THE BDISON BRA 1816 .. 1892 The General Electric Story Volume 1 An Elfun Hall of History Publication A Photo History / "SEMPER PARA TUS" THE ELFUN SOCIETY An organization of present and retired employees of the General Electric Company, dedicated to the encouragement of cooperation, fraternity, and good fellowship and to the betterment of the community in which they function. Sponsored by SCHENECTADY ELFUN SOCIETY TERRITORIAL COUNCIL THE EDISON ERA 1876-1892 ~~-~--~ .~~ THE GENERAL ELECTRIC STORY A Photo History Volume 1 'THE ALGONQUIN CHAPTER ELFUN SOCIETY SCHENECTADY, NEW YORK JULY 1976 1 CONTENTS 1 TITLEPAGE 2 CONTENTS 3 FOREWORD ............................................... by the Publicat£on Committee 4 INTRODUCTION ........................................ the Beginning of the Edison Era 6 THE PREDECESSORS ................................ 0/ the General Electric Company 8 IDSTORIC MILESTONES ............................... 0/ General Electric - 1876-1892 10 Clffi.ONOLOGY ..........................................................£n Words and Pictures 44 EPILOGUE............................................ an Introduction to succeeding years 46 SELECTED QUOTATIONS ....................................0/ Edison and Thomson 48 EDISON'S LATER YEARS ........................................................ after 1892 52 EDISON IDSTORIC SITES ........................•..•......................places to visit 54 SELECTED READINGS ................................................ 0/ Men and Events 55 ACKN'OWLEDGEMENTS ................................................ those who helped ~/~ . J ...m r.l : ' - t,j,j, -.. ;, I . , I I, f Elihu Thomson ~~1f--'w•i110. ,• - ~i==~ ~Jh·: Menlo Park i~M/~igJ~~,.,. .. , - . Laboratory 2 FOREWORD The "Edison Era" - 1876-1892 is the first of a series of Elfun Society "Hall of J[istory" publications relating the history of the General Electric Company. The "Hall of History", a project initiated by the Algonquin-Schenectady chapter of the Elfun Society, evolved out of a desire by its members to identify, pre­ serve and share with the General Electric family and the public - photographs, documents and artifacts which constitute a por­ tion of the company's one-hundred year old heritage. This is a heritage rich in personalities such as Edison, Steinmetz, Coffin, Langmuir and Coolidge, and rich in scientific and technologi­ cal achievements which have contributed significantly to the development of our country. For ease of reference, the narrative is arranged in categories which separate factors associated with company evolution, for example, from other related business and technological events of the time. The heroes of our story are, of course, those whose achievements were instrumental in the birth and growth of the General Electric Company. But, in many ways these achieve­ ments were stimulated by the work of others who had made or were making major contributions in the same and related fields. In the context of history, they, too, are recognized here. BERNARD GOROWITZ COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN VIRGINIA KELLEY BENJAMIN ROBERTS ELFUN PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE JEFFREY DALY EDITOR & ART DIRECTOR JULY-1976 Thomas A. Edison 3 INTRODUCTION The year 1876 marked America's centennial. For most Americans it was a time for looking backward with pride. American industry, non-existent in 1776, had reached the heights in a mere century. No moment better symbolized that ascent than the opening of the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, in May of 1876. President Ulysses S. Grant pushed the button which started the mighty 2500 horsepower Corliss engine that powered the Fair. Novelist William Dean Howells, looking on, was inspired to write: " ... the mighty walking beams plunge their pistons downward, the enormous fly-wheel revolves with a hoarded power that makes all tremble, the hundred life-like details do their office with unerring intelligence ... Yes, it is still in these things of iron and steel that the national genius most freely speaks." Compared with the "hoarded power" of the Corliss engine, the electrical exhibits at the Expo­ sition were mere sputtering sparks. An unknown Bostonian, named Alexander Graham Bell, de­ monstrated his new devices for "voice telegraphy and telephony." A Belgian "electrician", named Zenobe Theopile Gramme, sent, from his Paris workshop, a machine called a dynamo. Its main use was to supply electric current for electroplating. To attract attention, it was some­ times hooked up to a brilliant, but expensive, light source called an arc lamp. Edison & his Menlo Park staff, 1880 4 Yet the portent of the spark was to be greater than that of the mighty engine. For, across America, young and ambitious men sought new targets for invention. And, increasingly, the common denominator for their efforts became electricity. THOMAS ALVA EDISON won a medal at the Philadelphia Centennial for his quadru­ plex telegraph -- an ingenious means for sending four messages simultaneously over a single telegraph circuit. Later in 1876, he moved into a new and better equipped laboratory