Page 1 Table of Contents The Quakers of East Fairhope ������������������������������������������ 3

The Age Of Comic Books & Business Training ������������������ 6

Philip Barton Key and the Battle of the Village on the East- ern Shore in 1781 �������������������������������������������������������������� 9

Alabama Lighthouses and the Civil War ������������������������� 18

Index ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25 The Quakers of East Fairhope

Submitted by: Frank Laraway

Up until about 1950, the majority of the Single Tax lands east of Greeno Road (Highway 98) and especially between Fairhope Avenue (now Highway 48) and Morphy Avenue on the south, was farmed by members of the Religious Society of Friends, better known by the public, as Quakers. Some, but few, of the members of this sect also held leaseholds on the north and south of this area as well as in Fairhope itself. A minority held land east of Highway 181 between Gayfer and Highway 48. These lands were relatively flat, had limited amounts of top soil but were suitable for some types of farming. The Quakers had arrived in this area sometime after 1900. They migrated here, coming mainly from the states of Indiana, Ohio and Iowa. Most of them willingly became Single Taxers. Some came for the colony’s offering of inexpensive land access. Some of them became ardent advocates of Single Tax economic philosophy. This was because it seemed to be in harmony with their own Christian religious ideals. (The Reuben Rockwell family became consistently strong supporters of Single Tax principles.) Almost all of them originally were farmers and continued to be farmers. However, several took up other business occupations and residence even in Fairhope itself. Children achieving better educations later would branch out into other fields. Their Meeting House, (or church as others would think of it), was established on the north side of Fairhope Avenue sometime after 1910. It is located about a mile east of the town, a little east of present day Highway 13. Since they desired that their children be brought up in a certain type of agreeable Christian environment, they established a small one teacher school for children next door to the meeting house. All of the construction work and sometimes the furniture in these two buildings would be produced by this group of Friends. Some families might instead send their children in town to the Organic School. Usually when their children came of high school age, and if they could afford it, they would send them away to Friends boarding schools in Iowa, Ohio, or Indiana. If they became candidates for college level education, they might send them to Quaker colleges in Iowa, Indiana, , New Jersey, Pennsylvania or North Carolina. However, most of the early Friends did not have college degrees. Later, children might or would. They were mostly simple, farming people. Among the family names associated with this community of Friends, were Mendenhall, James, Guindon, Rockwell, Battey, Free, et al. Many or most of these families no longer occupy these leaseholds of east Fairhope for some of the following reasons. Most Friends believed that Christian pacifism is a commandment of Jesus. Thus they attempted to live a life that was free of violence, nor would they utilize violence to accomplish a positive end. Following another commandment of Jesus, they refused to take oaths (“swear not. . .”) This generally precluded them from taking government office positions or swearing (they would only “affirm”) to the truth in the courts. Like the Unitarians, they were universally opposed to slavery although in North Carolina, some friends came into ownership of slaves through marriage estates or their spouses. Quaker slave owners there were encouraged by Quaker prophets like John Wolman to release their slaves. Quakers living in the South, who did own slaves, were regularly encouraged by their

Page 3 meetings to rid themselves of slave ownership. (If slaves were freed, they were likely to then be picked up by slavers and re-entered into slavery.) Thus Friends at that time advocated the return of slaves to Africa (as did Lincoln also) or their migration to the North and Canada. The so called “Underground Railroads” were established and run by Quakers in the South and northern states like Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York. Since the Quakers could not overtly support the Union in the Civil War because of their non-violent beliefs, many of their boys fled North to avoid the Confederate conscription. However, some did join the North’s Union Army to fight against slavery. Similar issues concerning their pacifism would later come to plague the east Fairhope colony of Quakers. After the period of slavery, Quakers were sympathetic to the plight of free blacks in the Fairhope colony. Due to their non-violent stance, they were generally passive about racial discrimination. They did not march in protest of the segregation laws that prevailed in . In their day to day life, however, they were respective of blacks as equals, although their cultures were very different. Special Sunday evening “discussion groups” held in the homes of Quakers encouraged blacks to join them but their cultural outlooks were quite different so social intercourse was limited. Occasionally, educated blacks would come with others from Mobile to join these Sunday evening discussion groups. The segregation laws were so strict, that no viable way could be contrived to eliminate them. In 1950, a large migration of the Fairhope Friends would occur. This was because Friends neither wished their taxes to go to support a war economy and/or that their young boys should go to prison for refusal to take any part in military conscription. A number young boys did go to prison for refusal to even recognize the military draft by refusing to register. Violations could go on until the age of 35, sentence after sentence, making conventional life difficult or impossible. The Federal Judge at that time, urged them to get out of the country. By 1950, Costa Rica had just had a revolution that left it with a government that would support no army. Therefore, Fairhope Friends began to explore the possibilities of moving there. Eventually, they selected an area of high land on the plateau of Monteverde east of the Pacific Ocean. The purchase of this land, the migration from Fairhope and other logistics were quite complicated. This endeavor was headed up by Hubert Mendenhall the holder of a farm leasehold on Morphy Avenue where Hoffren’s Garage is now. He had a very successful dairy farm there which extended east to what is now Bishop-Troyer Road. East of there were the leaseholds of other Quakers, the Guindons and James. Such a migration, however, was basically undesirable to them, for Fairhope was their home: they had many non-Quaker friends here; they would lose their land and improvements; they liked the Single Tax philosophy and its system. And for many other good reasons, they hated to leave and start over again. This was their home where they would wish to die and be put into the ground. They had, by this time, established a small, modest cemetery, located on what is now Highway 181, between Fairhope Avenue and Highway 104. Fairhope had become their native home. One of these families, the Reuben Rockwell family, would eventually build and run a hydro- electric plant to provide electricity for this new Yankee Costa Rican community. Others would establish a dairy and cheese factory; still others would build motels and of course, some still farmed. Yet, it was a hard life, especially for old people , pioneering and beginning all over again. They had arrived originally in Fairhope when public facilities were very limited. They had already pioneered in Fairhope. Eventually some of these families would return to Fairhope to live out their last days of life. They still had children, other relatives, friends here and a life that they never really wanted to give up.

