1 PALACKÝ UNIVERSITY OLOMOUC Philosophical Faculty Department of Politics and European Studies Agnieszka Zogata Kusz LABOUR
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PALACKÝ UNIVERSITY OLOMOUC Philosophical Faculty Department of Politics and European Studies Agnieszka Zogata Kusz LABOUR IMMIGRATION POLICY IN A COUNTRY KNOWN FOR EMIGRATION: Poland’s policy towards economic immigration after EU accession Dissertation OLOMOUC 2013 1 I declare that I wrote this dissertation independently on the basis of the mentioned sources and literature. Olomouc, 26. March 2013 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 5 List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 6 Preface .................................................................................................................................... 7 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 10 1.1 Goal and research question ............................................................................................ 10 1.2 Theory of the socio-economic and foreign policy factors shaping immigration control policy .............................................................................................................................. 12 1.3 Clarifications and definitions of terms ........................................................................... 16 1.4 Model description ........................................................................................................... 20 1.5 Hypotheses ..................................................................................................................... 26 1.6 Research methods ........................................................................................................... 31 2 RESEARCH CONTEXT ...................................................................................................... 39 2.1 Literature review ............................................................................................................ 39 2.2 Theoretical approaches to immigration control policy .................................................. 46 2.2.1 Economic interests .................................................................................................. 47 2.2.2 International relations and security ......................................................................... 49 2.2.3 National identity ...................................................................................................... 51 2.2.4 Domestic politics ..................................................................................................... 53 2.2.5 Institutional politics ................................................................................................. 54 2.2.6 Critique .................................................................................................................... 54 3 CONTEXT OF THE FORMATION OF LABOUR IMMIGRATION POLICY IN POLAND ............................................................................................................................... 56 3.1 Structural factors affecting labour immigration policy .................................................. 56 3.2 Development of the Polish migration situation before 2004 .......................................... 63 3.3 Immigration policy development 1990-2004 ................................................................. 73 3.4 Access to the labour market between 1990 and 2004 .................................................... 78 3.5 Main actors of Polish immigration control policy ......................................................... 79 3.6 Admission of economic immigrants to the Polish territory ........................................... 85 4 DEVELOPMENT OF LABOUR IMMIGRATION POLICY AFTER EU ACCESSION .. 92 4.1 Analysis of developments in 2004 and 2005 ................................................................. 93 4.2 Analysis of developments in 2006 ............................................................................... 102 4.2.1 Regular procedures for work permits issuing ....................................................... 104 4.2.2 Simplified procedure for work permits issuing ..................................................... 107 3 4.2.3 Types of work for which a work permit is not needed .......................................... 108 4.3 Analysis of developments in 2007 ............................................................................... 111 4.4 Analysis of developments in 2008 and 2009 ............................................................... 127 4.5 Analysis of developments in 2010 ............................................................................... 142 4.6 Special case 1: Employers’ declarations ...................................................................... 146 4.7 Special case 2: Polish Charter ...................................................................................... 160 5 ANALYSIS OF KEY FACTORS FOR LABOUR IMMIGRATION POLICY ................ 167 5.1 The state of the economy ............................................................................................. 167 5.2 Foreign policy considerations ...................................................................................... 173 5.3 Influence of the European Union ................................................................................. 176 5.4 Volume and composition of immigration .................................................................... 180 5.5 Security considerations ................................................................................................ 182 5.6 Political factors ............................................................................................................. 183 5.7 The ‘human factor’ ....................................................................................................... 184 5.8 Experience with previous law enforcement ................................................................. 186 6 NEW POLICY DEVELOPMENTS: ‘THE POLISH MIGRATION POLICY’ ................. 188 6.1 Recommendations for labour immigration policy ....................................................... 189 6.2 Other relevant recommendations ................................................................................. 192 6.3 Factors influencing labour immigration policy trends ................................................. 196 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 201 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 207 Appendix ................................................................................................................................ 226 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 227 Abstrakt .................................................................................................................................. 227 4 Acknowledgements The study has taken a few years to come into existence. There is a wide range of people that deserve my great thanks; without their assistance and support the study would not be finished or would be much poorer. First, I would like to thank my colleagues from the Department of Christian Social Work at Palacký University, where I work now, for their thoughtfulness. They created conditions for me that let me work on the dissertation. Next, my thanks go to my colleagues from the Department of Politics and European Studies at Palacký University for their kindness and patience. Thanks to them I was able, inter alia, to visit the Netherlands, where I had access to libraries in Utrecht, Leiden, and Amsterdam that I used a lot in the preparation of this study. I am also very grateful to my friends from the Centre of Migration Research at Warsaw University, Poland, in particular to Monika Szulecka, Renata Stefańska, and Magdalena Lesińska, who helped me with my work in many different ways. I would like to thank to my supervisor, Prof. Gaudenz B. Assenza, for his help in choosing the area of my research and for encouraging me to write in English. I have also benefited from the comments and recommendations of Prof. Henk Dekker, from the European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations (ERCOMER), Utrecht University, the Netherlands, who was of assistance with some methodological and methodical issues at the very beginning of the preparation of the study. Similarly, I wish to thank Dr. Hana Šlechtová for her comments on the first parts of the study. I acknowledge with thanks all the goodwill, information, and opinions I got from the people I interviewed. I would also like to thank many other people who helped me gain materials – employees of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Ministry of the Interior, and the All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions. I am very grateful to Simon Gill from the Department of English and American Studies, Philosophical Faculty, Palacký University, for all his excellent cooperation and proofreading in the long process of the finalisation of this study. Finally, and in particular, I appreciate the support from the people with whom I share my life. The main thanks belong to my husband Radek and my son Adrian.