pela presença sempre bem vinda. Também agradeço às meninas do “apartamento Lili”, Berta Villagra, Patrícia Junbluth e Luciana Canêz, por este convívio tão legal. Aos amigos e amigas do “Orquídeas 24”, Carlos Wetzel (Cati), Kleber dos Santos (Klebér), Fernanda Ferrari (Fê) e Angélica Righetti (Angeliquinha), obrigado pelos bons momentos que sempre passamos juntos. Ao amigo do peito Luciano Bornholdt, pelo estímulo constante e leitura de algumas partes do texto. Aos amigos Marcelo Aloisio Sulzbacher, Vagner Gularte Cortez e Gilberto Coelho, pela força, bibliografia e amizade. Ao colega Marcos Junji Kitaura (“Marcos James”), pelo auxílio nas coletas, discussões liquenológicas e companhia constante em congressos e encontros. À colega Patrícia Jungbluth, muito obrigado pelo convite para várias coletas, pela presença constante, e pelas discussões científicas que amiúde ocorrem. Obrigado também pelas leituras de partes da tese e por ajudar na triagem de material e cromatografia. À colega, amiga, companheira e noiva Luciana Canêz, uma pessoa especial que sempre ajudou, o tempo inteiro, na leitura, correções, triagem de material, finalização da tese etc. Sou duplamente feliz, por viver com liquens e contigo. Para mim, esta é a simbiose perfeita. Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais, Seu Romeu e Dona Iris, por terem sempre acreditado em seu filho. Adriano Afonso Spielmann Sumário Resumo Abstract Introdução .............................................................................................................................. 01 Histórico de Parmotrema s.l. com ácido salazínico ............................................................. 01 Parmotrema Massalongo ................................................................................................. 01 Canomaculina Elix & Hale e Rimeliella Kurok. ............................................................. 02 Rimelia Hale & Fletcher .................................................................................................. 02 Histórico das Espécies de Parmotrema s.l. com ácido salazínico ................................... 02 Diversidade das espécies de Parmotrema s.l. com ácido salazínico ................................ 05 Ácido salazínico ............................................................................................................... 06 Material and Methods ........................................................................................................... 11 Results and discussion ........................................................................................................... 13 Key to the species of Parmotrema s.l. with salazinic acid ............................................... 14 Parmotrema acanthifolium (Pers.) Spielmann & Marcelli .............................................. 18 Parmotrema albinatum (Moon, Kurok. & Kashiw.) Blanco, Crespo, Divakar, Elix & Lumbsch ...............................................................................................
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