Page 4 Some had been closely affiliated with the Organic School. Now, at this time however, Fairhope has but a minority o f Friends in its population. Most of these are newly “convinced Quakers” having come from outside this religious group. All or most of the farms have been given up to others, to residential development. The meeting now consists entirely of new, mostly younger people, of different, non-farm professions and trades. Yet the Friends Meeting continues with their traditional Sunday morning silent-meeting-form of meditative worship. They are a small group but more militant (than previous Quakers) in their protests against violence, war, the military system and racial discrimination. They have Sunday morning readings, pot luck breakfasts and silent meditation. They read the Bible and attempt to live the life and ethics of Jesus. This change from a Quaker farming culture is toward a more highly educated and diversely skilled class of attendees. Thus, No longer are the men and women separated by a partition in the meeting house for silent worship. No longer do the male elders come to meeting in black suits, Quaker collars, thin bow ties and black pork-pie hats. No longer do the women wear long grey dresses, (sometimes with aprons) and grey bonnets. No longer do they refer to days and months by number (in order to avoid utilizing the names of heathen Roman Gods) but as most people do. No longer do Friends refer to others by “Thee” and “Thy”. No longer do stern, Calvinistic and prudish elders control the society. No longer are the old crude, handmade hard bottomed wooden pews without padding. The meeting house has new furniture, drop ceilings and air conditioning. Floors are refinished and walls have been painted in light colors. This reflects a new and more modem congregational culture. Yet, the “church” atmosphere is basically still very simple, unsophisticated but Christ-oriented. All of the business and expenses of the meeting are handled through monthly business meetings. Their regional meetings are divided into yearly and five year meetings. Friends still attempt to conduct their business by general agreement, not by the majority vote system. (They have maintained meticulous minutes and records of their business over hundreds of years. Thus they have preserved extensive historical documentation of their history.) Most of the work that is to be done, including building and grounds maintenance, is done by the members of the meeting. Yet, like so many other aspects of the old era of “idealistic Fairhope”, Friends no longer occupy most of the Single Tax leaseholds east of Fairhope. Such leaseholds are now occupied by residential newcomers to Fairhope. The days of Quaker farms there, have long since passed.

Page 5 Immature Choices for Reading... The Age Of Comic Books & Business Training

Submitted by: Frank Laraway

At about the age of 10 or 11, the buying, reading, trading and selling of comic books became an important part of my life - I am now embarrassed to say. But it was the vogue; most kids of that age were doing it. We thought nothing but comic books since we read nothing but comic books. We sharpened our reading skills on comic books. If we were buying comic books, Moyers Drug Store was the best place to buy new comic books. There was also Masons Drug Store, (located in the middle of town) that had a magazine stand and soda fountain, but Moyers Drugs Store was our favorite. It was located on the southwest comer of Fairhope and Summit. At the very front of the Moyers Drug Store was a large magazine rack with all sorts of current magazines and papers, as well as the comic books. It snatched your attention as you entered the store. Sometimes I would purchase a cherry soda to suck on while I reviewed the comics. We used to drink a soda to justify our reading of the comics while we sipped our drink. If l did decide to buy, the comic was read and soon put into a collection that would be reviewed many times. There would come a time when I could brag of having a collection of 1000 comic books that was collected over a long period of time. We did brag about the number of comic books that we owned. There would also come a time when we would get tired of reading them and then seek out a venue to sell or trade them to other kids our age. This period was in the midst of World War II, so most of the comics were about war and of the various comic heroes who defeated our enemies. My friend Don (we had gone through and from kindergarten together) was very enterprising so he proceeded to set up a sales stand in his front yard, just off the street side walk. His stand consisted of a table with the underneath concealed from view from the street. It was shaded by a large loquat fruit tree and located at what is now the north parking lot entry to Greers Grocery Store on south Section Street in Fairhope. He would display on the counter top the newest and best of our comic books which we had to offer for sale. He was a year older than me and showed early precociousness for commerce and selling. He honed such skills that would later in life serve him well. He was hard working, a good talker and seller, yet mild mannered. His dad owned the only pool hall in town selling beer, soft drinks, snacks and grilled-on-the-spot hamburgers. This pool hall was located on the south side of Fairhope Avenue, east of Section Street and directly across from Gastons Garage (now a wine ­cheese party catering store) - a bank may now occupy the same lot. As one entered the front door of this pool hall, he immediately was at the bar with swivel- stool seating. Serving behind the bar was usually Don or his dad, Harris Rockwell. His dad wore a moustache and always had a cigar in his mouth. He was always nice to me when I came there looking for Don. Beer in those days was only sold by the bottle. The brown glass bottles were then saved after use for the deposit of 2 cents that could be collected from the beer distributor. The most common bottled beers were Schlitz and Jax. The town drinkers and “idlers” might spend an afternoon, just sitting at the bar, drinking beer, smoking and conversing. No hard liquor was sold at the Fairhope Billiard Hall, as I think it was called. Customers might also spend some time playing pool (billiards) in the large room located toward the rear of the building. Most of those who played at the tables would also order a beer to sip on, as they played the game. Tobacco smoke was symbiotic to the bar and billiard room. Don did not drink or smoke but he did play billiards. Don often clerked at the bar for his dad, grilling hamburgers and handing

Page 6 out beers. He became an excellent pool player by spending many hours playing the game. There was gambling going on in the back room, usually by placing small bets in coin on the felt edge of the pool table before commencing the game. The player who won the coin toss, would “rack the balls” (or Don would do it for them) in a triangular shaped wooden ball rack that was set in the center of the elongated, green-felt-covered table top. Having won the toss, the first player would break this triangular cluster of ivory balls with a black cue ball, hoping that one might go in a pocket. Another part of this starting ritual was the chalking of the pool stick business-end. The pool sticks were about 5 feet long, of maple wood, tapered toward one end and when not in use, racked on the wall. I do not recall specifically the rules of the game except that each player would have to call his shots like “8 ball in the side pocket” and that the player would continue to play with numbered pool balls, attempting to get them into particular pockets of the table until he missed a pocket. The three pool tables each had six pockets, two at the sides and at four comers. Don became very skilled at pool, frying-making hamburgers, selling beer and soft drinks and making change for customers. His dad kept good books (his ledger is in the Fairhope Museum) and probably taught Don the skill of keeping good records. Don was kind enough to search the cash register each day for old coins to go in my coin collection. From this source, I acquired quite a collection of old coins. Back to comic books sales on Section Street: Don, in his enterprising manner, would call out from our “funny book” stand, “Get your comic books here, just 10 cents a comic book, over here. . .” He would yell this out many times during our hot afternoons of selling used comic books. This shouting sales technique would embarrass me, so I would duck under the comic book stand so no one would see me when he yelled. There were good days for sales and there were bad days. We often got bored reading each other’s comic books. But Don did whatever it took to sell our comic books. He was becoming a good salesman and businessman. So comic books sales and his work for his dad at the pool hall put an enterprising streak to his character that I never learned or had. (I hated selling.) Don later, as an undergrad in our college, somehow procured the franchise to the management of our North Carolina college book store. This served him well since this was a campus monopoly and the enterprise helped to pay for his college expenses. I am guessing that he had also accumulated quite a pool of funds for college and for later, medical school at Tulane. He was a straight A student for the most part, during his under-grad pre-med studies. Pre-med or any science major was and is, an extremely difficult curriculum, requiring an extensive series of prerequisite math and science courses during undergrad college training. It also requires spending long hours during afternoon in laboratories while the other student majors are lazing on the green with their girl friends. We had no air conditioning in those days so we could look right out of the open second story lab room windows to the college tree-shaded campus below. For a while, I was in this same science curriculum. Organic chemistry knocked me out of chemistry, yet I was later working in biochemistry at Michigan for six years. I also worked in a chemical factory in Atlanta for one summer. So I was initially in the same curriculum as pre-med students - as Don was. Instead, I was able to get jobs at our college dining hall kitchen. There, I would be washing very large greasy pots and pans. I eventually became head-dish-washer with a crew of five students to wash all the dinnerware for the other students. These positions paid the maxim hourly pay on the campus of 60 cents an hour. That was “big pay” but tuition was cheap. I also took the irregular night job of firing the two large boilers that steam heated all of the buildings on campus, including the dormitory shower water. I would fill the boiler stokers with coal, and then study my organic chemistry while they created the steam for the campus heating. During the day a black man named “Hamp” fired the boilers at that same hourly rate of 60 cents per hour. Yet Don was the more enterprising of the two of us and this type of character served him well later. He eventually graduated from Tulane Medical School. Then he interned at the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, married, had a large family of boys (who all went to college); then he maintained a long medical practice in Mobile. For awhile, he served as Mobile County Health Officer. Yet it was the enterprising nature of both he and his dad that paid for his many years at college and medical school.