at Menlo Park, New Jersey, where he could more effectively explore and develop his many new innovations. ELIBU THOMSON, a Philadelphia high-school teacher, was a frequent visitor to the Centennial's electrical exhibits. He noted that the Gramme dynamo was little better than the crude experimental models he himself had made. The comparison set the scholarly "professor" thinking along commercial lines. CHARLES FRANCIS BRUSH, a graduate of the university of Michigan, also built a dynamo of his own design in Cleveland, Ohio, in that year of 1876. He next sought to convince his employer, a manufacturer of telegraphic equipment, that tomorrow's profits lay in electric lighting, not in telegraphy. FRANK JULIAN SPRAGUE was a midshipman at the Naval Academy, where exposure to scientific studies was awakening in his mind a new idea. Electric street railways, rather than horsecars, might be the answer to the need for better urban transportation. CHARLES VAN DE POELE, a Belgian-born woodcarver, was looking around for a new world to conquer. He was to focus his inventive talents on the same field that Sprague was to choose - electric transportation. JAMES J. WOOD, born in Ireland, had been a working mechanic since the age of eleven. Now completing a night school education in Brooklyn, he was already an accomplished inventor of steam machinery. His thoughts turned to new ways of transmitting and using the power of steam. The pioneering efforts of these men, and many more like them, make up the story of the "Edison Era." It took great courage to abandon secure occupations -- telegrapher, teacher, naval officer, woodcarver, mechanic -- for the risks of an untried field. Yet courage was the common possession of these men, which they had in full measure together with their ingenuity. So it is not merely the inventions and installations of the Edison Era that this book commemo­ rates. More important -- since they made those inventions and installations possible -- are the skill and courage of the men who made them. s THE PREDECESSORS of the GENERAL ELECTRIC COMP ANY The chart on the following page illustrates the evolution of the company and the rapid growth of the electrical industry during the last twenty years of the nineteenth century. The various companies and their founders intended to promote the particular inventions they felt would revolutionize their fields. Edison's incandescent lighting systems; Brush's arc lamps and dynamos; Wood's "spark-free dynamos" and electric regulating systems; Thomson's and Houston's arc lamps, dynamos, motors, generators, transformers, and alternating-current power systems; and Sprague and Van Depoele's electric street railway systems were all developed by their own companies. By 1890, Edison had organized his various businesses into the Edison General Electric Company. The Thomson-Houston Company and the various companies that had merged it were led by Charles A. Coffin, a former shoe manufacturer from Lynn, Massachusetts. These mergers with competitors and the patent rights owned by each company put them into a dominant position in the electrical industry. As businesses expanded, it had become increasingly difficult for either company to produce complete electrical in­ stallations relying solely on their own technology. In 1892, these two major companies combined to form General Electric. 6 EDISON COMPANIES 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 I I IPope, Edison & Co. Edison Electric Light Co., Menlo Park, N.J. Edison Lamp Co., Harrison, N.J. I I I l I I I I I I Bergmann & Company, New York City 0 I I 00 I I l I I I I I I "' I -..;; I I I Edison Machine Works, New York C I I I I "'C. Edison Electric Tube Company, Brooklyn s I I 11 I T I I •d I I Edison Company for ! -~ I I Isolated Lighting, New York t:., I I ' w I I - ~ I Edison Shafting Co. .. I I ! New York City ..C I I c,!) I I I : I C I 0 I United Edison :a"' I I I Mfg. Co., Schenectady I I "' I I I I ' I Sprague Elec. I I Railway Motor ' Co.,N.Y. I ! I I I I GENERAL THOMSON-HOUSTON COMPANIES ELECTRIC COMPANY I Telegraph Supply Co. Brush Electric Company Cleveland, Ohio I I I I Van DePoele Elec. Railway Company I I Chical!o I I Excelsior I Electric I I Company I American Electric I I Work~, New Britain, Conn. Thomson-Houston Co. I i Lynn, Mass. I j I Schuyler Electric Co. ' I ' I I I' I l : ' Bentley-Knight : Electric Railway Company, Cleveland I I I I Thomson-Houston International Elec. Co. I 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 7 1876 _____ Brush constructs THE MILESTONES Dynamo. Edison moves to Menlo Park. 1877 _____ 1881 _____ Brush is granted Edison's "Jumbo" patent for Carbon Arc dynamo built in Lamp. New York City. Edison Machine Works is established at New York City. 1878 _____ 1882 _____ Grosvenor P. Lowrey Sprague develops and others give under-running street financial support to railway trolley. Edison for Pearl Street Station, incandescent lamp New York City, begins research. operation. 1879 _____ 1883 _____ 'Thomson-Houston Company Edison makes first is formed from American successful incandescent Electric Co. lamp demonstration. Edison constructs his first dynamo.