Page 7 His mother had been a school teacher for Ms. Johnson (founder of the progressive School of Organic Education) in a satellite school in Hawaii. She was very fond of the poetry of Robert Frost and seemed to be well educated. The family was cultured and well educated. He had a good family background for his future college educational studies. He was a favorite of our high school biology teacher, Verda Home. Clerking in the town’s only pool hall sharpened his wit for business, billiards and socializing. Selling comic books from an open street stand also gave him a good background in selling and finance. All of these experiences would later serve him well. Comic books were merely a phase of life for me. Yet they dominated my interest for several years of my own childhood. I had learned to enhance my reading skills by them. But these were merely the trivial attributes toward my own educational development. For Don, they were a trivial but important experience for his college and adult life ahead. We would both spend the best part of our lives going to the colleges and universities and getting trained professionally - he in medicine and me in architecture. Little did we know in childhood that the buying and selling of comic books would be a part of our training for later life as well as in accumulating the money for college. Nor would one think at the time, that tending bar was a way to eventually get to medical school. Kids never know what is in the future.

Page 8 Philip Barton Key and the Battle of the Vil- lage on the Eastern Shore in 1781

Submitted by: David A. Bagwell

Francis Scott Key’s uncle Philip Barton Key led quite a life, but he first made his mark as a British Army officer in a battle on the Eastern Shore in 1781 between the British and the Spanish, which has come to be called “The Battle of the Village”. He was born on April 12, 1757 in Charlestown, Cecil County, in , then of course a Royal colony. In 1777 when he was just twenty, he left home and joined “The West Royal Foresters,” a mounted group of Loyalist settlers from Maryland and Pennsylvania. Tories were not very popular in Maryland after 1776; they were forced to leave their Eastern Shore of Maryland homes, and most of them went to Philadelphia, which for a while was a good place for a Tory. In 1777 in Philadelphia they organized a Regiment of Maryland Loyalists, but only about half were Marylanders, and the rest were poor and homeless Tories of other kinds. When the British evacuated Philadelphia in June of 1778, the Marylanders went, too. They spent the summer of 1778 on Long Island, and were shipped off to Pensacola to fight the Spanish and smallpox. The British Commander at Pensacola called them “Irish Vagabonds” and didn’t care for them at all. They fought at “the Village” in the battle we are about to discuss, and later that Spring, at the final battle, Fort George, near Jacksonville. There the British were hopelessly outnumbered by the Spanish in a siege, and finally the fort had to surrender, but the only heroic time of the fight was a successful bayonet charge executed by the Marylanders on one of the Spanish redoubts. The first and best battle in which Key took part was in January of 1781 on the Eastern Shores of [now in Alabama, then Spanish ] in what the Spanish called “La Aldea”, Spanish for “the Village”, which was somewhere near D’Olive Creek about where Daphne, Alabama is now. Let’s set the stage briefly. You know that at the end of what we call “The French and Indian War,” England got from France what came to be called “”, which the U.S. Supreme Court in the nineteenth century called simply, informally, and non-commitally “between the Iberville and the Perdido.” This was the land East of New Orleans, West of the Perdido River, and below the 31st parallel [for which think: the top line of Florida].

Page 9 Spain was allied with us in this revolutionary deal, right? Our boys! George Washington was rooting for Spain in this battle of The Village, and even sent a congratulatory letter to Spain upon its victory in it. Whom George Washington favors, is our friend. On March 14, 1780, with the British tied down by what people North of the 31st parallel irritatingly call “The Revolutionary War”, as though there were only one of them –conveniently forgetting the abortive West Florida Revolution of 1810 in these parts – the Spanish took Mobile from the English. Spaniards from New Orleans brought in several Spanish, French Creole and Mulatto units from , with some regular soldiers from . Spain had 567 men in four ships, and 18 cannon. Somehow, in a drenching rain – ever load and shoot a flintlock in a drenching rain? [Me neither]-- the Spaniards managed to take Fort Conde, the then-British fort in Mobile, which had 35 cannon. From the Fort 100 were killed, and 307 surrendered. Now having won Mobile, the Spaniards had to hold Mobile. Britain still held Pensacola, just to the East. Everybody needed reinforcements. The Brits were waiting for reinforcements from their fleet in Jamaica, and the Spanish from their base in Havana. The Spanish reinforcements arrived from Havana, but they could not get into Mobile Bay because of the sand bars at its mouth, so they went to New Orleans instead. There ensued the huge hurricane in October of 1780. Different history texts talk about its scattering both the Spanish and the British fleets from to Mexico, a “teaching moment” as the saying goes, in Alfred Thayer Mahan’s influential book Sea Power in History. So, as a result of the Hurricane, everybody just had to mostly make do with their land forces for a while. The Spaniards set up a series of outlying Forts to protect Mobile. One was at what we call “Spanish Fort,” on the East side of the top of Mobile Bay, which was later configured into Union fortifications in the Battle of Blakely at – actually just after – the end of the Civil War; it is shown in Union drawings. It’s on private property now, but I have stood in it. Another one was at or just North of La Aldea, “The Village”, at Village Point, where this battle was. Archeologists cannot yet tell us exactly where it was, and the I-10 exit ramps on the Eastern Shore perhaps obliterated the site. The scattering of the Spanish fleet was a real stroke of good luck for the British in Pensacola. British General John Campbell went to work on his defenses in Pensacola, and assembled a variegated Page 10 bunch of fighting men on land, hoping that the British fleet from Jamaica would come to his aid. The Spaniards garrisoned The Village with 190 men to protect the land and water approaches to Mobile. They had troops from the Spanish regular Armies, gunners for two four-pound cannon, and Negro and Mulatto troops from several New Orleans Colored and Mulatto Militia units, who had shown tremendous bravery in the Spanish attacks on the British in the area. Today we might have a low regard for Spain’s military prowess, but these guys were good soldiers. The British Troops were a mixed bag too. First, they had some Germans. Up North at the battle of Trenton on Christmas Eve [you know, “Washington Crossing the Delaware” and all that] the German mercenaries might have mainly been

Hessians from Hesse, but here on the Eastern Shore they were a Waldecker unit – from the Waldeck area of Germany which is now part of another area – of 100 men under Col. J. L.W. Hanxleden, called into British service in 1776, and was in command of all these British forces. There were 250 of these Maryland men including Key, who, like Confederate soldiers and Boers, were reared to ride and shoot and fight, and they could. The British also had some British Regulars. There were 100 select soldiers from the 60th (Royal American) Regiment on Foot, which had seen service at Baton Rouge and Mobile. And, some Creek Indians. Keep in mind that the Creek Indians sided with the British in the Revolution, and there were 200-500 Indians who were magnificent warriors. The British brought two four-pounder field pieces with them by land, the equal of the Spanish guns. All these polyglot British troops left Pensacola via the Gulf of Mexico on January 3, 1781, to sail the fifty miles or so westward to Mobile Bay. The British Naval forces on January 5, 1781 sailed into Mobile Bay, sailing right by the Spanish defenses at the barrier island named Dauphin Island at the bottom of Mobile Bay (eight guns manned by 40 soldiers and sixty sailors) by flying false Spanish colors. But those Brits – “Albion perfide!” as Bonaparte said -- put a boat ashore and stole three Spanish cows for fresh meat and captured the Spanish commander who, believing them to be Spanish reinforcements, came out in a boat to meet them. Unfortunately, due to shoaling in the North of Mobile Bay [I can kayak for redfish there, but that’s about it], the ships were little if any help in the battle.

Page 11 At early pre-dawn on the 7th of January, the British forces quietly walked up to the Spaniards’ Village fortifications without a shot being fired, through the New Orleans Colored Militias. Spanish Sublieutenant Manual de Cordoba thought the incoming group were a changing of the militia guard from the outer trenches and did not give the order to fire until too late, paying for it with his life in moments to come. The confused British forces– confused since there was no defense– stopped for a moment, and immediately the Spanish began to shoot and there ensued a fierce battle of guns and bayonets, with both sides shouting in English or Spanish or even Muskogean some version or other of “Long Live the King!” The German Sergeant Major charged and ran up on a bayonet and died. There was a withering fire and the

British began to retreat. One of the bravest acts of the battle on the British side was that of the truly amazing William Augustus Bowles. Bowles was a Maryland Loyalist, born in 1763 in Maryland, making him eighteen years old in 1781. In 1778 when he was fifteen, his unit deployed to Pensacola, where Bowles had a clash with a superior and left the service. He drifted into the country of the lower Creek Indians where he took two Indian wives; one Creek and one Chickamauga, and he settled on the Chattahoochee River near his half-Creek father in law, Chief Thomas Perryman. It began to look as though the Spanish would take Pensacola, and Bowles went back and regained his commission. But after a dispute with an officer Bowles traded his Redcoat for Indian clothes, lived for a time in a big hogshead [you know; a big wooden barrel] which was washed up on the shores of Pensacola Bay, and joined the Creeks as one of their principal warriors, becoming a Creek and/or Seminole. A fellow British soldier remembered that Bowles “joined a party [of Creeks], he himself in dress and figure so exactly resembling a savage warrior, that unless he had discovered himself, he would never have been recognized by his old acquaintances, several of whom served in this expedition.” Another fellow soldier said:

In the midst of all this danger, Bowles, with the coolness of an unconcerned spectator, very leisurely loaded and discharged his rifle gun at those who were firing from the windows [of the fort]; and when the British soldiers called to the . . . officers to save their lives by flight, our hero posted himself behind a tree, within a few yards of the work[s], loading and firing alone; and he must undoubtedly have been killed or taken, had not a cannon-ball from the enemy shivered the tree to pieces, and driven him unhurt, to gain

Page 12 the small flying party, already at the distance of a quarter of a mile.

The German regular army leaders of the British forces were all killed, and the guy who assumed command of the Polyglot British forces to lead them to Pensacola was our boy Philip Barton Key, Captain of the Combined Maryland-Pennsylvania Loyalists. The Spanish defenders lost a third of their force, with 14 killed, 23 wounded, and one prisoner. The attacking British lost 85– 18 dead, 60 wounded British troops, plus two dead and five wounded Indians. The foremost German historian covering the action by the Waldeckers wrote that “the body of the Captain was in silence laid to rest. The grave mound, which was made in the wilderness under a great tree, is said later to have been surrounded by a fence by the gallant Spaniards, who duly honored the bravery of the fallen”. Those brave men on both sides deserve to be remembered by us, as they were by the Spaniards. Upon the fall of Pensacola in 1781, Key was taken to Havana for a time, likely imprisoned in Morro Castle there, along with Bowles, in the place where Bowles would die later. After the end of the War Key went to England and studied law at Middle Temple. He read law and began law practice in Leonardtown, Maryland in 1787, and moved to Annapolis. He served as Mayor of Annapolis in 1797-98 and also in the Maryland House of Delegates. In 1801 the Federalists had passed a Judiciary Act which established a system of Federal Circuit Courts and expanded Federal judicial power as broadly as Constitution allowed. President nominated Philip Barton Key to a seat on the new Federal Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, consisting only of Maryland and Delaware, and he became Chief Judge of the Fourth Circuit. Unfortunately when the Jeffersonians came into power the next year, they repealed the 1801 Judiciary Act and abolished the judgeships, including that of Judge Key, who was out of a job. How could that Act possibly be constitutional, since Article III of the Constitution says the Judges shall hold office during good behaviour? Well, because the U.S. Supreme Court said it was, that’s how. One of the foremost historians of the Supreme Court wrote this about that decision:

No more striking example of the non-partisanship of the American Judiciary can be found than this decision by a Court composed wholly of Federalists, upholding, contrary to its personal and political views, a detested Republican measure; and the case well justified the comment made by William Rawle in

Page 13 his View of the Constitution in 1825, that it illustrated the fortunate truth that in this Republic “party taint seldom contaminates judicial functions”.

No doubt Al Gore dissents, but, heck. So, thanks to Thomas Jefferson’s “non-partisan” buddies, Chief Judge Key of the Fourth Circuit was out of a job. He went back into private law practice in Washington between 1802 and 1807. Between 1800 and 1804 he built a lovely mansion, “Woodley”, in Washington, D.C., which still stands as a part of the Maret School there. The house was the anchor of a neighborhood which came to be known as “Woodley Park”, the main thoroughfare through which is now Connecticut Avenue. The Keys lived in great luxury and entertained lavishly at the house and grounds. Over the years Woodley was the summer home for four U.S. Presidents: Van Buren, Tyler, Buchanan and Cleveland, who supposedly plumbed, electrified and heated the house in 1893, although other than that it is still mostly the same. In 1805 Key was one of the counsel to U.S. Supreme Court Justice , who was impeached because he ran his mouth against President Jefferson and Jefferson’s crowd. President Jefferson and his crowd most assuredly did not return the Federalist’s gift of non-partisanship, and Jefferson jawed Congress until it impeached Chase. The trial is covered in Chief Justice Rehnquist’s own book, Grand Inquests: The Historic Impeachments Of Justice Samuel Chase And President Andrew Johnson (1999), he having himself presided over the famous impeachment trial of President Clinton. After the acquittal of Chase, Key moved to Montgomery County, Maryland, and was elected to the Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth United States Congresses. He died on July 28, 1815 and was buried on the grounds of his estate, Woodley. Later his body was re-interred in Oak Hill Cemetery in Georgetown. Nobody much but us, today, remembers him. He deserves to be remembered.

EPILOGUE #1 What ever happened to the wild Indian white man from back at the Battle of the Village, William Alexander Bowles; what ever happened to him? At the end of the Revolutionary War Key left Alabama and Florida, but the amazing Bowles did not; mostly Bowles just stayed here and caused troubles. Bowles was mustered out of the British Army at half pay and joined the Tory exodus to the Bahamas. Upon the arrival

Page 14 of this Tory group, the Bahamas became a hotbed of factional strife. One of the two competing Bahamas political groups was the Tories, or so-called “American Loyalists” who had sided with Britain during the revolution and fled the United States, mostly from East Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas. This included not only Bowles, but also the fabulous Indian traders of the House of John Forbes & Company [Panton, Leslie & Co.], which included William Panton and Thomas Forbes and their friends. The opposition was the original “Conch” white settlers of the Bahamas and some poorer refugees from West Florida. The Governor of the Bahamas was the Earl of Dunmore, the last Royal Governor of Virginia, in the Colonies, and he had grand ideas for empire building. Dunmore moved to the Bahamas in 1787 and was the first Royal Governor of the Bahamas, setting up a capital at Harbor Island [then called “Dunmore Town”].

Dunmore sided with the Conchs. Another of that group was John Miller, an exile from West Florida who hated the Spanish for making him give up his plantation at Tensaw, now in Baldwin County, Alabama, not far above The Village. Bowles, Dunmore and Miller hated the Spaniards, and they also hated the Panton, Leslie Group, and they gravitated together. Bowles came back to the Deep South and continued to cause trouble. About this time there was talk of the Creek Confederation’s possibly making an alliance with Northern tribes, of the type that a little later Tecumseh tried to set up during the Creek Indian War/War of 1812. Alexander McGillivray, the influential Creekmetís and his Panton, Leslie/John Forbes & Co. trading house group were thick with the Creeks, but Bowles came in and told the Indians a bunch of lies about the Panton, Leslie group, and actually raised an army from the Bahamas and sailed to the Indian River, well south of St. Augustine. For some time there was a rivalry between Bowles and McGillivray over control of the lucrative Creek Indian trade. In 1790 McGillivray and his Creek allies made the Treaty of New York with the United States, dealing with President Washington and Secretary of State Jefferson, and in the process of the secret negotiations McGillivray was made a General in the American Army and given a pension. McGillivray was then tending to side with the Spaniards and the Americans rather than the British, but was playing every angle. The Treaty of New York was unpopular with the Creeks, and Bowles decided to capitalize on it. Bowles and the Earl of Dunmore sailed to England and made allies. Bowles published his memoirs in London in 1791, and while there he had a magnificent portrait painted, and raised stores and forces and

Page 15 sailed back to the United States. They landed and looted the St. Marks stores of the Panton, Leslie group. The Spaniards convinced Bowles to meet with Carondelet, the Spanish Intendencia in New Orleans. There they convinced Bowles to go to Havana to pursue his plans, and once he arrived the Spaniards made him a political prisoner. His associates were executed for piracy in 1802, but Bowles escaped and continued to make trouble for the McGillivray group. Finally he was captured by Creek Indians at Tuckabatchee and imprisoned at Fort Toulouse, placed in irons and put in a canoe; he escaped again but was recaptured, and finally was given over to the Spaniards who took him to New Orleans in Spanish custody. He was incarcerated in Spain and exiled to the Philippines, and then Havana, where he was imprisoned in Morro Castle, where he died on December 23, 1805.

EPILOGUE #2 Philip Barton Key, Philip Barton Key; what is it about that name? Judge and Congressman Philip Barton Key never got to meet his namesake, who caused such a scandal. Let’s at least mention him, “the other Phillip Barton Key”, the Notorious One. Philip Barton Key’s great nephew and namesake, Philip Barton Key [born 1818, died 1859], grandson of , was the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia when, whilst unarmed, was shot and killed by Congressman Daniel E. Sickles on February 27, 1859 in Lafayette Park, across from the White House. A real story here. Sickles was a very bad guy. His nickname was “Devil Dan”; that alone gets the issue to the jury. He was a major New York Tammany Hall politician. In 1853 he was named the U.S. “Ambassador to the Court of St. James” as they seem to say, to England, and instead of taking his wife Theresa and their child, he took a whore named Fanny White, and introduced her to Queen Victoria. Scandal! By 1859 Sickles was back in Washington, and he shot and killed Philip Barton Key the younger. The shooting came to be known as “The Washington Tragedy” and was extensively covered in Harper’s Weekly and Frank Leslie’s Illustrated, the “People” and “Life” magazines of the day. Key was a handsome widower, and was having an affair with Congressman Sickles’ wife. Key would go to his club on Lafayette Park and look out the window across Lafayette Park until he saw Mrs. Sickles wave her scarf out the window, meaning it was safe to come calling. The Congressman found out about the affair and murdered Key in cold blood in Lafayette Park. The trial was bigger than O.J. Simpson’s trial; Congressman Sickles was acquitted on the ground of temporary insanity, probably the first person ever acquitted on that ground.

Page 16 Despite the jury’s finding of temporary insanity, this being just before the Civil War, Sickles became a Major General in the Union Army and fought at Little Round Top at Gettysburg, where he lost a leg. His leg was pickled and put in the Smithsonian, and for the rest of his life he would take friends to go look at it. He finally died in 1914 and was buried at Arlington Cemetery with full military honors. Sickles’ house on Lafayette Park is now – I am almost sure but not yet 100%-- the house owned by the United States and kept available for the use of former Presidents when they are in Washington. This means that Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush stay in the house– maybe even in the very room-- where Francis Scott Key’s grandson had a hot affair with Congressman Sickles’ hot wife Theresa, and thereafter died for it, in Lafayette Park, across the street. Do those former

Presidents even know?

David Bagwell is a 68-year old solo lawyer and jackleg local historian in Fairhope, Alabama, and is a member of this society. He lives in Point Clear and may be reached by electrons directed to [email protected]

Page 17 Alabama Lighthouses and the Civil War

Sumitted by: Joe Baroco

PROLOGUE The year 2014 marks the one hundred and fifty year anniversary of the Battle of Mobile Bay. The most well known actions occurred on August 5, 1864 when Rear Admiral David Farragut’s fleet passed the guns of fort Morgan, entered Mobile Bay, engaged and defeated the Confederate fleet in the Bay and captured Fort Powell in what is described as the U. S. Navy’s biggest battle prior to World War II.

As southern states seceded from the Union, local governments began taking over facilities that had been the property of the United States Government. In the coastal states, many of these facilities were lighthouses and lighthouse tenders. It was soon evident that some central management of lighthouses was necessary. To accomplish this the Confederate Congress established the Confederate States Light House Bureau in March 1861 and specified that the chief officer was to be a Captain or Commander in the Confederate Navy. The first chief officer was Commander Raphael Semmes who had only recently resigned his commission in the U. S. Navy to join the Confederacy. He assumed his duties in early April and immediately recommended that the Confederate States Light House Bureau be organized similar to the the U.S. Light House Board. After Fort Sumter was fired upon on 12 April, Semmes immediately resigned his position on the Bureau to accept a seagoing assignment as the Commanding officer of the CSS SUMTER.

Events moved very quickly after hostilities began and on 19 April 1861, President Lincoln issued a proclamation establishing a blockade of all southern ports from South Carolina to Texas (Extended on 27 April to include North Carolina and Virginia.). Union blockading ships soon appeared off southern ports and foreign commerce essentially ceased. Sentiments arose against maintaining the lighthouses for two reasons. The first was that no one wanted the lighthouses to be of any benefit to the Union ships and the second was to preserve valuable lighthouse equipment, especially the expensive Fresnel lenses, that might be taken by Union troops from the blockading vessels. The Confederate Light House Bureau quickly issued directives that the lights were to be extinguished and the valuable equipment was to be removed. Implementation of this directive was left in the hands of local customs officers and there were many instances where the lights were not only extinguished and the lighting equipment removed, but the lighthouse structures were also destroyed to ensure that they would not be refitted by Union troops to aid the blockading ships.

Many books, articles and documentaries have recorded the events, ships and personnel prominent in the Battle of Mobile Bay and a number of books and articles have described the lighthouses of Alabama in detail. This article, however, addresses activities involving Alabama’s lighthouses during the Civil War Era as defined from early 1861 to April 1865. At the beginning of this period, there were four lighthouses: Sand Island offshore in the Gulf; Mobile Point at the west end of the Fort Morgan Peninsular; Grant’s Pass on a patch of sand between Cedar Point and Little Dauphin Island; and Point on the southern edge of the city of Mobile. None of these survived the war and only two of them made it to the big battle on 5 August 1864.

Page 18 CHOCTAW POINT LIGHTHOUSE

Choctaw Point is on the western side of the Mobile River and in the time of this article was just south of the City of Mobile. A 45-foot tall whitewashed conical brick tower was built by Winslow Lewis at this location in 1830 and first lit in January 1831. It was fitted with a Fourth Order Fresnel Lens and had a visibility range of something on the order of 10 miles, enough to reach what was then known as the upper fleet area of the bay. The location was disliked from the start, with complaints that the tower and light could not be seen until one had already found their way well up into the approaches to the city. In 1849 a U.S. Coastal Survey report recommended abandoning Choctaw Point and establishing beacons along the channels going into Mobile, but no funds were provided at that time. In 1860, the tower was seriously damaged by a gale. The Lighthouse Board recommended abandoning the site and replacing it with a screw pile type lighthouse located farther to the east. However, with threats of a civil war on the horizon, only enough repair was done to keep the light in service for a few more years.

As Union blockading squadrons patrolled the southern coasts, international traffic at the the port of Mobile ceased except for that provided by blockade runners. As part of local efforts to prevent an invasion of Mobile from the Bay, channels leading into the port were partially blocked by sinking small vessels in the waterways leading into the city and marking them with stakes that only local mariners would understand. This greatly reduced the utility of the Choctaw Point Lighthouse. As previously mentioned, the Confederate States Light House Bureau issued directives in 1861 that lights were to be extinguished and that major lighthouse equipment was to be removed and sent inland for safe storage. At Choctaw Point this was delayed, perhaps because of the light’s inland location far removed from Union blockading vessels and this was not done until November 1862. It is said that this was the last light to be extinguished. As a result of these actions, the Choctaw Point Lighthouse was abandoned and it became the southern end of a system of breastworks that extended to the city.

Plans for a new light were put on hold until after the war. Because of the dislike of the Choctaw Point site this light was never replaced. Instead a new screw pile type lighthouse was built farther to the east after the war. SAND ISLAND LIGHTHOUSE

Sand Island is located approximately 3-1/2 miles south of Dauphin Island, on the west side of the channel leading into Mobile Bay. Aids to navigation at this site began in 1818 but this article relates to the 200-foot tower designed and built under the direction of Danville Leadbetter, an Army Engineer in 1858/59. This was a magnificent structure and the tallest brick lighthouse tower built on the Gulf Coast.

As the Civil War was imminent, and before the Union blockade vessels arrived, Confederates removed the First Order lens for safekeeping, storing it first in Mobile and later in Montgomery.

When the blockading fleet arrived, Union troops used the tower to observe operations at Fort’s Gaines, Morgan and Powell. After a while they essentially took possession of Sand Island and even managed to install new lighting apparatus in the tower to improve its use as an aid to navigation for the blockading squadron. These actions provoked retaliation from the Confederates at Fort Gaines. In January 1863, Lt. John Glenn led a party to Sand Island to damage the lighthouse. They were spotted as they rowed out to the island and were fired upon by a blockading vessel. Nonetheless, Lt Glenn was able to get ashore long enough to torch wooden buildings near the tower before escaping back to the fort. He promised himself and his troops that he would return to finish the job. In February he did return with a large quantity Page 19 of gunpowder, said to be seventy pounds, which he placed strategically under the base to destroy the tower. It was reported that the fuse on the charge was a bit shorter than he had planned for and he barely escaped the shower of masonry that followed the explosion. The tower was demolished. After writing his report of the successful mission he had the dubious honor of addressing it to Confederate States Brigadier General Danville Leadbetter, the former U. S. Lighthouse Board Engineer who designed and supervised the construction of the tower only a few years earlier.

Shortly after the major battle of Mobile Bay on 5 August, Union forces erected a temporary light with a Fourth Order lens mounted on a wooden tower adjacent to the ruins of the old brick tower. This light remained until a more permanent structure could be built after the war.

GRANT’S PASS LIGHTHOUSE

Prior to the battles of Mobile Bay in August 1864, Grant’s Pass Lighthouse stood on a small man-made island between Cedar Point and Little Dauphin Island in the western side of lower Mobile Bay. The lighthouse was on the east end of Grant’s Pass, a privately dredged inland passage connecting Mobile Bay and the Mississippi Sound.

Although fortifications in the area had been discussed for many years, it was not until the blockade was proclaimed in 1861 that Danville Leadbetter, now a Major in the Confederate Army, was given the task of designing defenses for Grant’s Pass. He initially recommended the use of floating batteries, but soon discovered that these were not available. He then decided on batteries to be constructed around the Grant’s Pass Lighthouse and combined lighthouse and toll keepers house on a small man-made island at the east end of Grant’s Pass. Originally called Fort Grant, the name was soon changed to Fort Powell. The fortification was originally intended to protect against assault from Mississippi Sound and accordingly the west and south faces were built first. These were essentially completed by the time that Rear Admiral Farragut ordered an assault by a bombardment flotilla of gunboats and mortar schooners in Mississippi Sound, beginning on February 16, 1864 and continuing intermittently through February 29th. Considerable damage was done and construction hampered by this action, but Fort Powell held.

Shortly after Rear Admiral Farragut’s fleet had entered Mobile Bay on August 5, Fort Powell came under attack on the east side. Five Union gunboats, firing from a considerable distance, inflicted only minor damage. However, on that afternoon Farragut ordered the U.S.S., a shallow draft, double turreted monitor to attack the fort. The Confederate forces held out until defense of the position was futile and capture was imminent. At this point the Confederates destroyed the fortification and retreated to Mobile. How much damage was done to Grant’s Pass Lighthouse by Union fire and how much was done by the retreating Confederates isn’t known for sure, but when the assault was over the lighthouse was gone. Once in possession of Mobile Bay, as well as Mississippi Sound, the Union Navy wanted a light restored at Grant’s Pass as soon as possible. Accordingly, a 25 foot tall tower with a small lantern was in place by December 1864. The replacement light remained at Grant’s Pass until August 1866 when extensive repairs would have been required to keep the light in service. It was retired and its function was served by a series of beacons erected along the pass.

MOBILE POINT LIGHTHOUSE

This article is concerned with the first lighthouse built by the U. S. Lighthouse Establishment at Mobile Page 20 Point and first lit in 1822. It was built on the remains of Fort Bowyer at the time that Fort Morgan was under construction. It was 55 feet tall, with a Fourth Order Fresnel lens and was variously described as having a range of 10 to 14 miles at sea. When built it was the main guide into Mobile Bay, serving as a landfall light until the Sand Island Lighthouse was built some years later. Because of its location on a military facility, it included certain military features. The usual spiral staircase was interrupted by two floors within the tower, each with ten gun ports for firing rifles at attackers. The foundation for the tower was extended beyond the required tower base to accommodate an artillery battery, thus making this a combined lighthouse/blockhouse.

In compliance with a directive from the Confederate Lighthouse Bureau in 1861, the light was extinguished and the Fresnel Lens was removed for safe storage.

During the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864 the lighthouse was severely damaged by gunfire from Rear Admiral Farragut’s fleet as they moved close by the light in entering the Bay. The tower was a particularly inviting target because of its location, the battery of artillery at its base and its proximity to a ‘hot shot’ furnace. There are accounts of artillerymen scrambling from the guns at the base of the lighthouse as bricks and chunks of masonry were tumbling from the damaged lighthouse. After being severely damaged by the passing ships, the tower still stood. It was again struck many times during the siege of Fort Morgan later that month. Again, it stood and was well photographed, making it one of the most often seen of Post Civil War subjects.

After the surrender of Fort Morgan, a temporary wooden tower was built on a wall of the fort to serve until a more permanent lighthouse could be built after the war. The remains of the original lighthouse tower were demolished. EPILOGUE

AFTER THE WAR

The function of Choctaw Point Lighthouse was satisfied for some years by the Battery Gladden Lighthouse, built in a more favorable location. After completion of a new channel into the port of Mobile, the need for this light went away and the light was retired. The function of Grant’s Pass Lighthouse was satisfied by lines of beacons marking an improved pass through the area.

The Sand Island Lighthouse, dramatically destroyed by Confederates to keep it from aiding the Union Navy, was soon replaced by another masonry tower, keeper’s quarters and other supporting buildings. This new tower was completed in 1873 and remained an active light until the late 1960s. The keepers quarters and other buildings have been gone for some time, but the tower still stands. Although not lit, it is a prominent day beacon and a photogenic landmark. Much work has been done and is continuing to be done to stabilize the island and to preserve the tower. This light is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Mobile Point Lighthouse, famous for its presence in the thick of The Battle of Mobile Bay, has had two successors. The second lighthouse at this site was put in place in 1872 . It was a 40-foot tall lattice type steel tower with a spiral staircase to the lantern room and a catwalk surrounding the light. This lighthouse survived the disastrous September hurricane of 1906 that wiped out the nearby settlement of Pilot Town in Navy Cove and did an enormous amount of damage along the central Gulf Coast. It was

Page 21 reported that the keeper of this light and his family spent the height of the storm in the Lighthouse. This light remained active until 1966, when it was superseded by the third, and current light: an aviation type beacon mounted at an elevation of 125 feet on an antenna type steel tower. It has a range of 14 miles..

PRESENT PLANS

Of great interest at this time is the previously mentioned second lighthouse at Mobile Point. It is sometimes referred to as the Mobile Point Rear Range Light and it has also been referred to as “The Traveling Lighthouse”, an apt name considering the following brief history of the structure. Components of the tower were fabricated in Washington, DC. and shipped to Fort Morgan, Alabama in 1872. When the lighthouse was retired in 1966, the U.S. Coast Guard partially dismantled the lighthouse and it was declared surplus. It was acquired by Tex Edwards, a scrap dealer in Pensacola, and moved to Pensacola. The scrap dealer advertised it for sale in 1977 with a newspaper ad that read “WANT A LIGHTHOUSE? Here’s one for sale!”. David Smithweck of Mobile was definitely interested and called the dealer to learn that the price was $2500. David was on the board of the Museum of the City of Mobile and asked if the museum would be interested in acquiring the lighthouse. The board approved and suggested that he contact the Alabama Historical Commission in Montgomery to see if they would oversee a project to restore the lighthouse to Fort Morgan. They accepted the offer. David contacted Tex Edwards, who, upon learning that the intent was to restore and preserve the lighthouse, gave it to the museum. He even delivered it back to Fort Morgan. It was erected at the fort by August 1989 and was a key part of the activities recognizing the 200 Year Anniversary of the creation of the U. S. Lighthouse Establishment on August 7, 1789. Unfortunately the tower was not adequately maintained and fell into disrepair. In 2003, the Alabama Historical Commission had it shipped to the Robinson Iron Works in Alexander City, Alabama for storage until such time as funds would be available to have it repaired and returned to Fort Morgan. Anyone desiring to know more about this lighthouse will find a wealth of information in David Smithweck’s well researched and documented book, MOBILE POINT LIGHTHOUSE, listed in the bibliography.

This year, 2014, is the 150 Year Anniversary of the Battle of Mobile Bay, the largest naval engagement of the Civil War and the U. S. Navy’s biggest battle until World War II. A huge commemoration of this event is being planned for this summer.

The Alabama Lighthouse Association has taken the lead in organizing the MOBILE POINT LIGHTHOUSE RESTORATION PROJECT, with a mission to “ rebuild, restore, reinstall and reactivate the historic Mobile Point Lighthouse on a permanent basis on the original Fort Morgan Lighthouse site”. The project is being led by Captain Hal Pierce of the Alabama Lighthouse Association and is well underway. The Association has developed a comprehensive proposal for the project and has obtained a resolution of support for the project from the Baldwin County Commission. Funding is being procured, working drawings have been prepared for restoration of the tower and plans are in development for transporting the tower, erecting it at Fort Morgan and preparing it for a new life at Mobile Point.

The Baldwin County Historical Society supports this project and invites all members to become involved in any way they see fit. For information, contact Marie Bidney atThe Alabama Lighthouse Association. Call 251-626-7742 or contact by email at [email protected].

Page 22 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cipra, David L., Lighthouses, Lightships, and the Gulf of Mexico, Alexandria, VA: Cypress Communications, 1997

Cipra, David L., Chief Photojournalist, USCG, Lighthouses & Lightships of the Northern Gulf of Mexico, Department of Transportation, United States Coast Guard, undated.

Chaitin, Peter M..and the Editors of Time-Life Books, THE COASTAL WAR - Chasepeake Bay to Rio Grande, Alexandrea, Virginia: Time-Life Books, Inc., 1984

Davis, William C., THE BATTLEFIELDS OF THE CIVIL WAR, Norman Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000

Dougherty, Kevin, Strangling the Confederacy - Coastal Operations in The American Civil War, Havertown, Pennsylvania: Casemate Publishers, 2009

Friend, Jack, West Wind, Flood Tide - The Battle Of Mobile Bay, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004

Hearn, Chester G., Mobile Bay and the Mobile Campaign - The Last Great Battles of the Civil War, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1993

Holland, Francis Ross, Jr., America’s Lighthouses - Their Illustrated History Since 1716 , Brattleboro, Vermont: The Stephen Greeene Press, 1972

Midgette, Maude M., Personal Account of Experiences at Navy Cove During the Hurricane of September 1906 and time at Fort Morgan After the Hurricane Passed - Handwritten, November 1, 1912. Available for reference at the Fairhope Library

Naval History Division, Navy Department, CIVIL WAR NAVAL CHRONOLOGY 1861 -1865, Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1971

Norville, Warren, Maritime History of Mobile Bay, The Way It Was, Four Part TV Series. Mobile, Alabama: Public Television Service/Mobile, 1994

Parker, Foxhall A., Commodore, U.S.N., The Battle of Mobile Bay And The Capture of Forts Powell, Gaines and Morgan, By The Combined Sea And Land Forces Of The United States, Under The Command Of Rear-Admiral David Glascow Farragut, And Major General Gordon Granger, August, 1864, Boston: A. Williams & Co., 1878

Paskowitz, Richard A.,M.D., Soldier Joker A Bright Light - The Gulf Coast Lighthouses, U.S.A.: Lulu. com,2013

Roberts, Bruce and Jones, Ray, Gulf Coast LIGHTHOUSES FLORIDA KEYS to the RIO GRANDE, Guilford, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press, 1989

Page 23 Schell, Sidney Henson, FORT POWELL AND THE CIVIL WAR - Western Approaches to Mobile Bay 1861-1865, Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 2012

Smithweck, David M., MOBILE POINT LIGHTHOUSE, Mobile, AL, Presently in the publication process, with expected availability in 2014.

Website of the Alabama Lighthouse Association at http://www.alabamalighthouses.com

Website of the U S Coast Guard at http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/LHAL.asp

Page 24 Index

B The Village 10–17 Battle of Mobile Bay 18–24 U C Underground Railroads 4–5 Costa Rica 4–5 culture 5 D Don 6–8 F Friends 3–5 H hurricane of 1906 21–24 L Lighthouses Grant’s Pass 20–24 M Moyers Drug Store 6–8 O Organic School 5 P People Battey 3–5 Bowles 12 British 11–17 Creek Indians 11–17 David Farragut 18–24 Free 3 Germans 11–17 Guindon 3–5 James 3–5 Mendenhall 3–5 Rockwell 3–5 pool 6–8 Q Quakers 3–5 S Single Tax 3–5 slavery 3–5 T Page 25 Slate of Current Officers: President/Secretary – Joseph Baroco Treasurer – Al Guarisco Archives Committee – Helen Baroco Cemetery Committee – Doris Allegri, Al Guarisco Program Committee – Central/Southern Section – Al Guarisco Mickey Boykin Program Committee – North Section – vacant at this time Publication/Editor – Kennard Balme Website Committee – Maria Baroco

Submission Information

We invite all who read this publication to submit articles of historic interest pertaining to Baldwin County for publication in future issues. Our definition of history has no set age. Although we prefer articles dealing primarily with people, con- ditions and events of the past we recognize that today’s stories will become part of tomorrow’s history. Don’t hesitate to bring your stories, especially family stories, up to date.

We have no set limits on lengths of articles to be submitted. We prefer electronic transmission of articles and photo- graphs, but hard copies of text and photographs may be submitted. Digital texts should be submitted as .rtf files and photographs as .jpg files of at least 240 dpi. Digital texts should be formatted for 8 1/2 x 11 pages.

We welcome excerpts from nonfiction publications. The source of all excerpts must be clearly identified with the- cor rect title of the publication, name of the author(s), publisher, dates of copyright and publication and the page numbers which included the excerpts. Materials for publication should be sent to our Editor, Ken Balme as follows. Email address: [email protected] Mailing address: Mr. Kennard Balme, 28880 Canterbury Rd., Daphne, AL 36526. Questions con- cerning articles to be published may be directed to the Editor at 251-644-7816. This work (The Quarterly Vol. 10, Number 3 by Various), identified by Kennard Balme, is free of known copyright restrictions. Neither The Baldwin County Historical Society nor the Editor assumes responsibility for errors of fact or opinion expressed by contributors.

Membership in the Baldwin County Historical Society is currently $10.00 per person per year. Anyone wishing to join the society may do so at any of our scheduled programs. Anyone desiring to receive program notices may request this by submitting their name and address (email address if avilable) to Joe Baroco at PO Box 485, Daphne, AL 36526 or to [email protected].